Sampling lines and stations for the Palmer LTER field site _NCProperties=version=1|netcdflibversion=4.6.1|hdf5libversion=1.10.6 cdm_data_type=Other comment=Sampling lines and stations for the Palmer LTER site Conventions=COARDS, CF-1.6, ACDD-1.3 datazoo_datatable_label=Station Sampling Grid defaultDataQuery=null Easternmost_Easting=-59.88577 geospatial_lat_max=-61.83881 geospatial_lat_min=-68.96746 geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=-59.88577 geospatial_lon_min=-76.8656 geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east infoUrl=https://pal.lternet.edu/ institution=National Science Foundation Northernmost_Northing=-61.83881 sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=-68.96746 standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v70 subsetVariables=line,station,station_name Westernmost_Easting=-76.8656

Glider deployed to transect over Palmer Canyon near Palmer Station. The Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) program in Antarctica is a long term study focused on understanding how the marine system regulates the ecology of the West Antarctic Peninsula. The project is focused on how the ecology is changing given the West Antarctic Peninsula is the fastest winter warming place on Earth. This is a high-resolution delayed mode data set containing temperature, salinity, density, optical backscatter, CDOM and chlorophyll a measurements. _NCProperties=version=2,netcdf=4.8.1,hdf5=1.12.1 acknowledgment=This deployment is supported by the National Science Foundation cdm_data_type=TrajectoryProfile cdm_profile_variables=time_uv,lat_uv,lon_uv,u,v,profile_id,time,latitude,longitude cdm_trajectory_variables=trajectory,wmo_id comment=Deployed by Palmer LTER station crew contributor_name=Oscar Scofield,Dave Aragon,Chip Haldeman,Tina Haskins,Travis Miles,John Kerfoot,Laura Nazzaro,Lori Garzio contributor_role=Principal Investigator,Glider Pilot,Glider Pilot,Glider Pilot,Field Technician,Data Management,Data Management,Data Management Conventions=Unidata Dataset Discovery v1.0, COARDS, CF-1.6 deployment=ru05-20110108T1549 Easternmost_Easting=-64.05106871072702 featureType=TrajectoryProfile geospatial_bounds=POLYGON ((-64.92816545122446 -64.22638771020834, -64.92816545122446 -64.22572020002742, -64.92998150775405 -64.22572020002742, -64.92998150775405 -64.22638771020834, -64.92816545122446 -64.22638771020834)) geospatial_bounds_crs=EPSG:4326 geospatial_bounds_vertical_crs=EPSG:5831 geospatial_lat_max=-64.82369215760501 geospatial_lat_min=-64.99647520273133 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=-64.05106871072702 geospatial_lon_min=-64.41529010166792 geospatial_lon_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east geospatial_vertical_max=101.5792 geospatial_vertical_min=-0.3168658 geospatial_vertical_positive=down geospatial_vertical_resolution=0 geospatial_vertical_units=m gts_ingest=True history=2024-08-22T19:25:08Z: /tmp/tmpjylfukw7/ru05_20110111T190702Z_delayedvp9nj612.nc created 2024-08-22T19:25:08Z: /home/kerfoot/code/gncutils/scripts/dba_to_profile_nc.py /home/coolgroup/slocum/deployments/2011/ru05-20110108T1549/data/in/ascii/queue/ru05_2011_007_3_68_dbd.dat 2024-08-22T19:48:02Z: glider_qartod_qc.py 2024-08-22T19:57:06Z: interpolate_depth.py 2024-08-22T20:05:58Z: ctd_hysteresis_test.py 2024-08-22T20:15:01Z: summarize_qartod_flags.py id=ru05-20110108T1549 infoUrl=https://gliders.ioos.us/erddap/ institution=Rutgers University instrument=In Situ/Laboratory Instruments > Profilers/Sounders > CTD instrument_vocabulary=NASA/GCMD Instrument Keywords Version 8.5 ioos_dac_checksum=15e6d484bed6a957d7766bcfa71d4605 ioos_dac_completed=True keywords_vocabulary=GCMD Science Keywords Metadata_Conventions=Unidata Dataset Discovery v1.0, COARDS, CF-1.6 naming_authority=edu.rutgers.rucool ncei_template_version=NCEI_NetCDF_Trajectory_Template_v2.0 Northernmost_Northing=-64.82369215760501 platform=In Situ Ocean-based Platforms > AUVS > Autonomous Underwater Vehicles platform_type=Slocum Glider platform_vocabulary=NASA/GCMD Platforms Keywords Version 8.5 processing_level=Raw Slocum glider time-series dataset from the native data file format. Additional quality control variables provided where applicable. Thresholds used for quality control flags are under development. Delayed mode dataset. program=LTER project=LTER references=https://rucool.marine.rutgers.edu/data/underwater-gliders/,https://pallter.marine.rutgers.edu/ sea_name=Southern Ocean source=Observational Slocum glider data from source dba file ru05-2011-007-3-68-dbd(02930068) sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=-64.99647520273133 standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v27 subsetVariables=wmo_id,trajectory,profile_id,time,latitude,longitude time_coverage_duration=PT11M15.44504S time_coverage_end=2011-01-12T14:40:22Z time_coverage_resolution=PT03S time_coverage_start=2011-01-08T15:56:02Z uuid=28836bb0-f47b-4d6d-87c5-76f957aad1d5 Westernmost_Easting=-64.41529010166792

Nitrate uptake by the bulk phytoplankton community was determined using tracer (<10%) additions of labeled 15-NO3. Samples were collected by Go-Flo from 5 depths 0, 5, 10, 20, 65 m and incubated for 24 h at light levels of 100%, 50%, 25%, 10%, and 0% surface irradiance, respectively.

Nitrate uptake by the bulk phytoplankton community was determined using tracer (<10%) additions of labeled 15-NO3. Samples were collected by Go-Flo from 5 depths 0, 5, 10, 20, 65 m and incubated for 24 h at light levels of 100%, 50%, 25%, 10%, and 0% surface irradiance, respectively. acknowledgement=Funding and support provided by the National Science Foundation cdm_data_type=Other comment=The Palmer, Antarctica, Long-Term Ecological Research project is a member site of the Long-Term Ecological Research program, a network of sites investigating diverse biomes. A team of researchers seeks to understand the structure and function of the Western Antarctic Peninsula's marine and terrestrial ecosystems in the context of seasonal-to-interannual atmospheric and sea ice dynamics, as well as long-term climate change. The PAL measurement system (or grid) is designed to study marine and terrestrial food webs consisting principally of diatom primary producers, the dominant herbivore Antarctic krill, and the apex predator Adelie penguin. An attenuated microbial food web is also a focus. PAL studies these ecosystems annually over a regional scale grid of oceanographic stations and seasonally at Palmer Station.

Palmer Station is located on Anvers Island west of the Antarctic Peninula. The peninsula runs perpendicular to a strong climatic gradient between the cold, dry continental regime to the south, characteristic of the Antarctic interior, and the warm, moist, maritime regime to the north. North-south shifts in the gradient give rise to large environmental variability to climate change. Sea ice extent and variability affects ecosystem changes at all trophic levels. In addition to the long-term field and research activities, information management, graduate student training, education and outreach are an integral part of the program. contributor_email=mstukel@fsu.edu contributor_name=Mike Stukel contributor_role=PrincipalInvestigator contributor_role_vocabulary=https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/G04/current/ Conventions=CF-1.8, ACDD-1.3, COARDS datazoo_dataset_id=244 datazoo_datatable_id=244 datazoo_datatable_label=Nitrate Uptake (Station) datazoo_datatable_name=NitrateUptake doi=https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/7969733d2e7da0f0bbf3fe30890a7ac5 geospatial_bounds_crs=EPSG:4326 geospatial_bounds_vertical_crs=EPSG:5831 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lat_units=degree_north geospatial_lon_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lon_units=degree_east geospatial_vertical_max=65.0 geospatial_vertical_min=0.0 geospatial_vertical_positive=down geospatial_vertical_units=m history=/Users/kerfoot/data/lter/data/tsv/dat_244/dat_244_PAL1213.tsv infoUrl=https://pal.lternet.edu/ institution=National Science Foundation keywords_vocabulary=LTER Controlled Vocabulary license_link=https://lternet.edu/data-access-policy/ methods=15NO3 uptake incubation: Samples (1.2-L) were collected from Go-Flo bottles at Station E near Palmer station at depths of 0, 5, 10, 20, and 65 meters, and immediately transferred to clear polycarbonate bottles. Samples were then spiked with 1.2 micromoles 15-NO3 (prior to Dec. 9) or 0.6 micromoles (after Dec. 9). Samples were incubated in an incubator maintained at seasurface temperature with flow-through seawater. Individual bottles were screened with a mesh screening to light levels of 100% surface irradiance (0 m depth), 50% irradiance (5 m), 25% irradiance (10 m), 10% irradiance (20 m), and 0% irradiance (65 m). After incubation samples were filtered through a pre-combusted 25-mm GF/F filter and frozen at -80C. Filters were later thawed, acidified, and cut in half before being analyzed by mass spec at the UC Davis Analytical Facility. 15NO3 uptake was calculated from final PN del15N, [PN], and concentration ambient using the equations in Dugdale & Wilkerson (1986) naming_authority=edu.rutgers.rucool program=LTER project=Palmer LTER references=https://pal.lternet.edu/ sea_name=Southern Ocean source=/Users/kerfoot/data/lter/data/tsv/dat_244/dat_244_PAL1213.tsv sourceUrl=(local files) standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v77 subsetVariables=study_name time_coverage_end=2013-03-21T11:25:00Z time_coverage_start=2012-10-31T12:20:00Z

Total watercolumn Th-234 was determined at Stations E and B near Palmer Station from Nov 2012 - Mar 2013. Th-234 can be used as a tracer for particle cycling in the upper water column. To compute carbon export from this Th-234 data please see the C:Th-234 ratios that can be derived from contemporaneous sediment trap deployments. For more details, please see Stukel et al. (in review, Global Biogeochemical Cycles). acknowledgement=Funding and support provided by the National Science Foundation cdm_data_type=Other comment=The Palmer, Antarctica, Long-Term Ecological Research project is a member site of the Long-Term Ecological Research program, a network of sites investigating diverse biomes. A team of researchers seeks to understand the structure and function of the Western Antarctic Peninsula's marine and terrestrial ecosystems in the context of seasonal-to-interannual atmospheric and sea ice dynamics, as well as long-term climate change. The PAL measurement system (or grid) is designed to study marine and terrestrial food webs consisting principally of diatom primary producers, the dominant herbivore Antarctic krill, and the apex predator Adelie penguin. An attenuated microbial food web is also a focus. PAL studies these ecosystems annually over a regional scale grid of oceanographic stations and seasonally at Palmer Station.

