Palmer Penguins

The Palmer penguins dataset by Allison Horst, Alison Hill, and Kristen Gorman was first made publicly available as an R package. The goal of the Palmer Penguins dataset is to replace the highly overused Iris dataset for data exploration & visualization. However, now you can use Palmer penguins on huggingface!

  License

Data are available by CC-0 license in accordance with the Palmer Station LTER Data Policy and the LTER Data Access Policy for Type I data.… See the full description on the dataset page: https://huggingface.co/datasets/SIH/palmer-penguins.

ensuring the expanded dataset remains realistic and suitable for classification tasks.

1) Data Introduction • The Palmer Penguins Dataset focuses on two species of penguins, Gentoo and Adelie, collected from the Palmer Archipelago. It includes physical attributes such as bill length, bill depth, flipper length, body mass, and the year of observation. This dataset is ideal for binary classification problems, like logistic regression, making it perfect for beginners in data science and statistics.

2) Data Utilization (1) Palmer Penguins data has characteristics that: • It includes measurements of physical characteristics and habitat information, useful for differentiating species and studying ecological patterns. (2) Palmer Penguins data applications: • Educational Use: Ideal for teaching logistic regression and other machine learning techniques, allowing students to handle categorical and numerical data for binary classification. • Ecological Research: Useful for studying penguin population dynamics, diet preferences, and the impact of climate change on habitat and species distribution.

Context

The palmer penguins data contains size measurements for three penguin species observed on three islands in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica.

Content

These data were collected from 2007 - 2009 by Dr. Kristen Gorman with the Palmer Station Long Term Ecological Research Program, part of the US Long Term Ecological Research Network. The data were imported directly from the Environmental Data Initiative (EDI) Data Portal, and are available for use by CC0 license (“No Rights Reserved”) in accordance with the Palmer Station Data Policy.

Analysis of ‘Palmer Archipelago (Antarctica) penguin data ’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from https://www.kaggle.com/parulpandey/palmer-archipelago-antarctica-penguin-data on 12 November 2021.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

Please refer to the official Github page for details and license information. The details below have also been taken from there.

Artwork: @allison_horst

Palmer Archipelago (Antarctica) penguin data

Data were collected and made available by Dr. Kristen Gorman and the Palmer Station, Antarctica LTER, a member of the Long Term Ecological Research Network.

Thank you to Dr. Gorman, Palmer Station LTER and the LTER Network! Special thanks to Marty Downs (Director, LTER Network Office) for help regarding the data license & use.

License & citation

• Data are available by CC-0 license in accordance with the Palmer Station LTER Data Policy and the LTER Data Access Policy for Type I data.

• Please cite this data using: Gorman KB, Williams TD, Fraser WR (2014) Ecological Sexual Dimorphism and Environmental Variability within a Community of Antarctic Penguins (Genus Pygoscelis). PLoS ONE 9(3): e90081. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090081

Summary:

The data folder contains two CSV files. For intro courses/examples, you probably want to use the first one (penguins_size.csv).

• penguins_size.csv: Simplified data from original penguin data sets. Contains variables:

  • species: penguin species (Chinstrap, Adélie, or Gentoo)
  • culmen_length_mm: culmen length (mm)
  • culmen_depth_mm: culmen depth (mm)
  • flipper_length_mm: flipper length (mm)
  • body_mass_g: body mass (g)
  • island: island name (Dream, Torgersen, or Biscoe) in the Palmer Archipelago (Antarctica)
  • sex: penguin sex

• penguins_lter.csv: Original combined data for 3 penguin species (aggregated from individual links below)

Meet the penguins:

https://github.com/allisonhorst/penguins/raw/master/figures/lter_penguins.png" alt="">

What are culmen length & depth?

The culmen is "the upper ridge of a bird's beak" (definition from Oxford Languages).

For this penguin data, the culmen length and culmen depth are measured as shown below (thanks Kristen Gorman for clarifying!):

https://github.com/allisonhorst/penguins/raw/master/figures/culmen_depth.png" alt="">

Data:

These data are originally published in:

Gorman KB, Williams TD, Fraser WR (2014) Ecological Sexual Dimorphism and Environmental Variability within a Community of Antarctic Penguins (Genus Pygoscelis). PLoS ONE 9(3): e90081. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090081

Anyone interested in publishing the data should contact Dr. Kristen Gorman about analysis and working together on any final products.

From Gorman et al. (2014): "Data reported here are publicly available within the PAL-LTER data system (datasets #219, 220, and 221): http://oceaninformatics.ucsd.edu/datazoo/data/pallter/datasets. These data are additionally archived within the United States (US) LTER Network’s Information System Data Portal: https://portal.lternet.edu/. Individuals interested in using these data are therefore expected to follow the US LTER Network’s Data Access Policy, Requirements and Use Agreement: https://lternet.edu/data-access-policy/."

