In 2023, there were about 211,000 Black families with a single father living below the poverty level in the United States. Poverty is the state of one who lacks a certain amount of material possessions or money. Absolute poverty or destitution is inability to afford basic human needs, which commonly includes clean and fresh water, nutrition, health care, education, clothing and shelter.

In 2023, there were about 293,000 white, non-Hispanic families with a single father living below the poverty level in the United States. Poverty is the state of one who lacks a certain amount of material possessions or money. Absolute poverty or destitution is inability to afford basic human needs, which commonly includes clean and fresh water, nutrition, health care, education, clothing, and shelter.

In 2019, about ****** Asian families with a single father were living below the poverty level in the United States. Poverty is the state of one who lacks a certain amount of material possessions or money. Absolute poverty or destitution is inability to afford basic human needs, which commonly includes clean and fresh water, nutrition, health care, education, clothing and shelter.

This report was written in collaboration between the Mayor's Office of Innovation and the Rochester Monroe Anti-Poverty Initiative (RMAPI) and released in December 2019. Executive SummaryThe Rochester Monroe Anti-Poverty Initiative (RMAPI) has selected single female headed households with children as one of its key target populations in which to focus strategy and its next phase of initiatives. This report is intended to provide additional insight on this population to support the next phase of RMAPI’s strategic planning as well as broader advocacy efforts on behalf of this population.

We begin with a brief summary of historic policy and societal factors known to have contributed to the current day inequities, written in collaboration with content experts from RMAPI.

The core of this report is a fact sheet based on analysis of US Census data. Major findings include:

Finding 1: Families headed by unmarried parents are a significant segment of the city population and account for the majority of individuals living below the poverty level in the city.

Finding 2: Unmarried households with children experience lower incomes, lower rates of home ownership, and higher rent burdens compared to their married counterparts

Finding 3: Women and people of color are overrepresented among the heads of unmarried households with children.

Finding 4: Four in ten unmarried householders with children have less than a high school education. Nearly 80 percent of those without a high school education are in poverty.

Finding 5: Unmarried householders with children in poverty are more likely to be disabled or face other common barriers to employment.

Finding 6: The more adults present in unmarried households with children, the less likely that household is to be in poverty. This trend amplifies when considering the number of employed adults.

Finding 7: Unmarried parents under age 40 head the majority of all households with children in Rochester. Younger householders correlate with higher poverty rates regardless of marriage status.

Finding 8: A birth before age 20, being unmarried, and having not completed high school education are three factors that, when compounded, are associated with poor economic outcomes.

Finding 9: The highest densities of unmarried householders with children are clustered in the highest poverty neighborhoods in the city of Rochester

We end with a discussion of the gaps in available data, acknowledging that there is room for further investigation and interpretation, data collection, and insights. We recommend readers to think critically about what is presented and how it might impact their own work in poverty reduction efforts. We present a series of questions that are a jumping off point for new inquiry and reflection. Methodology can be found in the Appendix.

Data Source:2017 Census American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, Public Microdata SampleData and documentation can be accessed here:https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/data/pums.html

In 2023, there were about 15.09 million children living with a single mother in the United States, and about 3.05 million children living with a single father. The number of children living with a single mother is down from its peak in 2012, and the number of children living with a single father is down from its peak in 2005.

Marriage and divorce in the United States

Despite popular opinion in the United States that “half of all marriages end in divorce,” the divorce rate in the U.S. has fallen significantly since 1992. The marriage rate, which has also been decreasing since the 1990s, was still higher than the divorce rate in 2021. Half of all marriages may not end in divorce, but it does seem that fewer people are choosing to get married in the first place.

New family structures

In addition to a falling marriage rate, fewer people in the U.S. have children under the age of 18 living in the house in comparison to 1970. Over the past decade, the share of families with children under 18, whether that be married couples or single parents, has stayed mostly steady, although the number of births in the U.S. has also fallen.