Palmer Station is located on Anvers Island west of the Antarctic Peninula. The peninsula runs perpendicular to a strong climatic gradient between the cold, dry continental regime to the south, characteristic of the Antarctic interior, and the warm, moist, maritime regime to the north. North-south shifts in the gradient give rise to large environmental variability to climate change. Sea ice extent and variability affects ecosystem changes at all trophic levels. In addition to the long-term field and research activities, information management, graduate student training, education and outreach are an integral part of the program. contributor_email=mstukel@fsu.edu contributor_name=Mike Stukel contributor_role=PrincipalInvestigator contributor_role_vocabulary=https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/G04/current/ Conventions=CF-1.8, ACDD-1.3, COARDS datazoo_dataset_id=246 datazoo_datatable_id=246 datazoo_datatable_label=Watercolumn Th-234 (Station) datazoo_datatable_name=WatercolumnThorium doi=https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/52a2876d4a353ba5503dfec16178d3c1 geospatial_bounds_crs=EPSG:4326 geospatial_bounds_vertical_crs=EPSG:5831 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lat_units=degree_north geospatial_lon_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lon_units=degree_east geospatial_vertical_max=100.0 geospatial_vertical_min=0.0 geospatial_vertical_positive=down geospatial_vertical_units=m history=/Users/kerfoot/data/lter/data/tsv/dat_246/dat_246_PAL1213.tsv infoUrl=https://pal.lternet.edu/ institution=National Science Foundation keywords_vocabulary=LTER Controlled Vocabulary license_link=https://lternet.edu/data-access-policy/ methods=Th-234 Deficiency: Total watercolumn Th-234 was measured using standard small volume methods (Pike et al. 2006). Briefly, ~4-L was collected by Go-Flo bottle from 8 depths (0, 5, 10, 20, 35, 50, 65, 100 m) at Station B or E near Palmer Station. Exact volume was determined gravimetrically. Sample was acidified with nitric acid to pH <2, then spiked with a tracer of Th-230. Sample was allowed to equilibrate for 4-9 hours, then NH4OH was added to bring it to a pH of 8-9. MnCl2 and KMnO4 were added and bottles and thorium was precipitated onto manganese oxide. Sample was then filtered at high pressure through a quartz (QMA) filter. Filters were dried and mounted in RISO sample holders prior to being counted on a RISO GM beta multi-counter. Samples were counted again after >6 half-lives to determine background radioactivity levels. Manganese oxide was then dissolved from the filters in a nitric acid / hydrogen peroxide solution, and immediately spiked with Th-229. Solution was then evaporated so samples could be taken up in dilute nitric acid for ICP-MS analysis of the Th-229:Th-230 ratio at the WHOI Analytical Facility. U-238 was determined from salinity using the equations of Owens et al. (2011) naming_authority=edu.rutgers.rucool program=LTER project=Palmer LTER references=https://pal.lternet.edu/ sea_name=Southern Ocean source=/Users/kerfoot/data/lter/data/tsv/dat_246/dat_246_PAL1213.tsv sourceUrl=(local files) standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v77 subsetVariables=study_name,station time_coverage_end=2013-03-25T09:15:00Z time_coverage_start=2012-10-31T10:00:00Z

The objectives of the LTER seabird component during the 92-93 season cruises were similar. These objectives included 1) determining the pelagic abundance and distribution of Adelie Penguins, 2) examining how the physical and biological characteristics of the marine environment influence these parameters and, 3) using these data to identify foraging areas that may be important to Adelie populations being studied as part of land-based work at Palmer Station. Secondary objectives included documenting the abundance and distribution of other seabirds and marine mammals within the LTER study area. The focus of the January cruise was the nearshore foraging habitat,which required sampling at smaller scales. All seabird censuses were thus conducted within approximately 100 kms of Palmer Station while traversing a sampling grid with stations at 10km intervals. The first two days (18-20 January) of this cruise were spent covering the selected grid as rapidly as possible resulting in 45 transects spaced at 45-60 minute intervals. There were no stops at the 10km stations during this Fast Grid phase. Upon completion of the Fast Grid, a force 12 gale suspended data collection for 24 hours. From January 22-25 the grid direction was reversed and the grid repeated. During this Slow Grid phase, 2-M net tows were done at 10km intervals and BOPS and 1-M and 2-M net tows every 20 km. All seabird censusesduring the cruise were done using the procedures outlined in theprevious paragraph. _NCProperties=version=1|netcdflibversion=4.6.1|hdf5libversion=1.10.6 acknowledgement=Funding and support provided by the National Science Foundation cdm_data_type=Trajectory cdm_trajectory_variables=study_name comment=The Palmer, Antarctica, Long-Term Ecological Research project is a member site of the Long-Term Ecological Research program, a network of sites investigating diverse biomes. A team of researchers seeks to understand the structure and function of the Western Antarctic Peninsula's marine and terrestrial ecosystems in the context of seasonal-to-interannual atmospheric and sea ice dynamics, as well as long-term climate change. The PAL measurement system (or grid) is designed to study marine and terrestrial food webs consisting principally of diatom primary producers, the dominant herbivore Antarctic krill, and the apex predator Adelie penguin. An attenuated microbial food web is also a focus. PAL studies these ecosystems annually over a regional scale grid of oceanographic stations and seasonally at Palmer Station.

Palmer Station is located on Anvers Island west of the Antarctic Peninula. The peninsula runs perpendicular to a strong climatic gradient between the cold, dry continental regime to the south, characteristic of the Antarctic interior, and the warm, moist, maritime regime to the north. North-south shifts in the gradient give rise to large environmental variability to climate change. Sea ice extent and variability affects ecosystem changes at all trophic levels. In addition to the long-term field and research activities, information management, graduate student training, education and outreach are an integral part of the program. contributor_email=bfraser@3rivers.net contributor_name=William Fraser contributor_role=PrincipalInvestigator contributor_role_vocabulary=https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/G04/current/ Conventions=CF-1.8, ACDD-1.3, COARDS datazoo_dataset_id=103 datazoo_datatable_id=103 datazoo_datatable_label=Bird Census Log Moving - Winter datazoo_datatable_name=BirdCensusLogMovingWinter defaultDataQuery=null defaultGraphQuery=longitude,latitude,time&.draw=markers&.marker=6%7C5&.color=0x000000&.colorBar=%7C%7C%7C%7C%7C&.bgColor=0xffccccff Easternmost_Easting=-61.90917 featureType=Trajectory geospatial_bounds_crs=EPSG:4326 geospatial_bounds_vertical_crs=EPSG:5831 geospatial_lat_max=-54.44295 geospatial_lat_min=-72.78333 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=-61.90917 geospatial_lon_min=-76.31008 geospatial_lon_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east geospatial_vertical_max=4197.0 geospatial_vertical_min=95.0 geospatial_vertical_positive=down geospatial_vertical_units=m history=data_pallter_oi_datazoo_datatables.dat_103 infoUrl=https://pal.lternet.edu/ institution=National Science Foundation keywords_vocabulary=LTER Controlled Vocabulary,LTER Core Areas license_link=https://lternet.edu/data-access-policy/ naming_authority=edu.rutgers.rucool Northernmost_Northing=-54.44295 program=LTER project=Palmer LTER references=https://pal.lternet.edu/ sea_name=Southern Ocean source=/Users/kerfoot/data/lter/data/tsv/dat_103/dat_103_NBP99-06.tsv sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=-72.78333 standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v77 subsetVariables=study_name time_coverage_end=2001-09-21T12:26:00Z time_coverage_start=1993-08-30T20:09:00Z Westernmost_Easting=-76.31008

Total watercolumn Th-234 was determined at stations in the Palmer Station Antarctica LTER sampling grid from Jan 2012 - Jan 2014 (see Stukel et al. 2015, GBC for methods details). Th-234 can be used as a tracer for particle cycling in the upper water column. To compute carbon export from this Th-234 data please see the C:Th-234 ratio discussion in the supplement to Ducklow et al., (in review, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A). acknowledgement=Funding and support provided by the National Science Foundation cdm_data_type=Other comment=The Palmer, Antarctica, Long-Term Ecological Research project is a member site of the Long-Term Ecological Research program, a network of sites investigating diverse biomes. A team of researchers seeks to understand the structure and function of the Western Antarctic Peninsula's marine and terrestrial ecosystems in the context of seasonal-to-interannual atmospheric and sea ice dynamics, as well as long-term climate change. The PAL measurement system (or grid) is designed to study marine and terrestrial food webs consisting principally of diatom primary producers, the dominant herbivore Antarctic krill, and the apex predator Adelie penguin. An attenuated microbial food web is also a focus. PAL studies these ecosystems annually over a regional scale grid of oceanographic stations and seasonally at Palmer Station.

Palmer Station is located on Anvers Island west of the Antarctic Peninula. The peninsula runs perpendicular to a strong climatic gradient between the cold, dry continental regime to the south, characteristic of the Antarctic interior, and the warm, moist, maritime regime to the north. North-south shifts in the gradient give rise to large environmental variability to climate change. Sea ice extent and variability affects ecosystem changes at all trophic levels. In addition to the long-term field and research activities, information management, graduate student training, education and outreach are an integral part of the program. contributor_email=mstukel@fsu.edu contributor_name=Mike Stukel contributor_role=PrincipalInvestigator contributor_role_vocabulary=https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/G04/current/ Conventions=CF-1.8, ACDD-1.3, COARDS datazoo_dataset_id=275 datazoo_datatable_id=278 datazoo_datatable_label=Watercolumn Th-234 (Cruise) datazoo_datatable_name=Thorium 234 doi=https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/177f165bfb3f1fa08b95ae26133806d2 geospatial_bounds_crs=EPSG:4326 geospatial_bounds_vertical_crs=EPSG:5831 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lat_units=degree_north geospatial_lon_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lon_units=degree_east geospatial_vertical_max=2030.433 geospatial_vertical_min=-0.847 geospatial_vertical_positive=down geospatial_vertical_units=m history=/Users/kerfoot/data/lter/data/tsv/dat_278/dat_278.tsv infoUrl=https://pal.lternet.edu/ institution=National Science Foundation keywords_vocabulary=LTER Controlled Vocabulary license_link=https://lternet.edu/data-access-policy/ methods=General Methods: Total watercolumn Th-234 was measured using standard small volume methods (Pike et al. 2005). Briefly, 4-L was collected by Niskin bottle (typically from 8 depths spanning the upper 200 m) on Palmer LTER January Survey Cruises aboard the L. M. Gould. Samples were acidified with nitric acid to pH <2, then spiked with a tracer of Th-230. Samples were allowed to equilibrate for 4-9 hours, then NH4OH was added to bring samples to a pH of 8-9. MnCl2 and KMnO4 were added to bottles and thorium was precipitated onto manganese oxide. Samples were then filtered at high pressure through a quartz (QMA) filter. Filters were dried and mounted in RISO sample holders prior to being counted on a RISO GM beta multi-counter. Samples were counted again after >6 half-lives to determine background radioactivity levels. Manganese oxide was then dissolved from the filters in a nitric acid / hydrogen peroxide solution, and immediately spiked with Th-229. Column chromatography was then performed (using AG-1X8 resin) to purify thorium. Solution was then evaporated so samples could be taken up in dilute nitric acid for ICP-MS analysis of the Th-229:Th-230 ratio at the WHOI Analytical Facility or National High Magnetic Field Laboratory. U-238 was determined from salinity using the equations of Owens et al. (2011). See Stukel et al. (2015) for more details. naming_authority=edu.rutgers.rucool program=LTER project=Palmer LTER references=https://pal.lternet.edu/,Pike, S. M., K. O. Buesseler, J. Andrews, and N. Savoye. 2005. Quantification of 234Th recovery in small volume sea water samples by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 263: 355-360. ,Stukel, M. R. and others 2015. The imbalance of new and export production in the Western Antarctic Peninsula, a potentially "leaky" ecosystem. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle 29: 1400-1420.