From the LTER data access policy: "The consumer of these data (“Data User” herein) has an ethical obligation to cite it appropriately in any publication that results from its use. The Data User should realize that these data may be actively used by others for ongoing research and that coordination may be necessary to prevent duplicate publication. The Data User is urged to contact the authors of these data if any questions about methodology or results occur. Where appropriate, the Data User is encouraged to consider collaboration or coauthorship with the authors. The Data User should realize that misinterpretation of data may occur if used out of context of the original study. While substantial efforts are made to ensure the accuracy of data and associated documentation, complete accuracy of data sets cannot be guaranteed. All data are made available “as is.” The Data User should be aware, however, that data are updated periodically and it is the responsibility of the Data User to check for new versions of the data. The data authors and the repository where these data were obtained shall not be liable for damages resulting from any use or misinterpretation of the data. Thank you."

Links to original data & metadata:

Original data accessed via the Environmental Data Initiative:

Adélie penguins: Palmer Station Antarctica LTER and K. Gorman. 2020. Structural size measurements and isotopic signatures of foraging among adult male and female Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) nesting along the Palmer Archipelago near Palmer Station, 2007-2009 ver 5. Environmental Data Initiative. https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/98b16d7d563f265cb52372c8ca99e60f (Accessed 2020-06-08).

Gentoo penguins: Palmer Station Antarctica LTER and K. Gorman. 2020. Structural size measurements and isotopic signatures of foraging among adult male and female Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) nesting along the Palmer Archipelago near Palmer Station, 2007-2009 ver 5. Environmental Data Initiative. https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/7fca67fb28d56ee2ffa3d9370ebda689 (Accessed 2020-06-08).

Chinstrap penguins: Palmer Station Antarctica LTER and K. Gorman. 2020. Structural size measurements and isotopic signatures of foraging among adult male and female Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarcticus) nesting along the Palmer Archipelago near Palmer Station, 2007-2009 ver 6. Environmental Data Initiative. https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/c14dfcfada8ea13a17536e73eb6fbe9e (Accessed 2020-06-08).

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

Palmer Penguins Dataset The goal of palmerpenguins is to provide a great dataset for data exploration & visualization, as an alternative to iris.

About the data Data were collected and made available by Dr. Kristen Gorman and the Palmer Station, Antarctica LTER, a member of the Long Term Ecological Research Network.

Dataset

This dataset was created by JacquesBikoundou

Released under CC0: Public Domain

Contents

The fundamental long-term objective of the seabird component of the Palmer LTER (PAL) has been to identify and understand the mechanistic processes that regulate the mean fitness (population growth rate) of regional penguin populations. Since the inception of PAL, Adélie penguin populations have effectively collapsed, gentoo penguin populations have increased dramatically and chinstrap penguin populations have remained relatively stable. These trends are spatially and temporally coherent with regional warming and decreasing sea ice duration. Adélie penguins are an ice-obligate polar species whose life history is intimately linked to the presence of sea ice, while chinstrap and gentoo penguins are ice-intolerant species whose life histories evolved in the sub-Antarctic, where sea ice is a less permanent feature of the marine ecosystem. The PAL study region includes five main islands on which Adélie penguin colonies have historically occurred, with each island containing a different number of spatially segregated sub-colonies. These colonies are censused to determine the total number of nests and chicks produced each year, and breeding success. Diet samples are acquired to understand diet composition (e.g., krill, fish) and krill length-frequencies. In general, krill constitute the most important component of the summer diets by mass of these three penguin species, but changes in PAL krill abundances have exhibited no long-term trends and thus far, have failed to explain the divergent patterns in penguin populations evident in our time series. Chick fledging masses are recorded as a cumulative measure of climate, weather, diet, and parental influences on chick health at the end of the breeding season. These data have provided valuable insights into the marine and terrestrial factors that influence Adélie penguin population fitness. No data were collected during the 2021-2022 season due to the Palmer Station pier rebuild.