IntroductionThis study aims to shed light on parent–child relationships and the psychological health of parents from low-income families after the easing of the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions.MethodsThis cross-sectional study recruited 553 parents of children aged 13–24 years in low-income community settings. The Parent–Child Conflict scale of the Parental Environment Questionnaire (PEQ) was used to measure parent–child conflict. Psychological distress was assessed using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale short form (DASS-21).ResultsThe study revealed a low level of parent–child conflict in the overall study population, with a median PEQ of 48.0 (interquartile range [IQR] 36 to 48). Concerning demographics, married parents reported a likelihood of having a higher level of parent–child conflict over 3 times higher than single parents (OR = 3.18 95%, CI 1.30–7.75). More parent–child conflicts were also found in parents aged 60–72 years old who were unemployed, retired, or housewives and from lower-income groups. In regard to lifestyle factors, a higher level of physical activity and having enough sleep were associated with lower levels of parent–child conflict. Only approximately 1% of the participants reported symptoms of depression, anxiety, or stress.DiscussionLow risk exists for parent–child conflict and psychological sequelae following the easing of the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions, which could be due to various support measures implemented by the government. Vulnerable parents identified as being at risk of parent–child conflict warrant attention in future advocacy efforts.

This study was in response to Grant Number HHS-2020-ACF-OZA-ZJ-1846 from the Office of Family Assistance (OFA) within the Administration for Children and Families (ACF, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The purpose of the study was to help fathers establish and strengthen their relationship with their children and the mothers of their children; to reduce domestic violence in vulnerable families; to improve economic stability of fathers through comprehensive job-driven career services; to employ intensive case management barrier removal, individual job coaching, and comprehensive family development to improve short and long-term outcomes. All participants in the program received the same services in the descriptive study and were surveyed at baseline (enrollment), after completing the program, and 12 months from their enrollment date. Study enrollment began on April 1, 2021, and continued through March 1, 2024. The sample size for the study was 720. The study had the following primary research questions: Will participants report significantly healthier parenting behavior one year after completing primary educational services and employment support services? Will participants report significantly healthier co-parenting behavior one year after completing primary educational services and employment support services? The study had the following secondary research questions: Will participants report significantly healthier financial behavior one year after completing primary educational services and employment support services? Will participants report significantly healthier parenting attitudes after completing primary educational services and employment support services? Participants in the study resided in Franklin County, Ohio. The average age of participants was 36, and just over half reported that they were single. Over half of participants reported having two or more children under the age of 24. The average age of their youngest child was almost six years of age. Nearly all participants were male. Three-fourths of participants were Black or African American. About 60% of participants had at least temporary or occasional employment. The study had high item-level attrition that the researchers believe was due to applicability of the items for participants rather than participating's choosing to skip surveys. For example, less than half of participants lived with their child(ren), and over a third reported on the 12-month follow-up survey that they had not seen their child in the past month. Despite attrition rates, the study resulted in statistically significant findings at the 0.01 level for parenting behavior measures and financial behavior measures (yes/no item asking if participants had a savings and checking account at baseline and at 12-month follow-up). The co-parenting measures were statistically significant at the 0.05 level. Finally, the parenting attitudes measure was not statistically significant, but showed improvement from baseline to program completion.

The data were collected by interviewing 22 single parents in 2001 and 2003. The interview topics included income level, alimony received, education, residential environment, family relations, divorce/break-up and life after it, child care, prejudices against single parents, selecting a place of residence, and the quality of welfare services. The interviews were conducted in the suburbs and villages of an urban municipality located in southern Finland. Background variables included the respondent's age, marital status, level of education, employment status, number of children under school age, and number of children under 18 years of age. The dataset is only available in Finnish.

Family policy in Western Europe based on international comparison. Institutional regulations (order and law) and quantitative key data for the individual countries in the form of aggregate numbers in a database with time series on an annual basis.

Topics: I. Dates of time series 1. General family allowances: Amount of family support benefits; age-related additional payments and those for disabled children; allowances for children (family allowance); allowances for families or households: Total number of families or households entitled to support; allowances for children (family allowance); allowances for families or households: Total number of families or households entitled to support; claims structure (total disbursements and type of the restricted claims); financing structure: Total income and type of funding sources.

1. Financial benefits for one-parent-families (single parents).

2. Aids moneys to assure the subsistence level: Amount of the support benefits; income-maintenance payments for special needs; type of special needs; payee (total number persons, children and families or households); charges structure (total disbursements and type of the tied charges); financing structure (all of the takings and type of the funding sources).