sea_name=Southern Ocean source=/Users/kerfoot/data/lter/data/tsv/dat_278/dat_278.tsv sourceUrl=(local files) standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v77 time_coverage_end=2014-01-27T10:32:00Z time_coverage_start=2012-01-05T06:00:00Z

The oceanic distribution of d18O is determined largely by the same processes that control salinity. Surface d18O reflects the magnitude and spatial distribution of freshwater inputs, and it is a conservative tracer in the ocean interior. The great benefit of d18O is obtained from the circumstances under which it exhibits behavior different to that of salinity. One such circumstance derives from the salinity and d18O values in precipitation, with salinity being constant with latitude (typically zero), while in general d18O in precipitation becomes progressively isotopically lighter toward the poles. This results in glacial ice (which derives from high-latitude precipitation) being very isotopically light, enabling d18O to be a useful tracer of glacial discharge to the ocean (e.g., Schlosser et al. 1990; Weiss et al. 1979). Another difference occurs in regions influenced by sea ice, which greatly affects salinity during its formation/melt cycle but has only minimal impact on d18O. This decoupling of the two tracers allows them to be used in tandem to quantitatively separate freshwater inputs from sea ice melt and those from meteoric sources (precipitation plus glacial discharge). For this, a simple three-endmember mass balance can be used. For details please see Meredith, M. P., H. J. Venables, A. Clarke, H. W. Ducklow, M. Erickson, M. J. Leng, J. T. M. Lenaerts, and M. R. van den Broeke. 2013. The freshwater system west of the Antarctic Peninsula: Spatial and temporal changes. Journal of Climate 26:1669-1684. _NCProperties=version=1|netcdflibversion=4.6.1|hdf5libversion=1.10.6 acknowledgement=Funding and support provided by the National Science Foundation cdm_data_type=Trajectory cdm_trajectory_variables=study_name comment=The Palmer, Antarctica, Long-Term Ecological Research project is a member site of the Long-Term Ecological Research program, a network of sites investigating diverse biomes. A team of researchers seeks to understand the structure and function of the Western Antarctic Peninsula's marine and terrestrial ecosystems in the context of seasonal-to-interannual atmospheric and sea ice dynamics, as well as long-term climate change. The PAL measurement system (or grid) is designed to study marine and terrestrial food webs consisting principally of diatom primary producers, the dominant herbivore Antarctic krill, and the apex predator Adelie penguin. An attenuated microbial food web is also a focus. PAL studies these ecosystems annually over a regional scale grid of oceanographic stations and seasonally at Palmer Station.

Palmer Station is located on Anvers Island west of the Antarctic Peninula. The peninsula runs perpendicular to a strong climatic gradient between the cold, dry continental regime to the south, characteristic of the Antarctic interior, and the warm, moist, maritime regime to the north. North-south shifts in the gradient give rise to large environmental variability to climate change. Sea ice extent and variability affects ecosystem changes at all trophic levels. In addition to the long-term field and research activities, information management, graduate student training, education and outreach are an integral part of the program. contributor_email=mjl@bgs.ac.uk,hducklow@ldeo.columbia.edu,mmm@bas.ac.uk contributor_name=Melanie Leng,Hugh Ducklow,Micheal Meredith contributor_role=PrincipalInvestigator,PrincipalInvestigator,PrincipalInvestigator contributor_role_vocabulary=https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/G04/current/ Conventions=CF-1.8, ACDD-1.3, COARDS datazoo_dataset_id=278 datazoo_datatable_id=281 datazoo_datatable_label=Stable isotope composition (d18O) of seawater (Cruise) datazoo_datatable_name=Main data table defaultDataQuery=null defaultGraphQuery=longitude%2Clatitude%2C&.draw=markers&.marker=5%7C5&.color=0x000000&.colorBar=%7C%7C%7C%7C%7C&.bgColor=0xffccccff Easternmost_Easting=-64.0466666666667 featureType=Trajectory geospatial_bounds_crs=EPSG:4326 geospatial_bounds_vertical_crs=EPSG:5831 geospatial_lat_max=-63.9633333333333 geospatial_lat_min=-70.0883333333333 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=-64.0466666666667 geospatial_lon_min=-77.965 geospatial_lon_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east geospatial_vertical_max=3713.681 geospatial_vertical_min=0.104 geospatial_vertical_positive=down geospatial_vertical_units=m history=local files infoUrl=https://pal.lternet.edu/ institution=National Science Foundation keywords_vocabulary=PAL LTER Keywords,LTER Controlled Vocabulary license_link=https://lternet.edu/data-access-policy/ methods=Stable oxygen isotope composition of seawater: PAL-LTER samples were drawn into 50-ml glass vials, which were sealed with stoppers and aluminum crimps to prevent evaporation. The d18O samples were then transported to the United Kingdom via dark cool stow (4 degC), where they were analyzed at the Natural Environment Research Council Isotope Geosciences Laboratory (NIGL) at the British Geological Survey. The method of analysis is the equilibrium method for oxygen (Epstein and Mayeda 1953), with samples run on a VG Isoprep 18 and SIRA 10 mass spectrometer. Random duplicates were analyzed to establish precision, with an average better than +/- 0.02%. naming_authority=edu.rutgers.rucool Northernmost_Northing=-63.9633333333333 program=LTER project=Palmer LTER references=https://pal.lternet.edu/ sea_name=Southern Ocean source=/Users/kerfoot/data/lter/data/tsv/dat_281/dat_281_LMG13-01.tsv sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=-70.0883333333333 standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v77 subsetVariables=study_name,grid_station time_coverage_end=2014-01-27T00:00:00Z time_coverage_start=2011-01-07T00:00:00Z Westernmost_Easting=-77.965

Daily averaged weather timeseries (air temperature, pressure, wind speed, wind direction, precipitation, sky cover) at Palmer Station, Antarctica combining manual observations (1989 - Dec 12, 2003) and PALMOS automatic weather station measurements (Dec 13, 2003 - March 2019). Weather data acquisition was originally by manual observation and continued with an automated system installed in Nov 2001. Measurements began shifting from manual to automated observations in June 2003 until the manual observations were ended on December 12, 2003. Data are collected, compiled, and distributed by the US Antarctic polar contractor. Electronic distributed occurs monthly from Palmer station via internet and are available at University of Wisconsin weather archive: ftp://amrc.ssec.wisc.edu/pub/palmer/climatology/.Weather data acquisition was originally by manual observation and continued with an automated system installed in Nov 2001. Measurements began shifting from manual to automated observations in June 2003 until the manual observations were ended on December 12, 2003. Data are collected, compiled, and distributed by the US Antarctic polar contractor. Electronic distributed occurs monthly from Palmer station via internet and are available at University of Wisconsin weather archive: ftp://amrc.ssec.wisc.edu/pub/palmer/climatology/ _NCProperties=version=1|netcdflibversion=4.6.1|hdf5libversion=1.10.6 acknowledgement=Funding and support provided by the National Science Foundation cdm_data_type=TimeSeries cdm_timeseries_variables=station_id,latitude,longitude comment=The Palmer, Antarctica, Long-Term Ecological Research project is a member site of the Long-Term Ecological Research program, a network of sites investigating diverse biomes. A team of researchers seeks to understand the structure and function of the Western Antarctic Peninsula's marine and terrestrial ecosystems in the context of seasonal-to-interannual atmospheric and sea ice dynamics, as well as long-term climate change. The PAL measurement system (or grid) is designed to study marine and terrestrial food webs consisting principally of diatom primary producers, the dominant herbivore Antarctic krill, and the apex predator Adelie penguin. An attenuated microbial food web is also a focus. PAL studies these ecosystems annually over a regional scale grid of oceanographic stations and seasonally at Palmer Station.