We evaluated regional variation in reproductive isotopic niche among breeding populations of Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae), chinstrap (P. antarctica), and gentoo (P. papua) penguins west of the Antarctic Peninsula (AP) to test a hypothesis for sea ice-associated food-web correlates of breeding population change. We rely on signatures of naturally occurring carbon (13C/12C, δ13C) and nitrogen (15N/14N, δ15N) stable isotopes (SI) as integrated proxies of penguin trophic foraging and food-web structure. Each season, study nests, where pairs of adults were present, were individually marked and chosen before the onset of egg-laying, and consistently monitored. When study nests were found at the one-egg stage, both adults were captured to obtain blood samples used for molecular sexing and stable isotope analyses, and measurements of structural size and body mass. At the time of capture, each adult penguin was quickly blood sampled (~1 ml) from the brachial vein. After handling, individuals at study nests were further monitored to ensure the pair reached clutch completion, i.e., two eggs. At approximate an average nest age of five and 15 days, offspring from study nests were captured and quickly blood sampled (<= ~500 µl for day five chicks, and <= ~1 ml for day 15 chicks) from the tarsus vein using a sterile needle and heparinized capillary tubes for day five chicks, and a sterile 3 ml syringe and heparinized infusion needle for day 15 chicks, again to obtain blood tissue for SI analyses. Study nests were monitored for chick survival to 25 days. At five weeks into chick-rearing, older crèched chicks of all three species were captured and quickly blood sampled from study rookeries near Anvers Island. Handling of crèched chicks occurred over a one or two day period, which varied seasonally and by species depending on nest initiation dates. Adélie penguin chicks at Avian Island were sampled on the same day Anvers Island Adélie penguin chicks were sampled. Adélie penguin chicks at Charcot Island, sampled during one season only on 25 January 2010, were handled three days after Anvers Island and Avian Island Adélie penguin chicks were sampled that year, i.e., 22 January 2010. Blood samples from crèched chicks (~1 ml) were taken from the brachial vein using a sterile 3 ml syringe and heparinized infusion needle following sampling procedures used for adult penguins to obtain blood tissue for SI analyses. Stable isotope analyses were conducted at the Stable Isotope Facility at the University of California, Davis using an elemental analyzer interfaced with an isotope ratio mass spectrometer acknowledgement=Funding and support provided by the National Science Foundation cdm_data_type=Other comment=The Palmer, Antarctica, Long-Term Ecological Research project is a member site of the Long-Term Ecological Research program, a network of sites investigating diverse biomes. A team of researchers seeks to understand the structure and function of the Western Antarctic Peninsula's marine and terrestrial ecosystems in the context of seasonal-to-interannual atmospheric and sea ice dynamics, as well as long-term climate change. The PAL measurement system (or grid) is designed to study marine and terrestrial food webs consisting principally of diatom primary producers, the dominant herbivore Antarctic krill, and the apex predator Adelie penguin. An attenuated microbial food web is also a focus. PAL studies these ecosystems annually over a regional scale grid of oceanographic stations and seasonally at Palmer Station.

Palmer Station is located on Anvers Island west of the Antarctic Peninula. The peninsula runs perpendicular to a strong climatic gradient between the cold, dry continental regime to the south, characteristic of the Antarctic interior, and the warm, moist, maritime regime to the north. North-south shifts in the gradient give rise to large environmental variability to climate change. Sea ice extent and variability affects ecosystem changes at all trophic levels. In addition to the long-term field and research activities, information management, graduate student training, education and outreach are an integral part of the program. contributor_email=kgorman@sfu.ca contributor_name=Kristen Gorman contributor_role=PrincipalInvestigator contributor_role_vocabulary=https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/G04/current/ Conventions=CF-1.8, ACDD-1.3, COARDS datazoo_dataset_id=223 datazoo_datatable_id=223 datazoo_datatable_label=Isotopic niche - adult Pygoscelis penguins datazoo_datatable_name=IsotopicnicheadultPygoscelispenguins defaultDataQuery=null defaultGraphQuery=time%2Cratio_of_15n_to_14n&.draw=markers&.marker=6%7C5&.color=0x000000&.colorBar=%7C%7C%7C%7C%7C&.bgColor=0xffccccff geospatial_bounds_crs=EPSG:4326 geospatial_bounds_vertical_crs=EPSG:5831 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lat_units=degree_north geospatial_lon_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lon_units=degree_east geospatial_vertical_positive=down geospatial_vertical_units=EPSG:5831 history=/Users/kerfoot/data/lter/data/tsv/dat_223/dat_223_PAL0910.tsv infoUrl=https://pal.lternet.edu/ institution=National Science Foundation keywords_vocabulary=LTER Controlled Vocabulary license_link=https://lternet.edu/data-access-policy/ methods=General Methods: Each season, study nests, where pairs of adults were present, were individually marked and chosen before the onset of egg-laying, and consistently monitored. When study nests were found at the one-egg stage, both adults were captured to obtain blood samples used for stable isotope analyses. At the time of capture, each adult penguin was quickly blood sampled (~1 ml) from the brachial vein using a sterile 3 ml syringe and heparinized infusion needle. Collected blood was stored in 1.5 ml micro-centrifuge tubes that were kept cool. After handling, individuals at study nests were further monitored to ensure the pair reached clutch completion, i.e., two eggs. Data presented here are raw data only and do not include any derived data products.\t\t naming_authority=edu.rutgers.rucool program=LTER project=Palmer LTER references=https://pal.lternet.edu/ sea_name=Southern Ocean source=/Users/kerfoot/data/lter/data/tsv/dat_223/dat_223_PAL0809.tsv sourceUrl=(local files) standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v77 subsetVariables=study_name,island_name,species time_coverage_end=2009-12-01T00:00:00Z time_coverage_start=2007-11-09T00:00:00Z

