As of January 2025, there were slightly more than two million people living in the city of Paris. Considered to be the heart of France’s economic and political life, Paris is also part of the most populous region in the country. The Ile-de-France region, which can also be called the Paris area, with almost 12.5 million inhabitants, around six times the number of citizens living in the French capital. Being a Parisian Paris is the largest city in France, and as in a very centralized country, it is where the majority of big companies and all the national administrations are located. Therefore, it attracts a lot of people coming from all across the country to work and study in the French capital. The city has a lot to offer and people from Paris can enjoy a variety of cultural events like nowhere else in France. But if worldwide, Paris is known for its architecture and museums, the city also has disadvantages for Parisians. Thus, they spend sometimes more than one hour on public transport, and air pollution has become a rampant issue in the City of Lights these past years. An exceptionally dense region Paris area is one of the most densely populated regions in Europe. In 2020, there were 1,021.6 residents per square kilometer in Ile-de-France. The region also welcomes millions of tourists every year, which has a direct impact on the housing market in a city that does not have a lot of available space.

This graph shows the estimated population in the city of Paris from 1989 to 2025. It appears that the number of inhabitants in the French capital decreased since 2012 and from 2.24 million Parisians that year down to 2.05 million in 2025. The high price of rents in the French capital might explain why a lot of people leave Paris to live in cheaper cities in France or the Paris agglomeration.

This bar chart presents the estimated population density in the Ile-de-France region (Paris area), in France, in 2025, by district. It appears that the city of Paris counted approximately 19,509 inhabitants per square kilometer, making it the most densely populated department in the region.

Hotel Guest Arrivals: Resident: Region: Paris-Isle-of-France data was reported at 16,665,000.000 Person in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of 16,813,813.954 Person for 2015. Hotel Guest Arrivals: Resident: Region: Paris-Isle-of-France data is updated yearly, averaging 16,813,813.954 Person from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2016, with 17 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 18,837,685.259 Person in 2011 and a record low of 13,720,869.000 Person in 2002. Hotel Guest Arrivals: Resident: Region: Paris-Isle-of-France data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Directorate General for Enterprise. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.Q008: Hotels Statistics: Guest Arrivals (Annual).

Chart and table of population level and growth rate for the Paris, France metro area from 1950 to 2025.

In 2025, the Ile-de-France region, sometimes called the Paris region, was the most populous in France. It is located in the northern part of France, divided into eight departments and crossed by the Seine River. The region contains Paris, its large suburbs, and several rural areas. The total population in metropolitan France was estimated at around ** million inhabitants. In the DOM (Overseas Department), France had more than *** million citizens spread over the islands of Guadeloupe, Martinique, Reunion, Mayotte, and the South American territory of French Guiana. Ile-de-France: the most populous region in France According to the source, more than ** million French citizens lived in the Ile-de-France region. Ile-de-France was followed by Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes and Occitanie region which is in the Southern part of the country. Ile-de-France is not only the most populated region in France, it is also the French region with the highest population density. In 2020, there were ******* residents per square kilometer in Ile-de-France compared to ***** for Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, the second most populated region in France. More than two million people were living in the city of Paris in 2025. Thus, the metropolitan area outside the city of Paris, called the suburbs or banlieue in French, had more than ten million inhabitants. Ile-de-France concentrates the majority of the country’s economic and political activities. An urban population In 2024, the total population of France amounted to over 68 million. The population in the country has increased since the mid-2000s. As well as the other European countries, France is experiencing urbanization. In 2023, more than ** percent of the French population lived in cities. This phenomenon shapes France’s geography.

The original dataset was provided by Orange telecom in France, which contains anonymized and aggregated human mobility data. The Multivariate-Mobility-Paris dataset comprises information from 2020-08-24 to 2020-11-04 (72 days during the COVID-19 pandemic), with time granularity of 30 minutes and spatial granularity of 6 coarse regions in Paris, France. In other words, it represents a multivariate time series dataset.

This dataset can be used for several time-series tasks such as univariate/multivariate forecasting/classification with classic, machine learning, and privacy-preserving machine learning techniques.

In 2024, the net migration rate in France reached 152,000. In recent years Europe and France have seen more people arrive than depart. The net migration rate is the difference between the number of immigrants (people coming into an area) and the number of emigrants (people leaving an area) throughout the year. France's highest net migration rate was reached in 2018 when it amounted to 201,000. Armed conflicts and economic migration are some of the reasons for immigration in Europe. The refugee crisis Studies have shown that there were 331,000 immigrant arrivals in France in 2022, which has risen since 2014. The migrant crisis, which began in 2015 in Europe, had an impact on the migration entry flows not only in France but in all European countries. The number of illegal border crossings to the EU over the Eastern Mediterranean route reached a record number of 885,386 crossings in 2015. Immigration in France Since the middle of the 19th century, France has attracted immigrants, first from European countries (like Poland, Spain, and Italy), and then from the former French colonies. In 2023, there were approximately 8.9 million people foreign-born in France. Most of them were living in the Ile-de-France region, which contains Paris, and in Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur in the Southeastern part of the country. In 2022, the majority of immigrants arriving in France were from Africa and Europe.