Palmer Station is located on Anvers Island west of the Antarctic Peninula. The peninsula runs perpendicular to a strong climatic gradient between the cold, dry continental regime to the south, characteristic of the Antarctic interior, and the warm, moist, maritime regime to the north. North-south shifts in the gradient give rise to large environmental variability to climate change. Sea ice extent and variability affects ecosystem changes at all trophic levels. In addition to the long-term field and research activities, information management, graduate student training, education and outreach are an integral part of the program. contributor_email=pallter-im@ucsd.edu contributor_name=PAL Information Manager contributor_role=PrincipalInvestigator contributor_role_vocabulary=https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/G04/current/ Conventions=CF-1.8, ACDD-1.3, COARDS datazoo_dataset_id=27 datazoo_datatable_id=28 datazoo_datatable_label=Palmer Station Weather - Daily Averages datazoo_datatable_name=PalmerStationWeatherDailyAverages defaultDataQuery=null Easternmost_Easting=-64.05 featureType=TimeSeries geospatial_bounds_crs=EPSG:4326 geospatial_bounds_vertical_crs=EPSG:5831 geospatial_lat_max=-64.77 geospatial_lat_min=-64.77 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=-64.05 geospatial_lon_min=-64.05 geospatial_lon_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east geospatial_vertical_positive=down geospatial_vertical_units=EPSG:5831 history=/Users/kerfoot/data/lter/data/tsv/dat_28/2019_weather_averages.tsv infoUrl=https://pal.lternet.edu/ institution=National Science Foundation keywords_vocabulary=LTER Core Areas,LTER Controlled Vocabulary license_link=https://lternet.edu/data-access-policy/ methods=Wind Measurements: The Digitally recording anemometer replaced the analog anemometer as the instrument of record beginning October 25, 2003. The digital recording anemometer reports 2-minute average wind speed with a direction associated with each 2-minute average and the maximum 5-second wind gust for each 2-minute interval without a direction associated with it. The format of the wind section of this report has been modified slightly to accommodate the format of the new instruments data. naming_authority=edu.rutgers.rucool Northernmost_Northing=-64.77 program=LTER project=Palmer LTER references=https://pal.lternet.edu/ sea_name=Southern Ocean source=/Users/kerfoot/data/lter/data/tsv/dat_28/2010_weather_averages.tsv sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=-64.77 standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v77 subsetVariables=peak_windspeed, peak_wind_speed_2minute_peak, peak_wind_direction_true, peak_wind_direction, peak_wind_direction_2minute, cloud_cover, avg_temperature_flag, avg_pressure_flag, station_id, latitude, longitude time_coverage_end=2019-03-31T00:00:00Z time_coverage_start=1989-04-01T00:00:00Z Westernmost_Easting=-64.05

Sexual segregation in vertebrate foraging niche is often associated with sexual size dimorphism (SSD), i.e., ecological sexual dimorphism. We examined ecological sexual dimorphism among sympatric nesting Pygoscelis penguins near Palmer Station, Antarctica, asking whether environmental variability in the form of winter sea ice is associated with differences in male and female pre-breeding foraging niche. Each season, study nests, where pairs of adults were present, were individually marked and chosen before the onset of egg-laying, and consistently monitored. When study nests were found at the one-egg stage, both adults were captured to obtain blood samples used for molecular sexing and stable isotope analyses, and measurements of structural size and body mass. At the time of capture, each adult penguin was quickly blood sampled (~1 ml) from the brachial vein. After handling, individuals at study nests were further monitored to ensure the pair reached clutch completion, i.e., two eggs. Molecular analyses were conducted at Simon Fraser University following standard PCR protocols, and stable isotope analyses were conducted at the Stable Isotope Facility at the University of California, Davis using an elemental analyzer interfaced with an isotope ratio mass spectrometer _NCProperties=version=1|netcdflibversion=4.6.1|hdf5libversion=1.10.6 acknowledgement=Funding and support provided by the National Science Foundation cdm_data_type=Other comment=The Palmer, Antarctica, Long-Term Ecological Research project is a member site of the Long-Term Ecological Research program, a network of sites investigating diverse biomes. A team of researchers seeks to understand the structure and function of the Western Antarctic Peninsula's marine and terrestrial ecosystems in the context of seasonal-to-interannual atmospheric and sea ice dynamics, as well as long-term climate change. The PAL measurement system (or grid) is designed to study marine and terrestrial food webs consisting principally of diatom primary producers, the dominant herbivore Antarctic krill, and the apex predator Adelie penguin. An attenuated microbial food web is also a focus. PAL studies these ecosystems annually over a regional scale grid of oceanographic stations and seasonally at Palmer Station.

Palmer Station is located on Anvers Island west of the Antarctic Peninula. The peninsula runs perpendicular to a strong climatic gradient between the cold, dry continental regime to the south, characteristic of the Antarctic interior, and the warm, moist, maritime regime to the north. North-south shifts in the gradient give rise to large environmental variability to climate change. Sea ice extent and variability affects ecosystem changes at all trophic levels. In addition to the long-term field and research activities, information management, graduate student training, education and outreach are an integral part of the program. contributor_email=kgorman@sfu.ca contributor_name=Kristen Gorman contributor_role=PrincipalInvestigator contributor_role_vocabulary=https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/G04/current/ Conventions=CF-1.8, ACDD-1.3, COARDS datazoo_dataset_id=220 datazoo_datatable_id=220 datazoo_datatable_label=Structural size measurements and isotopic signatures - Gentoo Penguins datazoo_datatable_name=StructuralsizemeasurementsandisotopicsignaturesGentooPenguins defaultDataQuery=null defaultGraphQuery=time,body_mass&.draw=markers&.marker=6%7C5&.color=0x000000&.colorBar=%7C%7C%7C%7C%7C&.bgColor=0xffccccff doi=https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/9fc8f9b5a2fa28bdca96516649b6599b geospatial_bounds_crs=EPSG:4326 geospatial_bounds_vertical_crs=EPSG:5831 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lat_units=degree_north geospatial_lon_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lon_units=degree_east geospatial_vertical_positive=down geospatial_vertical_units=EPSG:5831 history=/Users/kerfoot/data/lter/data/tsv/dat_220/dat_220_PAL0910.tsv infoUrl=https://pal.lternet.edu/ institution=National Science Foundation keywords_vocabulary=LTER Controlled Vocabulary,CCE LTER Keywords license_link=https://lternet.edu/data-access-policy/ methods=General Methods: Each season, study nests, where pairs of adults were present, were individually marked and chosen before the onset of egg-laying, and consistently monitored. When study nests were found at the one-egg stage, both adults were captured to obtain blood samples used for molecular sexing and stable isotope analyses, and measurements of structural size and body mass. At the time of capture, each adult penguin was quickly blood sampled (~1 ml) from the brachial vein using a sterile 3 ml syringe and heparinized infusion needle. Collected blood was stored in 1.5 ml micro-centrifuge tubes that were kept cool. In the field, a small amount of whole blood was smeared on clean filter paper stored in a 1.5 ml micro-centrifuge tube for molecular sexing. Measurements of culmen length and depth (using dial calipers ± 0.1 mm), right flipper (using a ruler ± 1 mm), and body mass (using 5 kg ± 25 g or 10 kg ± 50 g Pesola spring scales and a weigh bag) were obtained to quantify body size variation. After handling, individuals at study nests were further monitored to ensure the pair reached clutch completion, i.e., two eggs.

Molecular analyses were conducted at Simon Fraser University following standard PCR protocols, and stable isotope analyses were conducted at the Stable Isotope Facility at the University of California, Davis using an elemental analyzer interfaced with an isotope ratio mass spectrometer naming_authority=edu.rutgers.rucool program=LTER project=Palmer LTER references=https://pal.lternet.edu/ sea_name=Southern Ocean source=/Users/kerfoot/data/lter/data/tsv/dat_220/dat_220_PAL0708.tsv sourceUrl=(local files) standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v77 subsetVariables=study_name, species, region, island_name, reproductive_stage time_coverage_end=2009-12-01T00:00:00Z time_coverage_start=2007-11-18T00:00:00Z

Palmer (PAL) log of events aboard Palmer LTER cruises off the coast of the Western Antarctic Peninsula (cruise happenings ordered by time) is a meta dataset, including lat-lon, datetime, activity, events, etc, 1991 - 2019. The event log for the Palmer LTER research cruises provides a mapping of sampling and other research activities to spatial, temporal and other variables. Event numbers are used to coordinate relational indexes and provide users of the data with a high-level index for relating measurements across research components. _NCProperties=version=1|netcdflibversion=4.6.1|hdf5libversion=1.10.6 acknowledgement=Funding and support provided by the National Science Foundation cdm_data_type=Trajectory cdm_trajectory_variables=study_name comment=The Palmer, Antarctica, Long-Term Ecological Research project is a member site of the Long-Term Ecological Research program, a network of sites investigating diverse biomes. A team of researchers seeks to understand the structure and function of the Western Antarctic Peninsula's marine and terrestrial ecosystems in the context of seasonal-to-interannual atmospheric and sea ice dynamics, as well as long-term climate change. The PAL measurement system (or grid) is designed to study marine and terrestrial food webs consisting principally of diatom primary producers, the dominant herbivore Antarctic krill, and the apex predator Adelie penguin. An attenuated microbial food web is also a focus. PAL studies these ecosystems annually over a regional scale grid of oceanographic stations and seasonally at Palmer Station.

Palmer Station is located on Anvers Island west of the Antarctic Peninula. The peninsula runs perpendicular to a strong climatic gradient between the cold, dry continental regime to the south, characteristic of the Antarctic interior, and the warm, moist, maritime regime to the north. North-south shifts in the gradient give rise to large environmental variability to climate change. Sea ice extent and variability affects ecosystem changes at all trophic levels. In addition to the long-term field and research activities, information management, graduate student training, education and outreach are an integral part of the program. contributor_email=pallter-im@ucsd.edu contributor_name=PAL Information Manager contributor_role=PrincipalInvestigator contributor_role_vocabulary=https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/G04/current/ Conventions=CF-1.8, ACDD-1.3, COARDS datazoo_dataset_id=45 datazoo_datatable_id=45 datazoo_datatable_label=Event Log (Cruise) datazoo_datatable_name=EventLog defaultDataQuery=null defaultGraphQuery=longitude,latitude,time&.draw=markers&.marker=6%7C5&.color=0x000000&.colorBar=%7C%7C%7C%7C%7C&.bgColor=0xffccccff doi=https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/e5c632816db1d57ba6d246185e2b8e19 Easternmost_Easting=-57.28333 featureType=Trajectory geospatial_bounds_crs=EPSG:4326 geospatial_bounds_vertical_crs=EPSG:5831 geospatial_lat_max=-35.073 geospatial_lat_min=-70.095 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=-57.28333 geospatial_lon_min=-78.265 geospatial_lon_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east geospatial_vertical_positive=down geospatial_vertical_units=EPSG:5831 history=data_pallter_oi_datazoo_datatables.dat_45 infoUrl=https://pal.lternet.edu/ institution=National Science Foundation keywords_vocabulary=LTER Controlled Vocabulary license_link=https://lternet.edu/data-access-policy/ naming_authority=edu.rutgers.rucool Northernmost_Northing=-35.073 program=LTER project=Palmer LTER references=https://pal.lternet.edu/ sea_name=Southern Ocean source=/Users/kerfoot/data/lter/data/tsv/dat_45/dat_45_LMG03-01.tsv sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=-70.095 standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v77 subsetVariables=study_name time_coverage_end=2019-02-05T19:42:36Z time_coverage_start=1991-11-07T00:36:00Z Westernmost_Easting=-78.265

Sediment trap in nearshore waters collected during Palmer LTER station season at Palmer Station Antarctica, 1992 - 1995. Particulate organic matter is exported from the upper ocean euphotic zone in the form of large sinking particles and as dissolved material. Particle fluxes to depth link the surface and mesopelagic realm and supply food to the benthos. Sedimentation flux is typically measured with sediment traps of various designs. Sedimentation at the PAL site of the West Antarctic Peninsula demonstrates extreme seasonality, with a well-defined pulse in the Austral summer following sea ice retreat. _NCProperties=version=1|netcdflibversion=4.6.1|hdf5libversion=1.10.6 acknowledgement=Funding and support provided by the National Science Foundation cdm_data_type=Other comment=The Palmer, Antarctica, Long-Term Ecological Research project is a member site of the Long-Term Ecological Research program, a network of sites investigating diverse biomes. A team of researchers seeks to understand the structure and function of the Western Antarctic Peninsula's marine and terrestrial ecosystems in the context of seasonal-to-interannual atmospheric and sea ice dynamics, as well as long-term climate change. The PAL measurement system (or grid) is designed to study marine and terrestrial food webs consisting principally of diatom primary producers, the dominant herbivore Antarctic krill, and the apex predator Adelie penguin. An attenuated microbial food web is also a focus. PAL studies these ecosystems annually over a regional scale grid of oceanographic stations and seasonally at Palmer Station.