3. Family allowances for short-term care or long time care: Height of the supporting benefits; income-maintenance payments for adults entitled to maintenance as well as for children and low income groups; total number of the care receivers as well as the children, adults and old; children in two or one parent households; household structure of the older care receivers; total number of the families authorized to receive payment or households and number of children in the household; charges structure (total disbursements and type of the tied charges); financing structure (all of the takings and type of the funding sources).

4. Supply of childcare facilities: Total number of the childcare facilities; take for the support facilities and the maintenance; total number and type of the support places available; number of busy staff and maintenance; employment relation; height of the remuneration for work; full time or part-time employment; number of the children looked after and straps of the facilities; age distribution of the children; charges structure (height of the total disbursements as well as sum spent by the straps for the child care; tied charges; financing structure (all of the takings and type of the funding sources.

5. Financial deliveries and temporal claims for the care of families or household members: Sex and number of payees; professional position and employment relation of the payees; utilization time.

II. Information about institutional regulations for general family allowances: Law basis; law level; financially responsible authority; national, regional or local level of the financial maintenance; funding sources; right prerequisites; income and compulsory insurance limits; needs test; financial assistance regulations; taxation of financial assistance.

Add Health Parent Study (2015-2017) gathered social, behavioral, and health survey data in 2015-2017 on a probability sample of the "https://addhealth.cpc.unc.edu/" Target="_blank">Add Health parents who were originally interviewed in 1995. Data for 2,013 Wave I parents, ranging in age from 50-80 years and representing 2,244 Add Health sample members, are available. Add Health Parent Study Wave I Parents were the biological, adoptive, or stepparent of an Add Health child; not deceased or incarcerated at the time of Parents (2015-2017) sampling; and had at least one Add Health child who is also not deceased at the time of Parents (2015-2017) sampling. The Add Health Parent Study interview also gathered survey data on the current cohabiting Spouse or Partner of Wave I Parents who completed the interview. Nine hundred eighty-eight (988) current Spouse/Partner interviews are available. These data can be linked with Wave I parent data, and corresponding Add Health respondents at Waves I - V.

The Add Health Parent Study (2015-2017) interview is a comprehensive survey of Add Health parents' family relations, education, religious beliefs, physical and mental health, social support, and community involvement experiences. In particular, the study was designed to improve the understanding of the role that families play through socioeconomic channels in the health and well-being of the older, parent generation and that of their offspring. This unique data set supports the analyses of intergenerational transmissions of (dis)advantage that have not been possible to date. Add Health Parent Study data permits the examination of both short-term and long-term linkages and interactions between parents and their adult children.

For more information, please visit the Add Health Parent Study official website "https://addhealth.cpc.unc.edu/about/#studies-satellite" Target="_blank">here.

This file is the Household and Family Roster data collected 2015-2017 from Add Health Wave I Parent. This file is also organized on the ID of the Add Health child, so rosters are duplicated when an interviewed Wave I Parent has multiple Add Health children. Users who want to analyze roster data on the parent level (one roster per parent) can eliminate duplicate rosters by using a variable provided for that purpose (see details of file contents). The name of the file is "prprnt2" on official Add Health "https://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/addhealth/documentation/restricteduse/datasets#parent_study_files" Target="_blank">data documentation.

Average marginal effects from the logistic regression predicting monthly nonresident father-child contact for the adolescent-sample (reference: no monthly contact).

Descriptive statistics of individual gender role attitudes for the childhood- and the adolescence-sample (means and standard deviations; complete cases) and aggregated societal gender role attitudes and father practices (means).

Employment rate of parents living with dependent children as a couple or lone parent by age of the youngest child in the UK.

When one of two parents disappears in the midst of caring for offspring, the remaining parent is left with several options. They can either i) desert the brood, ii) continue caring on their own and reject propositions from new potential partners, or iii) continue caring but remain receptive to re-mating opportunities. The presence of a brood may increase re-mating success of single parents, either because brood care is perceived as a signal of partner quality, or because prospective mates perceive the brood as a potential energy source. In this field experiment, we used the socially monogamous, biparental cichlid fish Variabilichromis moorii to examine the re-mating strategy of males with or without dependent offspring after the loss of their female partner. Partner vacancies were filled quickly by new females, and these females engaged in high levels of affiliative behavior with the males. The new females engaged in territorial defense but focused primarily against intruding conspecifi...