Sexual segregation in vertebrate foraging niche is often associated with sexual size dimorphism (SSD), i.e., ecological sexual dimorphism. We examined ecological sexual dimorphism among sympatric nesting Pygoscelis penguins near Palmer Station, Antarctica, asking whether environmental variability in the form of winter sea ice is associated with differences in male and female pre-breeding foraging niche. Each season, study nests, where pairs of adults were present, were individually marked and chosen before the onset of egg-laying, and consistently monitored. When study nests were found at the one-egg stage, both adults were captured to obtain blood samples used for molecular sexing and stable isotope analyses, and measurements of structural size and body mass. At the time of capture, each adult penguin was quickly blood sampled (~1 ml) from the brachial vein. After handling, individuals at study nests were further monitored to ensure the pair reached clutch completion, i.e., two eggs. Molecular analyses were conducted at Simon Fraser University following standard PCR protocols, and stable isotope analyses were conducted at the Stable Isotope Facility at the University of California, Davis using an elemental analyzer interfaced with an isotope ratio mass spectrometer _NCProperties=version=1|netcdflibversion=4.6.1|hdf5libversion=1.10.6 acknowledgement=Funding and support provided by the National Science Foundation cdm_data_type=Other comment=The Palmer, Antarctica, Long-Term Ecological Research project is a member site of the Long-Term Ecological Research program, a network of sites investigating diverse biomes. A team of researchers seeks to understand the structure and function of the Western Antarctic Peninsula's marine and terrestrial ecosystems in the context of seasonal-to-interannual atmospheric and sea ice dynamics, as well as long-term climate change. The PAL measurement system (or grid) is designed to study marine and terrestrial food webs consisting principally of diatom primary producers, the dominant herbivore Antarctic krill, and the apex predator Adelie penguin. An attenuated microbial food web is also a focus. PAL studies these ecosystems annually over a regional scale grid of oceanographic stations and seasonally at Palmer Station.

Palmer Station is located on Anvers Island west of the Antarctic Peninula. The peninsula runs perpendicular to a strong climatic gradient between the cold, dry continental regime to the south, characteristic of the Antarctic interior, and the warm, moist, maritime regime to the north. North-south shifts in the gradient give rise to large environmental variability to climate change. Sea ice extent and variability affects ecosystem changes at all trophic levels. In addition to the long-term field and research activities, information management, graduate student training, education and outreach are an integral part of the program. contributor_email=kgorman@sfu.ca contributor_name=Kristen Gorman contributor_role=PrincipalInvestigator contributor_role_vocabulary=https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/G04/current/ Conventions=CF-1.8, ACDD-1.3, COARDS datazoo_dataset_id=219 datazoo_datatable_id=219 datazoo_datatable_label=Structural size measurements and isotopic signatures - Adelie Penguins datazoo_datatable_name=StructuralsizemeasurementsandisotopicsignaturesAdeliePenguins defaultDataQuery=null doi=https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/98b16d7d563f265cb52372c8ca99e60f geospatial_bounds_crs=EPSG:4326 geospatial_bounds_vertical_crs=EPSG:5831 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lat_units=degree_north geospatial_lon_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lon_units=degree_east geospatial_vertical_positive=down geospatial_vertical_units=EPSG:5831 history=data_pallter_oi_datazoo_datatables.dat_219 infoUrl=https://pal.lternet.edu/ institution=National Science Foundation keywords_vocabulary=LTER Controlled Vocabulary license_link=https://lternet.edu/data-access-policy/ methods=General Methods: Each season, study nests, where pairs of adults were present, were individually marked and chosen before the onset of egg-laying, and consistently monitored. When study nests were found at the one-egg stage, both adults were captured to obtain blood samples used for molecular sexing and stable isotope analyses, and measurements of structural size and body mass. At the time of capture, each adult penguin was quickly blood sampled (~1 ml) from the brachial vein using a sterile 3 ml syringe and heparinized infusion needle. Collected blood was stored in 1.5 ml micro-centrifuge tubes that were kept cool. In the field, a small amount of whole blood was smeared on clean filter paper stored in a 1.5 ml micro-centrifuge tube for molecular sexing. Measurements of culmen length and depth (using dial calipers ± 0.1 mm), right flipper (using a ruler ± 1 mm), and body mass (using 5 kg ± 25 g or 10 kg ± 50 g Pesola spring scales and a weigh bag) were obtained to quantify body size variation. After handling, individuals at study nests were further monitored to ensure the pair reached clutch completion, i.e., two eggs.