Palmer Station is located on Anvers Island west of the Antarctic Peninula. The peninsula runs perpendicular to a strong climatic gradient between the cold, dry continental regime to the south, characteristic of the Antarctic interior, and the warm, moist, maritime regime to the north. North-south shifts in the gradient give rise to large environmental variability to climate change. Sea ice extent and variability affects ecosystem changes at all trophic levels. In addition to the long-term field and research activities, information management, graduate student training, education and outreach are an integral part of the program. contributor_name=David Karl contributor_role=PrincipalInvestigator contributor_role_vocabulary=https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/G04/current/ Conventions=CF-1.8, ACDD-1.3, COARDS datazoo_dataset_id=46 datazoo_datatable_id=46 datazoo_datatable_label=Inshore Sediment Trap Fluxes datazoo_datatable_name=InshoreSedimentTrapFluxes defaultDataQuery=null defaultGraphQuery=time,biomass_flux&.draw=markers&.marker=6%7C5&.color=0x000000&.colorBar=%7C%7C%7C%7C%7C&.bgColor=0xffccccff&.yRange=0%7C%7Ctrue%7C doi=https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/816f47788862f4dfc4437333e081bfb8 geospatial_bounds_crs=EPSG:4326 geospatial_bounds_vertical_crs=EPSG:5831 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lat_units=degree_north geospatial_lon_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lon_units=degree_east geospatial_vertical_positive=down geospatial_vertical_units=EPSG:5831 infoUrl=https://pal.lternet.edu/ institution=National Science Foundation keywords_vocabulary=LTER Controlled Vocabulary license_link=https://lternet.edu/data-access-policy/ naming_authority=edu.rutgers.rucool program=LTER project=Palmer LTER references=https://pal.lternet.edu/ sea_name=Southern Ocean source=/Users/kerfoot/data/lter/data/tsv/dat_46/dat_46_PAL9495.tsv sourceUrl=(local files) standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v77 subsetVariables=study_name,experiment_name time_coverage_end=1995-12-01T00:00:00Z time_coverage_start=1992-11-07T00:00:00Z

Conductivity Temperature Depth (CTD) sensor profile data binned by depth from PAL LTER annual cruises, 1991 - 2017 (ongoing). Since 1991 (and ongoing), the PAL LTER program has deployed a SeaBird 911+ CTD mounted on a 24-bottle rosette during annual (Austral Summer) cruises plus a few supplemental cruises at other times of the year. An equal area grid oriented parallel to the average coast provides the basis for sampling, as well as specific process studies and on-the-fly scientific needs. The CTD-rosette is lowered into the ocean (usually to just above the sea-floor) using the ship's conductive-wire winch. Data is collected and displayed real-time to ensure quality and make decisions about where to collect seawater with the bottles. Bottle data is typically collected extensively in the seasaonal mixed layer and pycnocline, plus at Tmin, in the permament pycnolcine and at Tmax and Smax, as well as near the bottom. Bottle data allows measurement adn calculation of additional variables and helps ensure quality data collected via sensors. Sensors include: Pressure, Conductivity (for Salinity), Temperature, Oxygen, Transmissometer, Flourometer, Photosynthetically Available Radiation (PAR/Irrandiance). Additional Bottle Data Variables include: Phosphate, Silicate, Nitrite, Nitrate, Ammonium. After each cruise, Temperature, Conductivity and Oxygen sensors are calibrated and post-crusie processing is applied, making use of pre- and post- cruise calibrations as well as SeaBird software and algorithms for getting the best quality data. Each profile is then inspected for any issues and if needed, suitable corrections are made such as using secondary sensors (temperature, conductivity and oxygen all currently measured in duplicate), using the upcast, or flagging the data as bad. _NCProperties=version=1|netcdflibversion=4.6.1|hdf5libversion=1.10.6 acknowledgement=Funding and support provided by the National Science Foundation cdm_data_type=TrajectoryProfile cdm_profile_variables=event,time,latitude,longitude cdm_trajectory_variables=study_name comment=The Palmer, Antarctica, Long-Term Ecological Research project is a member site of the Long-Term Ecological Research program, a network of sites investigating diverse biomes. A team of researchers seeks to understand the structure and function of the Western Antarctic Peninsula's marine and terrestrial ecosystems in the context of seasonal-to-interannual atmospheric and sea ice dynamics, as well as long-term climate change. The PAL measurement system (or grid) is designed to study marine and terrestrial food webs consisting principally of diatom primary producers, the dominant herbivore Antarctic krill, and the apex predator Adelie penguin. An attenuated microbial food web is also a focus. PAL studies these ecosystems annually over a regional scale grid of oceanographic stations and seasonally at Palmer Station.

Palmer Station is located on Anvers Island west of the Antarctic Peninula. The peninsula runs perpendicular to a strong climatic gradient between the cold, dry continental regime to the south, characteristic of the Antarctic interior, and the warm, moist, maritime regime to the north. North-south shifts in the gradient give rise to large environmental variability to climate change. Sea ice extent and variability affects ecosystem changes at all trophic levels. In addition to the long-term field and research activities, information management, graduate student training, education and outreach are an integral part of the program. contributor_role_vocabulary=https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/G04/current/ Conventions=CF-1.8, ACDD-1.3, COARDS datazoo_datatable_id=273 datazoo_datatable_label=CTD Downcast Data (Cruise) defaultDataQuery=null defaultGraphQuery=longitude,latitude&.draw=markers&.marker=6%7C5&.color=0x000000&.colorBar=%7C%7C%7C%7C%7C&.bgColor=0xffccccff&.yRange=%7C0%7Ctrue%7C Easternmost_Easting=-60.04 featureType=TrajectoryProfile geospatial_bounds_crs=EPSG:4326 geospatial_bounds_vertical_crs=EPSG:5831 geospatial_lat_max=-58.248 geospatial_lat_min=-70.088 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=-60.04 geospatial_lon_min=-80.0 geospatial_lon_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east geospatial_vertical_max=3653.09 geospatial_vertical_min=0.0 geospatial_vertical_positive=down geospatial_vertical_units=m history=local files infoUrl=https://pal.lternet.edu/ institution=National Science Foundation instrument_vocabulary=NASA/GCMD Instrument Keywords Version 8.5 keywords_vocabulary=GCMD Science Keywords license_link=https://lternet.edu/data-access-policy/ naming_authority=edu.rutgers.rucool Northernmost_Northing=-58.248 platform_vocabulary=NASA/GCMD Platforms Keywords Version 8.5 program=LTER project=Palmer LTER references=https://pal.lternet.edu/ sea_name=Southern Ocean source=local files sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=-70.088 standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v77 subsetVariables=study_name,grid_line,grid_station time_coverage_end=2017-02-02T08:16:00Z time_coverage_start=1991-11-07T00:36:00Z Westernmost_Easting=-80.0

Bacterial properties in discrete water column samples at selected depths, collected aboard Palmer LTER annual cruises off the coast of the Western Antarctica Peninsula, 2003 - 2019. The microbial biogeochemistry component of PAL focuses on marine bacterioplankton, and is thus a counterpart to the phytoplankton and zooplankton components, which together provide a detailed and comprehensive description of plankton ecology in PAL-LTER. Bacteria and Archaea (hereafter called "bacteria") are taxonomically and metabolically diverse. In coastal and offshore surface waters Bacteria generally predominate over Archaea, but Archaea are equal or greater in abundance in the mesopelagic layer below the euphoric zone. We focus on aerobic, heterotrophic bacteria in the upper 100 m on the annual summer cruise. These bacteria oxidize recently-produced low molecular weight dissolved organic compounds released by phytoplankton and zooplankton, decomposing them back into CO2 and inorganic nutrients. Globally, marine bacteria respire an amount of carbon roughly equal to about half the daily photosynthetic production. In cold polar waters, relative bacterial activity is lower, with bacterial biomass production being equal to <5% of the daily photosynthesis. The ratio at lower latitudes is 10-20%. The factors responsible for this contrast are not entirely clear. Resolving this pattern is a key aim of the PAL microbial component. Bacterial production is generally low across the grid, relative to primary production, but with considerable spatial and annual variability. Discrete BP can reach >200mgC/m2/d following bloom-fueled high organic matter events. Across the grid and over years, BP is highly correlated with chlorophyll, highlighting the close relationship with phytoplanktonic organic matter production. _NCProperties=version=1|netcdflibversion=4.6.1|hdf5libversion=1.10.6 acknowledgement=Funding and support provided by the National Science Foundation cdm_data_type=Trajectory cdm_trajectory_variables=study_name comment=The Palmer, Antarctica, Long-Term Ecological Research project is a member site of the Long-Term Ecological Research program, a network of sites investigating diverse biomes. A team of researchers seeks to understand the structure and function of the Western Antarctic Peninsula's marine and terrestrial ecosystems in the context of seasonal-to-interannual atmospheric and sea ice dynamics, as well as long-term climate change. The PAL measurement system (or grid) is designed to study marine and terrestrial food webs consisting principally of diatom primary producers, the dominant herbivore Antarctic krill, and the apex predator Adelie penguin. An attenuated microbial food web is also a focus. PAL studies these ecosystems annually over a regional scale grid of oceanographic stations and seasonally at Palmer Station.