IntroductionThe importance of the family environment for children’s and adolescents’ health behavior has been demonstrated, the underlying mechanisms of this influence remain unclear. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between family environmental and individual determinants. It was hypothesized that the Family Health Climate (FHC) is associated with adolescents’ physical activity and dietary behavior and that intrinsic motivation mediates this association.MethodsCross-sectional data were collected from 198 families (mother, father, and child) using questionnaires. Perceptions of FHC of mothers, fathers, and their children were assessed using the FHC-scales for physical activity (FHC-PA) and nutrition (FHC-NU). The adolescents also rated their intrinsic motivation for exercise and healthy eating, their physical activity and consumption of healthful food. A structural equation model was analyzed and a bootstrapping procedure was used to test direct and indirect effects.ResultsThe FHC-PA was related to the amount of weekly physical activity and the FHC-NU to the consumption of fruit, vegetables and salad. These effects were mediated by adolescents’ intrinsic motivation; the indirect effects were significant for both behaviors.DiscussionThese results emphasize the importance of the FHC in shaping adolescents’ physical activity and dietary behavior. Individual motivational factors are potential mediators of family and parental influences. Considering family-level variables and their interaction with individual factors contributes to the understanding of adolescents’ health behavior.

This data collection contains the first four waves of the Iowa Youth and Families Project (IYFP), conducted in 1989, 1990, 1991, and 1992. The Iowa Youth and Families Project was developed from an initial sample of 451 7th graders from two-parent families in rural Iowa. The study was merged with the Iowa Single Parent Project (ISPP) to form the Iowa Family Transitions Project in 1994, when the target youth were seniors in high school. Survey data were collected from the target child (7th grader), a sibling within four years of age of the target child, and both parents. Field interviewers visited families at their homes on several occasions to administer questionnaires and videotape interaction tasks including family discussion tasks, family problem-solving tasks, sibling interaction tasks, and marital interaction tasks. The Household Data files contain information about the family's financial situation, involvement in farming, and demographic information about household members. The Parent and the Child Survey Data files contain responses to survey questions about the quality and stability of family relationships, emotional, physical, and behavioral problems of individual family members, parent-child conflict, family problem-solving skills, social and financial support from outside the home, traumatic life experiences, alcohol, drug, and tobacco use, and opinions on topics such as abortion, parenting, and gender roles. In addition, the Child Survey Data files include responses collected from the target child and his or her sibling in the study about experiences with puberty, dating, sexual activity, and risk-taking behavior. The Problem-Solving Data files contain survey data collected from respondents about the family interactions tasks. The Observational Data files contain the interviewers' observations collected during these tasks. Demographic variables include sex, age, employment status, occupation, income, home ownership, religious preference, frequency of religious attendance, as well as the ages and sex of all household members and their relationship to the head of household. Demographic information collected on the parents also includes their birth order within their family, the ages and political philosophy of their parents, the sex, age, education level, and occupation of their siblings, and the country of origin of their ancestors.

In 2023, 8.3 percent of white, non-Hispanic families with a single father were living below the poverty level in the United States. Poverty is the state of one who lacks a certain amount of material possessions or money. Absolute poverty or destitution is inability to afford basic human needs, which commonly includes clean and fresh water, nutrition, health care, education, clothing, and shelter.