Molecular analyses were conducted at Simon Fraser University following standard PCR protocols, and stable isotope analyses were conducted at the Stable Isotope Facility at the University of California, Davis using an elemental analyzer interfaced with an isotope ratio mass spectrometer naming_authority=edu.rutgers.rucool program=LTER project=Palmer LTER references=https://pal.lternet.edu/ sea_name=Southern Ocean source=/Users/kerfoot/data/lter/data/tsv/dat_219/dat_219_PAL0809.tsv sourceUrl=(local files) standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v77 subsetVariables=study_name,region,island_name time_coverage_end=2009-11-23T00:00:00Z time_coverage_start=2007-11-09T00:00:00Z

We evaluated regional variation in reproductive isotopic niche among breeding populations of Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae), chinstrap (P. antarctica), and gentoo (P. papua) penguins west of the Antarctic Peninsula (AP) to test a hypothesis for sea ice-associated food-web correlates of breeding population change. We rely on signatures of naturally occurring carbon (13C/12C, δ13C) and nitrogen (15N/14N, δ15N) stable isotopes (SI) as integrated proxies of penguin trophic foraging and food-web structure. Each season, study nests, where pairs of adults were present, were individually marked and chosen before the onset of egg-laying, and consistently monitored. When study nests were found at the one-egg stage, both adults were captured to obtain blood samples used for molecular sexing and stable isotope analyses, and measurements of structural size and body mass. At the time of capture, each adult penguin was quickly blood sampled (~1 ml) from the brachial vein. After handling, individuals at study nests were further monitored to ensure the pair reached clutch completion, i.e., two eggs. At approximate an average nest age of five and 15 days, offspring from study nests were captured and quickly blood sampled (<= ~500 µl for day five chicks, and <= ~1 ml for day 15 chicks) from the tarsus vein using a sterile needle and heparinized capillary tubes for day five chicks, and a sterile 3 ml syringe and heparinized infusion needle for day 15 chicks, again to obtain blood tissue for SI analyses. Study nests were monitored for chick survival to 25 days. At five weeks into chick-rearing, older crèched chicks of all three species were captured and quickly blood sampled from study rookeries near Anvers Island. Handling of crèched chicks occurred over a one or two day period, which varied seasonally and by species depending on nest initiation dates. Adélie penguin chicks at Avian Island were sampled on the same day Anvers Island Adélie penguin chicks were sampled. Adélie penguin chicks at Charcot Island, sampled during one season only on 25 January 2010, were handled three days after Anvers Island and Avian Island Adélie penguin chicks were sampled that year, i.e., 22 January 2010. Blood samples from crèched chicks (~1 ml) were taken from the brachial vein using a sterile 3 ml syringe and heparinized infusion needle following sampling procedures used for adult penguins to obtain blood tissue for SI analyses. Stable isotope analyses were conducted at the Stable Isotope Facility at the University of California, Davis using an elemental analyzer interfaced with an isotope ratio mass spectrometer acknowledgement=Funding and support provided by the National Science Foundation cdm_data_type=Other comment=The Palmer, Antarctica, Long-Term Ecological Research project is a member site of the Long-Term Ecological Research program, a network of sites investigating diverse biomes. A team of researchers seeks to understand the structure and function of the Western Antarctic Peninsula's marine and terrestrial ecosystems in the context of seasonal-to-interannual atmospheric and sea ice dynamics, as well as long-term climate change. The PAL measurement system (or grid) is designed to study marine and terrestrial food webs consisting principally of diatom primary producers, the dominant herbivore Antarctic krill, and the apex predator Adelie penguin. An attenuated microbial food web is also a focus. PAL studies these ecosystems annually over a regional scale grid of oceanographic stations and seasonally at Palmer Station.