Palmer Station is located on Anvers Island west of the Antarctic Peninula. The peninsula runs perpendicular to a strong climatic gradient between the cold, dry continental regime to the south, characteristic of the Antarctic interior, and the warm, moist, maritime regime to the north. North-south shifts in the gradient give rise to large environmental variability to climate change. Sea ice extent and variability affects ecosystem changes at all trophic levels. In addition to the long-term field and research activities, information management, graduate student training, education and outreach are an integral part of the program. contributor_email=hducklow@ldeo.columbia.edu contributor_name=Hugh Ducklow contributor_role=PrincipalInvestigator contributor_role_vocabulary=https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/G04/current/ Conventions=CF-1.8, ACDD-1.3, COARDS datazoo_dataset_id=48 datazoo_datatable_id=48 datazoo_datatable_label=Bacteria (Cruise) datazoo_datatable_name=Bacteria defaultDataQuery=null defaultGraphQuery=longitude,latitude,time&.draw=markers&.marker=6%7C5&.color=0x000000&.colorBar=%7C%7C%7C%7C%7C&.bgColor=0xffccccff doi=https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/32683b1152c89e8eb8879639146b34fe Easternmost_Easting=-64.02944 featureType=Trajectory geospatial_bounds_crs=EPSG:4326 geospatial_bounds_vertical_crs=EPSG:5831 geospatial_lat_max=-63.59 geospatial_lat_min=-70.088 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=-64.02944 geospatial_lon_min=-78.208 geospatial_lon_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east geospatial_vertical_max=5000.0 geospatial_vertical_min=-999.0 geospatial_vertical_positive=down geospatial_vertical_units=m history=local files infoUrl=https://pal.lternet.edu/ institution=National Science Foundation keywords_vocabulary=LTER Controlled Vocabulary,LTER Core Areas license_link=https://lternet.edu/data-access-policy/ methods=General Methods: Water samples for all microbial analyses are harvested from the CTD-Rosette system. Bacterial abundance samples are analyzed within two hours by flow cytometry following the protocol of Gasol and del Giorgio (2000), with SYBR-Green staining on an Accuri C6 (Becton-Dickinson). Total bacteria concentrations were determined by adding 1 μm microspheres (Polysciences, Warrington, PA) and 5 μM final concentration of stain to 0.5 mL of sample. Samples were incubated in the dark for 30 minutes and analyzed for 2 minutes at a low flow rate. Numbers of total bacteria and beads were determined in cytograms of side scatter (SSC) versus green fluorescence (FL1). Calculation of the absolute concentration of stained particles was based on the total sample volume analyzed, as determined by the count of added microspheres.

Bacterial Production Bacterial Production (BP) rates were derived from rates of 3H-leucine incorporation measured on samples extending over the upper 50-100 m. The leucine assays followed a procedure modified from the protocol originally proposed by Smith and Azam (1992). Briefly, triplicate 1.5 ml samples were incubated shortly after collection for ~3 h with 3H-leucine (MP Biomedical, Santa Ana, CA; >100 Ci/mmol, 20-25 nM final concentration) in 2.0 ml microcentrifuge tubes (Axygen SCT-200, Union City, CA). Incubations were maintained within 0.5°C of the in situ temperature in refrigerated circulator baths and terminated by the addition of 0.1 ml of 100% trichloroacetic acid (TCA). Samples were concentrated by centrifugation, rinsed with 5% TCA and 70% ethanol and air-dried overnight prior to radioassay by liquid scintillation counting in Ultima Gold cocktail (Perkin-Elmer, Waltham, MA). Blank values of TCA-killed samples were subtracted from the average of the triplicates for each discrete depth sample. BP rates are derived by multiplying the leucine incorporation rate times 1500 gC mole-1 (Ducklow et al (2000).

naming_authority=edu.rutgers.rucool Northernmost_Northing=-63.59 program=LTER project=Palmer LTER references=https://pal.lternet.edu/,Gasol JM, Del Giorgio PA. 2000. Using flow cytometry for counting natural planktonic bacteria and understanding the structure of planktonic bacterial communities. SCIENTIA MARINA 64: 197-224.,Smith DC, Azam F. 1992. A simple, economical method for measuring bacterial protein synthesis rates in seawater using 3H-leucine. Marine Microbial Foodwebs 6: 107-114.,Ducklow HW, Dickson ML, Kirchman DL, Steward G, Orchardo J, Marra J, Azam F. 2000. Constraining bacterial production, conversion efficiency and respiration in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, January-February, 1997. Deep-Sea Research II 47: 3227-3247.

sea_name=Southern Ocean source=local files sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=-70.088 standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v77 subsetVariables=study_name,station time_coverage_end=2019-02-04T00:00:00Z time_coverage_start=2003-01-06T01:35:52Z Westernmost_Easting=-78.208

At-sea seabird censuses. Data on the species encountered (including marine mammals), their abundance, distribution and behavior. Data collected aboard cruises off the coast of the Western Antarctic Penninsula, 1993 - 2018. The objectives of the LTER seabird component during the 92-93 season cruises were similar. These objectives included 1) determining the pelagic abundance and distribution of Adelie Penguins, 2) examining how the physical and biological characteristics of the marine environment influence these parameters and, 3) using these data to identify foraging areas that may be important to Adelie populations being studied as part of land-based work at Palmer Station. Secondary objectives included documenting the abundance and distribution of other seabirds and marine mammals within the LTER study area. The focus of the January cruise was the nearshore foraging habitat, which required sampling at smaller scales. All seabird censuses were thus conducted within approximately 100 kms of Palmer Station while traversing a sampling grid with stations at 10km intervals. The first two days (18-20 January) of this cruise were spent covering the selected grid as rapidly as possible resulting in 45 transects spaced at 45-60 minute intervals. There were no stops at the 10km stations during this Fast Grid phase. Upon completion of the Fast Grid, a force 12 gale suspended data collection for 24 hours. From January 22-25 the grid direction was reversed and the grid repeated. During this Slow Grid phase, 2-M net tows were done at 10km intervals and BOPS and 1-M and 2-M net tows every 20 km. All seabird censuses during the cruise were done using the procedures outlined in the previous paragraph.

Seventy-two 30-minute transects and 15 station censuses were completed during the January cruise. Athough seabirds were widely distributed throughout the study area, the highest densities and greatest biomass occurred consistently within 2-5 km of Anvers Island and several major island groups to the south and west near the Antarctic Peninsula. Adelie Penguins were the dominant component of this seabird assemblage in terms of both abundance and biomass. South Polar Skuas ranked second and Black-browed Albatross third, with the latter becoming the dominant assemblage member at distances greater than 10km from land. Although
South Polar Skuas had been expected to occur in more pelagic habitats, few were censused at distances greater than 10km from land. The presence of both skuas and penguins so close to land was unexpected. The most important variable accounting for variation in the distribution and abundance of seabirds appeared to
be the location of the 200m contour, which throughout the study area occurred 2-5km from the adjoining land masses. Approximately 65% of the seabirds censused during this cruise (85% of the biomass) occurred in association with this contour. _NCProperties=version=1|netcdflibversion=4.6.1|hdf5libversion=1.10.6 acknowledgement=Funding and support provided by the National Science Foundation cdm_data_type=Trajectory cdm_trajectory_variables=cruise_name comment=The Palmer, Antarctica, Long-Term Ecological Research project is a member site of the Long-Term Ecological Research program, a network of sites investigating diverse biomes. A team of researchers seeks to understand the structure and function of the Western Antarctic Peninsula's marine and terrestrial ecosystems in the context of seasonal-to-interannual atmospheric and sea ice dynamics, as well as long-term climate change. The PAL measurement system (or grid) is designed to study marine and terrestrial food webs consisting principally of diatom primary producers, the dominant herbivore Antarctic krill, and the apex predator Adelie penguin. An attenuated microbial food web is also a focus. PAL studies these ecosystems annually over a regional scale grid of oceanographic stations and seasonally at Palmer Station.

Palmer Station is located on Anvers Island west of the Antarctic Peninula. The peninsula runs perpendicular to a strong climatic gradient between the cold, dry continental regime to the south, characteristic of the Antarctic interior, and the warm, moist, maritime regime to the north. North-south shifts in the gradient give rise to large environmental variability to climate change. Sea ice extent and variability affects ecosystem changes at all trophic levels. In addition to the long-term field and research activities, information management, graduate student training, education and outreach are an integral part of the program. contributor_email=bfraser@3rivers.net contributor_name=William Fraser contributor_role=PrincipalInvestigator contributor_role_vocabulary=https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/G04/current/ Conventions=CF-1.8, ACDD-1.3, COARDS datazoo_dataset_id=95 datazoo_datatable_id=95 datazoo_datatable_label=Bird Census Stationary - Summer datazoo_datatable_name=BirdCensusStationarySummer defaultDataQuery=null defaultGraphQuery=longitude,latitude,time&longitude%3E=-86.7&longitude%3C=-53.1&latitude%3E=-83.8&latitude%3C=-50.2&.draw=markers&.marker=7%7C5&.color=0x000000&.colorBar=%7C%7C%7C%7C%7C&.bgColor=0xffccccff doi=https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/daa3753c4d20470b0ff1a0caa9dc19e2 Easternmost_Easting=-62.12488333333334 featureType=Trajectory geospatial_bounds_crs=EPSG:4326 geospatial_bounds_vertical_crs=EPSG:5831 geospatial_lat_max=-63.59215000000001 geospatial_lat_min=-70.09166666666667 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=-62.12488333333334 geospatial_lon_min=-78.20545 geospatial_lon_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east geospatial_vertical_max=10000.0 geospatial_vertical_min=0.0 geospatial_vertical_positive=down geospatial_vertical_units=m history=local files infoUrl=https://pal.lternet.edu/ institution=National Science Foundation keywords_vocabulary=LTER Core Areas,LTER Controlled Vocabulary license_link=https://lternet.edu/data-access-policy/ methods=Frequency: Stationary censuses, twice at each station naming_authority=edu.rutgers.rucool Northernmost_Northing=-63.59215000000001 program=LTER project=Palmer LTER references=https://pal.lternet.edu/ sea_name=Southern Ocean source=/Users/kerfoot/data/lter/data/tsv/dat_95/dat_95_PD97-01.tsv sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=-70.09166666666667 standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v77 subsetVariables=study_name,cruise_name time_coverage_end=2018-01-30T11:28:00Z time_coverage_start=1993-01-11T19:25:00Z Westernmost_Easting=-78.20545

The Palmer, Antarctica, Long-Term Ecological Research project is a member site of the Long-Term Ecological Research program, a network of sites investigating diverse biomes. A team of researchers seeks to understand the structure and function of the Western Antarctic Peninsula's marine and terrestrial ecosystems in the context of seasonal-to-interannual atmospheric and sea ice dynamics, as well as long-term climate change. The PAL measurement system (or grid) is designed to study marine and terrestrial food webs consisting principally of diatom primary producers, the dominant herbivore Antarctic krill, and the apex predator Adelie penguin. An attenuated microbial food web is also a focus. PAL studies these ecosystems annually over a regional scale grid of oceanographic stations and seasonally at Palmer Station.