France Airport: PT: Metropole: Intl: Paris: Paris‐Orly data was reported at 21,243,942.000 Person in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 20,351,136.000 Person for 2016. France Airport: PT: Metropole: Intl: Paris: Paris‐Orly data is updated yearly, averaging 15,150,069.500 Person from Dec 2004 (Median) to 2017, with 14 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 21,243,942.000 Person in 2017 and a record low of 11,266,591.000 Person in 2004. France Airport: PT: Metropole: Intl: Paris: Paris‐Orly data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The Union of French Airports. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.TA012: France Airports: Passenger Traffic: Metropole: International By Airport.

This statistic shows the population distribution in France on January 1st, 2025, by age group. In 2025, people aged under 15 accounted for 16.7 percent of the total French population, whereas around 10 percent of the population were 75 years and older. By comparison, the number of members of the population over the age of 65 years has increased even more prominently, reaching 14.57 million in 2025. The number of people living in France has been steadily increasing since 1982, exceeding 68 million in 2025, having thus grown by seven percent during that time.

France Airport: PT: Metropole: Domestic: Paris: Paris‐Orly data was reported at 10,796,556.000 Person in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 10,885,566.000 Person for 2016. France Airport: PT: Metropole: Domestic: Paris: Paris‐Orly data is updated yearly, averaging 11,136,552.500 Person from Dec 2004 (Median) to 2017, with 14 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 12,956,513.000 Person in 2006 and a record low of 10,613,804.000 Person in 2010. France Airport: PT: Metropole: Domestic: Paris: Paris‐Orly data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The Union of French Airports. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.TA011: France Airports: Passenger Traffic: Metropole Domestic By Airport.

Since 2015, it appears that the number of job seekers in the city of Paris has increased overall. The number of job seekers in the French capital reached its highest level during the fourth quarter of 2020, but decreased after that and later increased again, at the beginning of 2023. ******* people were seeking a job in Paris as of the first quarter of 2025.

Employment Rate in France increased to 69.50 percent in the first quarter of 2025 from 69.10 percent in the fourth quarter of 2024. This dataset provides - France Employment Rate- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Data and code to reproduce the analysis of our article.

# Contents

`code/`: Analysis code.
The main analysis file is `vaccination-indicators.Rmd`.
Some results are exported in `out*.RData` files.

`data/`: Data used for the analysis.
The data are treated by the `code/0_INSEE_predictors.R` script, and saved as `code/data_indicators.RData`, which is the file used for analysis.

`ms/`: Manuscript files; they are outdated (the ms was later modified with Word), but `ms.Rmd` contains code to reproduce the figures and some numerical values given in the text.

# Data Sources

- Vaccination data from Assurance Maladie:
- EPCI: <https://datavaccin-covid.ameli.fr/explore/dataset/donnees-devaccination-par-epci/>
- Paris, Marseille, Lyon: <https://datavaccin-covid.ameli.fr/explore/dataset/donnees-de-vaccination-parcommune/information/>

- Geographic information:
- EPCI: <https://datavaccin-covid.ameli.fr/explore/dataset/georef-france-epci/>
- Paris, Marseille, Lyon: <https://datavaccin-covid.ameli.fr/explore/dataset/georef-france-commune-arrondissement-municipal/>

- Socio-economic indicators from INSEE: <https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/5359146#consulter>

- 2017 Presidential election:
- <https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/election-presidentielle-des-23-avril-et-7-mai-2017-resultats-definitifs-du-1er-tour-par-communes/#resource-d282e53a-d273-425d-95bb-8a0d7632c79a-header>
https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/election-presidentielle-des-23-avril-et-7-mai-2017-resultats-du-2eme-tour-2/
- Paris: <https://opendata.paris.fr/explore/dataset/elections-presidentielles-2017-1ertour/export/?disjunctive.id_bvote&disjunctive.num_circ&disjunctive.num_quartier&disjunctive.num_arrond&sort=-num_arrond>
- Marseille: <https://trouver.datasud.fr/dataset/82a6d91c-c81d-423c-9a4a-3f76d121c8ce/resource/03e2ef07-c2d0-41dd-b503-26910ecb15c3/download/marseille_presidentielles2017_tour1.csv>
- Lyon: <https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Presidentielles/elecresult_presidentielle-2017/(path)/presidentielle-2017/084/069/069L.html>