Palmer Station is located on Anvers Island west of the Antarctic Peninula. The peninsula runs perpendicular to a strong climatic gradient between the cold, dry continental regime to the south, characteristic of the Antarctic interior, and the warm, moist, maritime regime to the north. North-south shifts in the gradient give rise to large environmental variability to climate change. Sea ice extent and variability affects ecosystem changes at all trophic levels. In addition to the long-term field and research activities, information management, graduate student training, education and outreach are an integral part of the program. contributor_email=kgorman@sfu.ca contributor_name=Kristen Gorman contributor_role=PrincipalInvestigator contributor_role_vocabulary=https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/G04/current/ Conventions=CF-1.8, ACDD-1.3, COARDS datazoo_dataset_id=225 datazoo_datatable_id=225 datazoo_datatable_label=Isotopic niche - chick Pygoscelis penguins (day 15) datazoo_datatable_name=IsotopicnichechickPygoscelispenguinsday15 defaultDataQuery=null defaultGraphQuery=time%2Cratio_of_13c_to_12c%2C&.draw=markers&.marker=6%7C5&.color=0x000000&.colorBar=%7C%7C%7C%7C%7C&.bgColor=0xffccccff geospatial_bounds_crs=EPSG:4326 geospatial_bounds_vertical_crs=EPSG:5831 geospatial_lat_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lat_units=degree_north geospatial_lon_resolution=0.00001 degree geospatial_lon_units=degree_east geospatial_vertical_positive=down geospatial_vertical_units=EPSG:5831 history=/Users/kerfoot/data/lter/data/tsv/dat_225/dat_225_PAL0910.tsv infoUrl=https://pal.lternet.edu/ institution=National Science Foundation keywords_vocabulary=LTER Controlled Vocabulary license_link=https://lternet.edu/data-access-policy/ methods=General Methods: Each season, study nests, where pairs of adults were present, were individually marked and chosen before the onset of egg-laying, and consistently monitored. When study nests were found at the day 5 chick stage, both chicks were captured to obtain blood samples used for stable isotope analyses. At the time of capture, each chick penguin was quickly blood sampled (~1 ml) from the tarsus vein using a sterile 3 ml syringe and heparinized infusion needle. Collected blood was stored in 1.5 ml micro-centrifuge tubes that were kept cool. After handling, individuals at study nests were further monitored for chick survival to day 25.\t\t\tNotes: Data presented here are raw data only and do not include any derived data products.\t\t naming_authority=edu.rutgers.rucool program=LTER project=Palmer LTER references=https://pal.lternet.edu/ sea_name=Southern Ocean source=/Users/kerfoot/data/lter/data/tsv/dat_225/dat_225_PAL0708.tsv sourceUrl=(local files) standard_name_vocabulary=CF Standard Name Table v77 subsetVariables=study_name, region, species time_coverage_end=2010-01-21T00:00:00Z time_coverage_start=2008-01-01T00:00:00Z

The fundamental long-term objective of the seabird component of the Palmer LTER (PAL) has been to identify and understand the mechanistic processes that regulate the mean fitness (population growth rate) of regional penguin populations. Two hypotheses have guided this research, with one suggesting that population mean fitness is best explained by changes in regional krill biomass, and the other proposing that long-term changes in sea ice affects mean fitness by tipping the balance in favor of one species over another in accordance with species-specific evolved life history affinities to sea ice. Although these hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, current evidence in the PAL region tends to favor the latter over the former. Since the inception of PAL, Adélie penguin populations have effectively collapsed, while those of gentoo and chinstrap penguins have increased dramatically, trends that are spatially and temporally coherent with decreasing regional sea ice duration. Adélie penguins are an ice-obligate polar species whose life history is intimately linked to the presence of sea ice, while chinstrap and gentoo penguins are ice-intolerant species whose life histories evolved in the sub-Antarctic, where sea ice is a less permanent feature of the marine ecosystem. In contrast, although krill constitute the most important component of the summer diets by mass of these three penguin species, changes in PAL krill abundances have exhibited no long-term trends, and thus fail to explain the divergent patterns in penguin populations evident in our time series. Fish occur frequently in Adélie penguin diets but rarely as whole specimens, hence recording their presence in sorted subsamples (see DIET) is generally limited to noting the incidence of skin, flesh, bones, eyes and especially otoliths. With the exception of otoliths, the weights of these items are obtained if warranted by the sample size. Otoliths can be used to identify individual fish species, and in combination with regression equations based on otolith length and width, can also be used to reconstitute fish length and mass. However, because the expertise needed to identify fish from otoliths does not exist within the PAL program, otolith identification is performed by off-site experts as time and funding allow. This results in long lags between the time otoliths are collected and integrated with the appropriate databases, meaning that understanding the role of fish in Adélie penguin diets still remains a longer-term objective of PAL. Dr. Megan Cimino took over as PI of the LTER seabird project in 2020 from Dr. William Fraser. Field data collection between 2020-2022 has remained consistent with previous years. No samples collected during the 2021-2022 season due to the Palmer Station Pier Build.