Palmer Station is located on Anvers Island west of the Antarctic Peninula. The peninsula runs perpendicular to a strong climatic gradient between the cold, dry continental regime to the south, characteristic of the Antarctic interior, and the warm, moist, maritime regime to the north. North-south shifts in the gradient give rise to large environmental variability to climate change. Sea ice extent and variability affects ecosystem changes at all trophic levels. In addition to the long-term field and research activities, information management, graduate student training, education and outreach are an integral part of the program. _NCProperties=version=1|netcdflibversion=4.6.1|hdf5libversion=1.10.6 acknowledgement=Funding and support provided by the National Science Foundation cdm_data_type=Trajectory cdm_trajectory_variables=study_name comment=The Palmer, Antarctica, Long-Term Ecological Research project is a member site of the Long-Term Ecological Research program, a network of sites investigating diverse biomes. A team of researchers seeks to understand the structure and function of the Western Antarctic Peninsula's marine and terrestrial ecosystems in the context of seasonal-to-interannual atmospheric and sea ice dynamics, as well as long-term climate change. The PAL measurement system (or grid) is designed to study marine and terrestrial food webs consisting principally of diatom primary producers, the dominant herbivore Antarctic krill, and the apex predator Adelie penguin. An attenuated microbial food web is also a focus. PAL studies these ecosystems annually over a regional scale grid of oceanographic stations and seasonally at Palmer Station.

Palmer Station is located on Anvers Island west of the Antarctic Peninula. The peninsula runs perpendicular to a strong climatic gradient between the cold, dry continental regime to the south, characteristic of the Antarctic interior, and the warm, moist, maritime regime to the north. North-south shifts in the gradient give rise to large environmental variability to climate change. Sea ice extent and variability affects ecosystem changes at all trophic levels. In addition to the long-term field and research activities, information management, graduate student training, education and outreach are an integral part of the program. contributor_email=aquadoc@uga.edu contributor_name=James Hollibaugh contributor_role=PrincipalInvestigator contributor_role_vocabulary=https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/G04/current/ Conventions=CF-1.8, ACDD-1.3, COARDS datazoo_dataset_id=114 datazoo_datatable_id=114 datazoo_datatable_label=Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria and Archaea Abundance datazoo_datatable_name=AmmoniaOxidizingBacteriaandArchaeaAbundance defaultDataQuery=null doi=https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/d97be1e1ed0644966c47a419e04ba0f6 Easternmost_Easting=-64.12982 featureType=Trajectory geospatial_bounds_crs=EPSG:4326 geospatial_bounds_vertical_crs=EPSG:5831 geospatial_lat_max=-63.84217 geospatial_lat_min=-67.90588 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=-64.12982 geospatial_lon_min=-73.89537 geospatial_lon_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east geospatial_vertical_max=660.6 geospatial_vertical_min=0.0 geospatial_vertical_positive=down geospatial_vertical_units=m history=/Users/kerfoot/data/lter/data/tsv/dat_114/dat_114_LMG06-01.tsv infoUrl=https://pal.lternet.edu/ institution=National Science Foundation keywords_vocabulary=LTER Controlled Vocabulary,LTER Core Areas license_link=https://lternet.edu/data-access-policy/ naming_authority=edu.rutgers.rucool Northernmost_Northing=-63.84217 program=LTER project=Palmer LTER references=https://pal.lternet.edu/ sea_name=Southern Ocean source=/Users/kerfoot/data/lter/data/tsv/dat_114/dat_114_LMG06-01.tsv sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=-67.90588 standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v77 subsetVariables=study_name time_coverage_end=2006-02-01T13:15:00Z time_coverage_start=2006-01-07T14:28:00Z Westernmost_Easting=-73.89537

The Palmer, Antarctica, Long-Term Ecological Research project is a member site of the Long-Term Ecological Research program, a network of sites investigating diverse biomes. A team of researchers seeks to understand the structure and function of the Western Antarctic Peninsula's marine and terrestrial ecosystems in the context of seasonal-to-interannual atmospheric and sea ice dynamics, as well as long-term climate change. The PAL measurement system (or grid) is designed to study marine and terrestrial food webs consisting principally of diatom primary producers, the dominant herbivore Antarctic krill, and the apex predator Adelie penguin. An attenuated microbial food web is also a focus. PAL studies these ecosystems annually over a regional scale grid of oceanographic stations and seasonally at Palmer Station.

Palmer Station is located on Anvers Island west of the Antarctic Peninula. The peninsula runs perpendicular to a strong climatic gradient between the cold, dry continental regime to the south, characteristic of the Antarctic interior, and the warm, moist, maritime regime to the north. North-south shifts in the gradient give rise to large environmental variability to climate change. Sea ice extent and variability affects ecosystem changes at all trophic levels. In addition to the long-term field and research activities, information management, graduate student training, education and outreach are an integral part of the program. _NCProperties=version=1|netcdflibversion=4.6.1|hdf5libversion=1.10.6 acknowledgement=Funding and support provided by the National Science Foundation cdm_data_type=Trajectory cdm_trajectory_variables=study_name comment=The Palmer, Antarctica, Long-Term Ecological Research project is a member site of the Long-Term Ecological Research program, a network of sites investigating diverse biomes. A team of researchers seeks to understand the structure and function of the Western Antarctic Peninsula's marine and terrestrial ecosystems in the context of seasonal-to-interannual atmospheric and sea ice dynamics, as well as long-term climate change. The PAL measurement system (or grid) is designed to study marine and terrestrial food webs consisting principally of diatom primary producers, the dominant herbivore Antarctic krill, and the apex predator Adelie penguin. An attenuated microbial food web is also a focus. PAL studies these ecosystems annually over a regional scale grid of oceanographic stations and seasonally at Palmer Station.

Palmer Station is located on Anvers Island west of the Antarctic Peninula. The peninsula runs perpendicular to a strong climatic gradient between the cold, dry continental regime to the south, characteristic of the Antarctic interior, and the warm, moist, maritime regime to the north. North-south shifts in the gradient give rise to large environmental variability to climate change. Sea ice extent and variability affects ecosystem changes at all trophic levels. In addition to the long-term field and research activities, information management, graduate student training, education and outreach are an integral part of the program. contributor_email=oscar@marine.rutgers.edu contributor_name=Oscar Schofield contributor_role=PrincipalInvestigator contributor_role_vocabulary=https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/G04/current/ Conventions=CF-1.8, ACDD-1.3, COARDS datazoo_datatable_id=156 datazoo_datatable_label=Inherent Optical Properties (Cruise) datazoo_datatable_name=InherentOpticalProperties defaultDataQuery=null defaultGraphQuery=longitude,latitude,time&.draw=markers&.marker=6%7C5&.color=0x000000&.colorBar=%7C%7C%7C%7C%7C&.bgColor=0xffccccff Easternmost_Easting=-64.40183 featureType=Trajectory geospatial_bounds_crs=EPSG:4326 geospatial_bounds_vertical_crs=EPSG:5831 geospatial_lat_max=-63.067 geospatial_lat_min=-68.46667 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=-64.40183 geospatial_lon_min=-77.87083 geospatial_lon_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east geospatial_vertical_max=79.0 geospatial_vertical_min=0.0 geospatial_vertical_positive=down geospatial_vertical_units=m history=data_pallter_oi_datazoo_datatables.dat_156 infoUrl=https://pal.lternet.edu/ institution=National Science Foundation keywords_vocabulary=LTER Core Areas,LTER Controlled Vocabulary license_link=https://lternet.edu/data-access-policy/ naming_authority=edu.rutgers.rucool Northernmost_Northing=-63.067 program=LTER project=Palmer LTER references=https://pal.lternet.edu/ sea_name=Southern Ocean source=/Users/kerfoot/data/lter/data/tsv/dat_156/dat_156_LMG09-01.tsv sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=-68.46667 standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v77 subsetVariables=study_name time_coverage_end=2009-01-30T12:50:00Z time_coverage_start=2009-01-06T14:55:00Z Westernmost_Easting=-77.87083

Measurements were made using moored VERTEX-style particle interceptor tube (PIT) sediment traps deployed at a depth of 50-m at stations B and E near Palmer Station between Nov. 2012 and Apr. 2013. Sediment trap contents was measured to determine fluxes of POC, PN, and Th-234 on two size fractions (>200 and <200 micron). Note that these are operational size classes and may not directly coincide with the size of aggregates that may have been sinking in the water column. For more details, please see Stukel et al. (in review, Global Biogeochemical Cycles)..Measurements were made using moored VERTEX-style particle interceptor tube (PIT) sediment traps deployed at a depth of 50-m at stations B and E near Palmer Station between Nov. 2012 and Apr. 2013. Sediment trap contents was measured to determine fluxes of POC, PN, and Th-234 on two size fractions (>200 and <200 micron). Note that these are operational size classes and may not directly coincide with the size of aggregates that may have been sinking in the water column. For more details, please see Stukel et al. (in review, Global Biogeochemical Cycles). acknowledgement=Funding and support provided by the National Science Foundation cdm_data_type=Other comment=The Palmer, Antarctica, Long-Term Ecological Research project is a member site of the Long-Term Ecological Research program, a network of sites investigating diverse biomes. A team of researchers seeks to understand the structure and function of the Western Antarctic Peninsula's marine and terrestrial ecosystems in the context of seasonal-to-interannual atmospheric and sea ice dynamics, as well as long-term climate change. The PAL measurement system (or grid) is designed to study marine and terrestrial food webs consisting principally of diatom primary producers, the dominant herbivore Antarctic krill, and the apex predator Adelie penguin. An attenuated microbial food web is also a focus. PAL studies these ecosystems annually over a regional scale grid of oceanographic stations and seasonally at Palmer Station.