Introduction. This database includes the raw data linked with the paper ���Early parenting intervention promotes 24-month psychomotor development in preterm children ��� published on ���Acta Pediatrica���. In the present study, we report on the effects of an early NICU psychoeducational parenting intervention including both mothers and fathers on the psychomotor outcome of preterm infants at 24 months of CA. Methods. Between January 2015 and December 2016, 42 preterm children from the NICU of the Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy, and their parents were enrolled in this study. All preterm infants with gestational age ���32 weeks or birth weight ���1500 grams were eligible for the study. Subjects were not considered eligible to the study if at least one parent was unable to converse in Italian, had psychiatric morbidities or reported alcohol/drug abuse, was less than 18 years old, and if the infants had any genetic syndrome. Twenty-one children and their parents were allocated to the early intervention arm, whereas twenty-one were allocated to the care as usual arm. The following socio-demographic variables were collected: infants��� sex, gestational age, birthweight, Apgar score at the first and fifth minute, parental age and educational level measured as years of study. The clinical characterization of the children included the following variables: vaginal or Caesarean delivery, being small for gestational age, intrauterine growth restriction, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy of prematurity, periventricular leukomalacia, ultrasound scan results and clinical outcomes of neurological examinations at discharge, term-equivalent age and 3 months of corrected age. Parents were asked to complete the parental closeness diary starting from the day of enrollment up to discharge, to control for differences related to the amount of skin-to-skin and holding between the two groups. Mothers and fathers completed the diary separately. The parental closeness diary allows the collection of quantitative data on the presence of parents, time spent holding the infant and time spent in skin-to-skin contact. A clinician blind to the random allocation administered Griffiths Mental Developmental Scale (GMDS) at 24 months of corrected age. A standardized developmental quotient (DQ) score (range: 50-150) is obtained for each domain (mean= 100, standard deviation= 16) and for the global score (mean= 100, standard deviation =12). Both groups were compared for socio-demographic and clinical variables as well as for holding and skin-to-skin percentage scores by means of pair-wise mean comparisons, non-parametric Mann-Whitney test and chi-square test. General linear models were used to assess the presence of significant group differences in the total and domain DQ scores of the GMDS. Results. A significant difference emerged for the total GMDS score (t(40)=2.40,P= .02) Children from parents in the early intervention arm had higher global DQ compared to those in the care as usual arm. Moreover, a significant multivariate effect was detected (F(5,36)=4.49, P=.003, ��2p =0.38). Significant univariate differences emerged for two domains: personal-social (F(1,40) =14.93, P<.001,��2p=0.27) and hearing-speech (F (1,40)=5.36, P=.026,��2p=0.12). For both the domains, children of parents in the early intervention group had higher DQ scores compared to those in the care as usual group. Funding; Ricerca Corrente 2016-2020, Ministry of Helath (Italy)

Introduction. In the present study, we report on the effects of an early NICU psychoeducational parenting intervention including both mothers and fathers on the psychomotor outcome of preterm infants at 24 months of CA.

Methods. Between January 2015 and December 2016, 42 preterm children from the NICU of the Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy, and their parents were enrolled in this study. All preterm infants with gestational age ≤32 weeks or birth weight ≤1500 grams were eligible for the study. Subjects were not considered eligible to the study if at least one parent was unable to converse in Italian, had psychiatric morbidities or reported alcohol/drug abuse, was less than 18 years old, and if the infants had any genetic syndrome. Twenty-one children and their parents were allocated to the early intervention arm, whereas twenty-one were allocated to the care as usual arm. The following socio-demographic variables were collected: infants’ sex, gestational age, birthweight, Apgar score at the first and fifth minute, parental age and educational level measured as years of study. The clinical characterization of the children included the following variables: vaginal or Caesarean delivery, being small for gestational age, intrauterine growth restriction, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy of prematurity, periventricular leukomalacia, ultrasound scan results and clinical outcomes of neurological examinations at discharge, term-equivalent age and 3 months of corrected age. Parents were asked to complete the parental closeness diary starting from the day of enrollment up to discharge, to control for differences related to the amount of skin-to-skin and holding between the two groups. Mothers and fathers completed the diary separately. The parental closeness diary allows the collection of quantitative data on the presence of parents, time spent holding the infant and time spent in skin-to-skin contact. A clinician blind to the random allocation administered Griffiths Mental Developmental Scale (GMDS) at 24 months of corrected age. A standardized developmental quotient (DQ) score (range: 50-150) is obtained for each domain (mean= 100, standard deviation= 16) and for the global score (mean= 100, standard deviation =12). Both groups were compared for socio-demographic and clinical variables as well as for holding and skin-to-skin percentage scores by means of pair-wise mean comparisons, non-parametric Mann-Whitney test and chi-square test. General linear models were used to assess the presence of significant group differences in the total and domain DQ scores of the GMDS.

Results. A significant difference emerged for the total GMDS score (t(40)=2.40,P= .02) Children from parents in the early intervention arm had higher global DQ compared to those in the care as usual arm. Moreover, a significant multivariate effect was detected (F(5,36)=4.49, P=.003, η2p =0.38). Significant univariate differences emerged for two domains: personal-social (F(1,40) =14.93, P<.001,η2p=0.27) and hearing-speech (F (1,40)=5.36, P=.026,η2p=0.12). For both the domains, children of parents in the early intervention group had higher DQ scores compared to those in the care as usual group.