This award is funded in whole or part under the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (Public Law 117-2). Part I: Non-technical description: Adélie penguin colonies are declining and disappearing from the western Antarctic Peninsula. However, not all colonies in a certain area decline or disappear at the same rate. This research project will evaluate the influence of terrestrial surface properties on Adélie penguin colonies, leveraging five decades of research on seabirds near Palmer Station where an Adélie colony on Litchfield Island became extinct in 2007 while other colonies nearby are still present. The researchers will combine information obtained from remote sensing, UAS (Unoccupied Aircraft System, or drones) high-resolution maps, reconstruction of past moss banks and modeling with machine learning tools to define suitable penguin and peatbank moss habitats and explore the influence of microclimate on their distributions. In particular, the researchers are asking if guano from penguin colonies could act as fertilizers of moss banks in the presence of localized wind patters that can carry airborne nitrogen to the mosses. Modeling will relate penguin and peatbank moss spatial patterns to environmental variables and provide a greater understanding of how continued environmental change could impact these communities. The project allows for documentation of terrestrial Antarctic ecosystems in support of seabirds and provisioning of such information to the broader science community that seeks to study penguins, educating graduate and undergraduate students and a post-doctoral researcher. The research team includes two young women as Principal Investigators, one of them from an under-represented ethnic minority, first time Antarctic Principal Investigator, from an EPSCoR state (Wyoming), broadening participation in Antarctic research. Researchers will serve as student mentors through the Duke Bass Connections program entitled Biogeographic Assessment of Antarctic Coastal Habitats. This program supports an interdisciplinary team of graduate and undergraduate students collaborating with project faculty and experts on cutting-edge research bridging the classroom and the real world. Part II: Technical description: This research aims to understand the changes at the microclimate scale (meters) by analyzing present and past Adélie penguin colonies and moss peatbanks in islands around Palmer Station in the western Antarctic Peninsula – interlinked systems that are typically considered in isolation. By integrating in situ and remote data, this project will synthesize the drivers of biogeomorphology on small islands of the Antarctic Peninsula, a region of rapid change where plants and animals often co-occur and animal presence often determines the habitation of plants. A multi-disciplinary approach combine field measurements, remote sensing, UAS (Unoccupied Aircraft Systems) maps, paleoecology and modeling with machine learning to define suitable habitats and the influence of microclimates on penguin and peatbank distributions. The link between the two aspects of this study, peatbanks and penguins, is the potential source of nutrients for peat mosses from penguin guano. Peatbank and penguin distribution will be modeled and all models will be validated using in situ information from moss samples that will identify mechanistic processes. This project leverages 5 decades of seabird research in the area and high-definition remote sensing provided by the Polar Geospatial center to study the microclimate of Litchfield Island where an Adélie colony became extinct in 2007 when other colonies nearby are still present. The research team includes two early career women as Principal Investigators, one of them from an under-represented ethnic minority, first time Antarctic Principal Investigator, from an EPSCoR state (Wyoming). Researchers will serve as mentors for students through the Duke Bass Connections program entitled Biogeogrpahic Assessment of Antarctic Coastal Habitats which bridges the classroom and the real world. This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

The application of innovative ocean observing and animal telemetry technology over Palmer Deep (Western Antarctic Peninsula; WAP) is leading to new understanding, and also to many new questions related to polar ecosystem processes and their control by bio-physical interactions in the polar environment. This multi-platform field study will investigate the impact of coastal physical processes (e.g. tides, currents, upwelling events, sea-ice) on Adélie penguin foraging ecology in the vicinity of Palmer Deep, off Anvers Island, WAP. Guided by real-time surface convergence and divergences based on remotely sensed surface current maps derived from a coastal network of High Frequency Radars (HFRs), a multidisciplinary research team will adaptively sample the distribution of phytoplankton and zooplankton, which influence Adélie penguin foraging ecology, to understand how local oceanographic processes structure the ecosystem.

Core educational objectives of this proposal are to increase awareness and understanding of (i) global climate change, (ii) the unique WAP ecosystem, (iii) innovative methods and technologies used by the researchers, and (iv) careers in ocean sciences, through interactive interviews with scientists, students, and technicians, during the field work. These activities will be directed towards instructional programming for K-16 students and their teachers. Researchers and educators will conduct formative and summative evaluation to improve the educational program and measure its impacts respectively.