Palmer Station is located on Anvers Island west of the Antarctic Peninula. The peninsula runs perpendicular to a strong climatic gradient between the cold, dry continental regime to the south, characteristic of the Antarctic interior, and the warm, moist, maritime regime to the north. North-south shifts in the gradient give rise to large environmental variability to climate change. Sea ice extent and variability affects ecosystem changes at all trophic levels. In addition to the long-term field and research activities, information management, graduate student training, education and outreach are an integral part of the program. contributor_email=mstukel@fsu.edu contributor_name=Mike Stukel contributor_role=PrincipalInvestigator contributor_role_vocabulary=https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/G04/current/ Conventions=CF-1.8, ACDD-1.3, COARDS datazoo_dataset_id=245 datazoo_datatable_id=245 datazoo_datatable_label=Palmer Station VERTEX-style Sediment Traps datazoo_datatable_name=VertexStyleSedimentTrapData doi=https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/1653357b0c0ff12c868139eb0b374557 geospatial_bounds_crs=EPSG:4326 geospatial_bounds_vertical_crs=EPSG:5831 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lat_units=degree_north geospatial_lon_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lon_units=degree_east geospatial_vertical_positive=down geospatial_vertical_units=EPSG:5831 history=/Users/kerfoot/data/lter/data/tsv/dat_245/dat_245_PAL1213.tsv infoUrl=https://pal.lternet.edu/ institution=National Science Foundation keywords_vocabulary=LTER Controlled Vocabulary license_link=https://lternet.edu/data-access-policy/ methods=Particulate Th-234 analyses: After filtration, quartz filters were dried in a drying oven and mounted on RISO sample holders. Samples were counted on a RISO GM beta multi-counter. After >6 half-lives, samples were again counted on the beta counter to determine background emissions. naming_authority=edu.rutgers.rucool program=LTER project=Palmer LTER references=https://pal.lternet.edu/ sea_name=Southern Ocean source=/Users/kerfoot/data/lter/data/tsv/dat_245/dat_245_PAL1213.tsv sourceUrl=(local files) standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v77 subsetVariables=study_name time_coverage_end=2013-03-24T00:00:00Z time_coverage_start=2012-11-18T00:00:00Z

The data described here were collected as part of a study of photoheterotrophic microbes in Antarctic waters (National Science Foundation (NSF) OPP 0838830). This sampling was conducted in May outside of the LTER sampling season at Palmer Station. Samplng was conducted by pumping water from a depth of 1 m into carboys that were returned to the lab..The data described here were collected as part of a study of photoheterotrophic microbes in Antarctic waters (NSF OPP 0838830). This sampling was conducted in May outside of the LTER sampling season at Palmer Station. Samplng was conducted by pumping water from a depth of 1 m into carboys that were returned to the lab. acknowledgement=Funding and support provided by the National Science Foundation cdm_data_type=Other comment=The Palmer, Antarctica, Long-Term Ecological Research project is a member site of the Long-Term Ecological Research program, a network of sites investigating diverse biomes. A team of researchers seeks to understand the structure and function of the Western Antarctic Peninsula's marine and terrestrial ecosystems in the context of seasonal-to-interannual atmospheric and sea ice dynamics, as well as long-term climate change. The PAL measurement system (or grid) is designed to study marine and terrestrial food webs consisting principally of diatom primary producers, the dominant herbivore Antarctic krill, and the apex predator Adelie penguin. An attenuated microbial food web is also a focus. PAL studies these ecosystems annually over a regional scale grid of oceanographic stations and seasonally at Palmer Station.

Palmer Station is located on Anvers Island west of the Antarctic Peninula. The peninsula runs perpendicular to a strong climatic gradient between the cold, dry continental regime to the south, characteristic of the Antarctic interior, and the warm, moist, maritime regime to the north. North-south shifts in the gradient give rise to large environmental variability to climate change. Sea ice extent and variability affects ecosystem changes at all trophic levels. In addition to the long-term field and research activities, information management, graduate student training, education and outreach are an integral part of the program. contributor_email=mattcott@udel.edu contributor_name=Matthew Cottrell contributor_role=PrincipalInvestigator contributor_role_vocabulary=https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/G04/current/ Conventions=CF-1.8, ACDD-1.3, COARDS datazoo_dataset_id=247 datazoo_datatable_id=247 datazoo_datatable_label=Palmer Station LTER Microbial Data datazoo_datatable_name=PalmerStationMicrobialData doi=https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/c925476b3c9189db1c1bbf92ccda1e31 geospatial_bounds_crs=EPSG:4326 geospatial_bounds_vertical_crs=EPSG:5831 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lat_units=degree_north geospatial_lon_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lon_units=degree_east geospatial_vertical_max=1.0 geospatial_vertical_min=1.0 geospatial_vertical_positive=down geospatial_vertical_units=m history=/Users/kerfoot/data/lter/data/tsv/dat_247/dat_247.tsv infoUrl=https://pal.lternet.edu/ institution=National Science Foundation keywords_vocabulary=LTER Controlled Vocabulary license_link=https://lternet.edu/data-access-policy/ methods=Bacterial production: Seawater samples were incubated with 3H-leucine and then macromolecules were extracted using TCA using the centrifuge method. Radioativity taken up was assyed by liquid scintillation counting. naming_authority=edu.rutgers.rucool program=LTER project=Palmer LTER references=https://pal.lternet.edu/,Nikrad, M P., Cottrell, M. T. & Kirchman, D. L. Uptake of dissolved organic carbon by gammaproteobacterial subgrous in coastal waters of the west antarctic peninsula. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 80, 3362-3368 (2014),Kirchman, D. L., Stegman, M. R. Nikrad, M. P & Cottrell, M. T. Abundance, size and activity of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria in coastal waters of the west antarctic peninsula. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 73, 41-49 (2014). sea_name=Southern Ocean source=/Users/kerfoot/data/lter/data/tsv/dat_247/dat_247.tsv sourceUrl=(local files) standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v77 subsetVariables=study_name,station time_coverage_end=2012-05-17T00:00:00Z time_coverage_start=2011-05-13T00:00:00Z

Dataset contains measurements of the ratio of stable isotopes of oxygen in seawater taken in the Palmer Basin at stations B, E and the Palmer station seawater intake. The oceanic distribution of d18O is determined largely by the same processes that control salinity. Surface d18O reflects the magnitude and spatial distribution of freshwater inputs, and it is a conservative tracer in the ocean interior. The great benefit of d18O is obtained from the circumstances under which it exhibits behavior different to that of salinity. One such circumstance derives from the salinity and d18O values in precipitation, with salinity being constant with latitude (typically zero), while in general d18O in precipitation becomes progressively isotopically lighter toward the poles. This results in glacial ice (which derives from high-latitude precipitation) being very isotopically light, enabling d18O to be a useful tracer of glacial discharge to the ocean (e.g., Schlosser et al. 1990; Weiss et al. 1979). Another difference occurs in regions influenced by sea ice, which greatly affects salinity during its formation/melt cycle but has only minimal impact on d18O. This decoupling of the two tracers allows them to be used in tandem to quantitatively separate freshwater inputs from sea ice melt and those from meteoric sources (precipitation plus glacial discharge). For this, a simple three-endmember mass balance can be used. For details please see Meredith, M. P., H. J. Venables, A. Clarke, H. W. Ducklow, M. Erickson, M. J. Leng, J. T. M. Lenaerts, and M. R. van den Broeke. 2013. The freshwater system west of the Antarctic Peninsula: Spatial and temporal changes. Journal of Climate 26:1669-1684. _NCProperties=version=1|netcdflibversion=4.6.1|hdf5libversion=1.10.6 acknowledgement=Funding and support provided by the National Science Foundation cdm_data_type=TimeSeries cdm_timeseries_variables=station,latitude,longitude comment=The Palmer, Antarctica, Long-Term Ecological Research project is a member site of the Long-Term Ecological Research program, a network of sites investigating diverse biomes. A team of researchers seeks to understand the structure and function of the Western Antarctic Peninsula's marine and terrestrial ecosystems in the context of seasonal-to-interannual atmospheric and sea ice dynamics, as well as long-term climate change. The PAL measurement system (or grid) is designed to study marine and terrestrial food webs consisting principally of diatom primary producers, the dominant herbivore Antarctic krill, and the apex predator Adelie penguin. An attenuated microbial food web is also a focus. PAL studies these ecosystems annually over a regional scale grid of oceanographic stations and seasonally at Palmer Station. Palmer Station is located on Anvers Island west of the Antarctic Peninula. The peninsula runs perpendicular to a strong climatic gradient between the cold, dry continental regime to the south, characteristic of the Antarctic interior, and the warm, moist, maritime regime to the north. North-south shifts in the gradient give rise to large environmental variability to climate change. Sea ice extent and variability affects ecosystem changes at all trophic levels. In addition to the long-term field and research activities, information management, graduate student training, education and outreach are an integral part of the program. contributor_name=Mike Meredith contributor_role=principalInvestigator contributor_role_vocabulary=https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/G04/current/ Conventions=CF-1.8, ACDD-1.3, COARDS datazoo_datatable_label=Stable isotope composition (d18O) of seawater (Palmer Basin) defaultDataQuery=event%2Cstation%2Cdepth%2Ctemperature%2Csalinity%2Cmld%2Co18%2Co18_duplicate%2Ctime%2Clatitude%2Clongitude&orderBy(%22time%22) defaultGraphQuery=longitude%2Clatitude%2C&.draw=markers&.marker=7%7C5&.color=0x000000&.colorBar=%7C%7C%7C%7C%7C&.bgColor=0xffccccff Easternmost_Easting=-64.0405 featureType=TimeSeries geospatial_bounds_crs=EPSG:4326 geospatial_bounds_vertical_crs=EPSG:5831 geospatial_lat_max=-64.7738 geospatial_lat_min=-64.815 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lat_units=degrees_north geospatial_lon_max=-64.0405 geospatial_lon_min=-64.0725 geospatial_lon_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lon_units=degrees_east geospatial_vertical_max=10.0 geospatial_vertical_min=0.0 geospatial_vertical_positive=down geospatial_vertical_units=m history=/Users/kerfoot/data/lter/data/xlsx/meredith/Stable Isotope composition (dO18) of seawater (Palmer).xls infoUrl=https://pal.lternet.edu/ institution=National Science Foundation instrument_vocabulary=NASA/GCMD Instrument Keywords Version 8.5 keywords_vocabulary=GCMD Science Keywords license_link=https://lternet.edu/data-access-policy/ methods=Stable oxygen isotope composition of seawater: PAL-LTER samples were drawn into 50-ml glass vials, which were sealed with stoppers and aluminum crimps to prevent evaporation. The d18O samples were then transported to the United Kingdom via dark cool stow (4 degC), where they were analyzed at the Natural Environment Research Council Isotope Geosciences Laboratory (NIGL) at the British Geological Survey. The method of analysis is the equilibrium method for oxygen (Epstein and Mayeda 1953), with samples run on a VG Isoprep 18 and SIRA 10 mass spectrometer. Random duplicates were analyzed to establish precision, with an average better than +/- 0.02%. naming_authority=edu.rutgers.rucool Northernmost_Northing=-64.7738 platform_vocabulary=NASA/GCMD Platforms Keywords Version 8.5 program=LTER project=Palmer LTER references=https://pal.lternet.edu/ sea_name=Southern Ocean source=/Users/kerfoot/data/lter/data/xlsx/meredith/Stable Isotope composition (dO18) of seawater (Palmer).xls sourceUrl=(local files) Southernmost_Northing=-64.815 standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v77 subsetVariables=station,latitude,longitude time_coverage_end=2018-03-26T00:00:00Z time_coverage_start=2011-11-24T00:00:00Z Westernmost_Easting=-64.0725