Game of data presenting the accessibility of tourist accommodations in the Greater Paris Metropolis that participated in the dedicated accompaniment program of Paris I love you. Paris I love you – Tourist Office is committed alongside the City to improve the accessibility of the destination for several years with an expert person within its teams. The accuracy of the information provided to people with disabilities visiting Paris is an essential element in ensuring and reassuring these visitors about reception and traffic conditions. At the same time, depending on the type of disability, the accessibility of places varies and the useful information is not the same. In the perspective of the JOP24, Paris I Love You – Tourist Office, with the support of the City of Paris, the Ministries of Sports, Tourism and Handicap and Atout France, coordinates an extensive information collection campaign related to the reception conditions of these audiences through the conduct of accommodation audits. This campaign has several objectives: * enumerate the offer accessible at the level of Greater Paris with precise information for people with disabilities. * distribute the offer accessible through our cartographic tool My Paris Je T’Aime Handicap (web app to help the organisation of the stay to ensure and reassure these visitors about the reception conditions) and the availability in open data for all types of service providers, especially specialised associations. * accompani hoteliers, if they wish, to better take into account audiences with specific needs through the provision of educational materials. We have commissioned three accessibility firms, Accèsmetrie, Action Handicap France, and LiessAccess, in charge of visiting voluntary institutions. This accessibility visit is free, its cost is borne by Paris I love you – Tourist Office and its partners. Information about our accessibility campaign audit platform and [shortcoming].

France Airport: Passenger Traffic: Metropole: Paris data was reported at 101,513,917.000 Person in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 97,171,010.000 Person for 2016. France Airport: Passenger Traffic: Metropole: Paris data is updated yearly, averaging 87,597,005.500 Person from Dec 2004 (Median) to 2017, with 14 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 101,513,917.000 Person in 2017 and a record low of 75,313,578.000 Person in 2004. France Airport: Passenger Traffic: Metropole: Paris data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The Union of French Airports. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.TA009: France Airports: Passenger Traffic.

France Airport: PT: Metropole: Intl: Paris data was reported at 84,941,169.000 Person in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 80,735,758.000 Person for 2016. France Airport: PT: Metropole: Intl: Paris data is updated yearly, averaging 70,798,147.000 Person from Dec 2004 (Median) to 2017, with 14 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 84,941,169.000 Person in 2017 and a record low of 57,566,271.000 Person in 2004. France Airport: PT: Metropole: Intl: Paris data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The Union of French Airports. The data is categorized under Global Database’s France – Table FR.TA012: France Airports: Passenger Traffic: Metropole: International By Airport.

This statistic shows the opinion of young French people in 2017 about the assertion that the Olympics 2024 in Paris would be an opportunity to strengthen the attractiveness of France abroad. Nearly half of the young people surveyed said they were somewhat in agreement with this statement, while 37 percent of them strongly believed that the organization of the Olympic and Paralympic Games would make the country more attractive at the international level. international.

This bar chart shows the opinion of Parisians on people who feed pigeons in 2018. It reveals that ** percent of respondents thought that people feeding pigeons in the French capital caused too much nuisances, whereas ** percent of Parisians surveyed stated that pigeon feeding was part of the identity of Paris.

[Situation 2017] Own production at the Paris Region Institute, the 2017 morphological breakdown is the result of an internal methodology. It includes 7 morphological sectors:

1. The center of the Paris agglomeration
   Communes or arrondissements of the Paris agglomeration (main agglomeration of the Île-de- France) very urbanized and very dense, meeting the two following criteria:
   • the rate of urbanized spaces must be greater than or equal to 95%.
   • the human density in built urban spaces must be greater than or equal to 300 individuals per hectare (ind/ha).
   
   
2. Dense communities in the Paris conurbation < /b>
   Urbanized and dense municipalities of the Paris agglomeration, meeting the following requirements:
   • the rate of urbanized spaces must be greater than or equal to 80%
   • human density in urban spaces must be greater than or equal to 100 individuals per hectare.
   
   
3. The other predominantly urbanized municipalities of the Paris agglomeration Municipalities of the central agglomeration moderately urbanized and moderately dense, meeting under the following conditions:
   • the rate of urbanized spaces must be greater than or equal to 65%
   • the human density in urban spaces must be greater than or equal to 30 individuals per year 'hectare.
   
   
4. Other agglomerations
   Other sparsely urbanized or sparsely populated municipalities that are not part of the previous sectors but which are included in the Paris agglomeration defined by INSEE.
   
   
5. The main municipalities of secondary agglomerations
   Main municipalities with moderately dense agglomerations which do not belong to the urban unit of Paris of 2008 (in the INSEE sense) with a human density at least equal to 30 individuals per hectare and human activity (population + employment in 2016) greater than or equal to 5,000 individuals.
   
   
6. Other municipalities in secondary agglomerations
   Other agglomerated municipalities that do not belong to the urban unit of Paris in 2008.
   
   </ li>
7. The rural municipalities
   The set of remaining municipalities constitutes the rural area. These are rural municipalities which, according to the INSEE definition, do not belong to an urban unit.