The fundamental long-term objective of the seabird component of the Palmer LTER (PAL) has been to identify and understand the mechanistic processes that regulate the mean fitness (population growth rate) of regional penguin populations. Two hypotheses have guided this research, with one suggesting that population mean fitness is best explained by changes in regional krill biomass, and the other proposing that long-term changes in sea ice affects mean fitness by tipping the balance in favor of one species over another in accordance with species-specific evolved life history affinities to sea ice. Although these hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, current evidence in the PAL region tends to favor the latter over the former. Since the inception of PAL, Adélie penguin populations have effectively collapsed, while those of gentoo and chinstrap penguins have increased dramatically, trends that are spatially and temporally coherent with decreasing regional sea ice duration. Adélie penguins are an ice-obligate polar species whose life history is intimately linked to the presence of sea ice, while chinstrap and gentoo penguins are ice-intolerant species whose life histories evolved in the sub-Antarctic, where sea ice is a less permanent feature of the marine ecosystem. In contrast, although krill constitute the most important component of the summer diets by mass of these three penguin species, changes in PAL krill abundances have exhibited no long-term trends, and thus fail to explain the divergent patterns in penguin populations evident in our time series. The PAL study region includes five main islands on which Adélie penguin colonies have historically occurred. These are censused synoptically once a year to determine the overall size of the breeding population. The optimal census date may vary by a few days each season, but ultimately tries to capture the week following peak egg laying when the total number of breeding pairs reaches a maximum. The timing of this census is assisted by the REPRO and HUMPOP data, which provide a daily to weekly rate of change in breeding adult population numbers as new nests are initiated. This census is useful for a number of assessments, one of the most critical being that it directly reflects the effects of environmental variability on adult overwinter survival. Dr. Megan Cimino took over as PI of the LTER seabird project in 2020 from Dr. William Fraser. Field data collection between 2020-2022 has remained consistent with previous years.

Analysis of ‘penguins’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from https://www.kaggle.com/larsen0966/penguins on 28 January 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

Data were collected and made available by Dr. Kristen Gorman and the Palmer Station, Antarctica LTER, a member of the Long Term Ecological Research Network.

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

No description is available. Visit https://dataone.org/datasets/https%3A%2F%2Fpasta.lternet.edu%2Fpackage%2Fmetadata%2Feml%2Fknb-lter-pal%2F89%2F1 for complete metadata about this dataset.

The fundamental long-term objective of the seabird component of the Palmer LTER (PAL) has been to identify and understand the mechanistic processes that regulate the mean fitness (population growth rate) of regional penguin populations. Two hypotheses have guided this research, with one suggesting that population mean fitness is best explained by changes in regional krill biomass, and the other proposing that long-term changes in sea ice affects mean fitness by tipping the balance in favor of one species over another in accordance with species-specific evolved life history affinities to sea ice. Although these hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, current evidence in the PAL region tends to favor the latter over the former. Since the inception of PAL, Adélie penguin populations have effectively collapsed, while those of gentoo and chinstrap penguins have increased dramatically, trends that are spatially and temporally coherent with decreasing regional sea ice duration. Adélie penguins are an ice-obligate polar species whose life history is intimately linked to the presence of sea ice, while chinstrap and gentoo penguins are ice-intolerant species whose life histories evolved in the sub-Antarctic, where sea ice is a less permanent feature of the marine ecosystem. In contrast, although krill constitute the most important component of the summer diets by mass of these three penguin species, changes in PAL krill abundances have exhibited no long-term trends, and thus fail to explain the divergent patterns in penguin populations evident in our time series. The PAL study region includes five main islands on which Adélie penguin colonies have historically occurred, and typically during the first week of January when chicks are in the guard stage (thus visible because they are no longer being brooded), these colonies are censused to determine the ratio of 1-chick to 2-chick nests. This census is restricted to nests that are no more than one meter in from the colony perimeter, and therefore tend to be more vulnerable to predation and other factors such as snow deposition that tend to affect the more marginal sectors of the colonies. The 1:2 chick ratio is thus highly sensitive to perturbations that are not necessarily evident in more optimal breeding habitats, and has provided important insights on the effects that breeding landscape quality has on reproductive success. Dr. Megan Cimino took over as PI of the LTER seabird project in 2020 from Dr. William Fraser. Field data collection between 2020-2022 has remained consistent with previous years. No data collected during the 2021-2022 season due to the Palmer Station Pier Build.

No description is available. Visit https://dataone.org/datasets/https%3A%2F%2Fpasta.lternet.edu%2Fpackage%2Fmetadata%2Feml%2Fknb-lter-pal%2F87%2F2 for complete metadata about this dataset.

https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F14076524%2F38f161264d344d1d11df242c35e3fa34%2Fpenguins.jpeg?generation=1723577772100951&alt=media" alt=""> You have been asked to support a team of researchers who have been collecting data about penguins in Antartica! The data is available in csv-Format as penguins.csv

Origin of this data : Data were collected and made available by Dr. Kristen Gorman and the Palmer Station, Antarctica LTER, a member of the Long Term Ecological Research Network.

The dataset consists of 5 columns.

Column Description culmen_length_mm culmen length (mm) culmen_depth_mm culmen depth (mm) flipper_length_mm flipper length (mm) body_mass_g body mass (g) sex penguin sex Unfortunately, they have not been able to record the species of penguin, but they know that there are at least three species that are native to the region: Adelie, Chinstrap, and Gentoo. Your task is to apply your data science skills to help them identify groups in the dataset!