Dataset

This dataset was created by Shashank

Contents

The natural variation of temperature at ambient conditions produces spontaneous patterns on the surface of chocolate, which result from fat bloom. These metastable patterns are peculiar because of their shape and cannot be obtained by controlled temperature conditions. The formation of these spontaneous grains on the surface of chocolate is studied on experimental and theoretical grounds.Three different kinds of experiments were conducted: observation of formed patterns in time, atomic force microscopy of the initial events on the grain formation and rheology of the melted chocolate. The patterns observed in our experiments follow the trends described by the Avrami model, which considers a constant value at all spatial scales of the rate of linear growth α that governs the formation of isolated grains, starting from molecular clusters. Through NVT-ensemble computer simulations, using a Mie-segmented coarse-grained model of triacylglycerides molecules, we studied the process of nucleation that starts the pattern growth. From simulation and experiment results it is possible to derive a realistic value of α.

Pattern Generator Market Outlook

The global pattern generator market size is projected to experience robust growth, reaching approximately $1.2 billion by 2023 and further escalating to an estimated $2.4 billion by 2032, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.5%. This growth is driven by the increasing demand for sophisticated testing and measurement tools across various industries, coupled with advancements in technology that enhance the precision and functionality of pattern generators.

One of the primary growth factors of this market is the burgeoning electronics industry, where the need for high-performance testing and simulation tools has become more critical than ever. As electronic devices become more compact and complex, the requirement for precise and reliable pattern generators escalates. This is particularly evident in the semiconductor industry, where pattern generators play a crucial role in the design, testing, and validation of integrated circuits. The continuous miniaturization of electronic components necessitates advanced pattern generation capabilities, thereby fueling market growth.

Additionally, the telecommunications sector significantly contributes to the expansion of the pattern generator market. With the global rollout of 5G networks and the anticipated transition to 6G, there is a heightened demand for pattern generators to test and validate the performance of these advanced communication systems. The need for high-speed data transmission and low-latency communication drives the need for superior testing equipment to ensure system reliability and efficiency. This sector's rapid technological advancements are set to enhance the adoption of pattern generators, further driving market growth.

The automotive and aerospace industries are also pivotal to the market's growth. The integration of advanced electronics and communication systems in vehicles and aircraft necessitates rigorous testing to ensure safety and performance. Pattern generators are increasingly employed in the development and testing of electronic control units (ECUs), sensors, and other critical components. In the defense sector, the growing emphasis on sophisticated electronic warfare systems and communications further propels the demand for pattern generators.

Regionally, the Asia Pacific region is expected to dominate the pattern generator market, driven by robust industrial growth, especially in countries like China, Japan, and South Korea. The presence of major electronics manufacturing hubs and significant investments in telecommunications infrastructure contribute to this region's leading position. North America and Europe are also significant markets due to their advanced automotive and aerospace industries and substantial R&D activities. The Middle East & Africa and Latin America, while smaller in market size, are expected to witness steady growth due to increasing industrialization and technological adoption.

Type Analysis

Digital Pattern Generators Analysis

Digital pattern generators are a vital segment within the pattern generator market, primarily driven by their extensive application in the testing and design of digital circuits. These devices are crucial in generating precise digital signals to test the performance and reliability of digital systems. The demand for digital pattern generators is largely propelled by the rapid advancements in digital electronics and the increasing complexity of integrated circuits. As digital systems continue to evolve, the need for high-fidelity testing tools becomes more pronounced, driving the market growth for digital pattern generators.

Moreover, the widespread adoption of digital pattern generators in educational institutions and research and development (R&D) centers is another significant growth driver. These institutions rely heavily on digital pattern generators to train students and facilitate cutting-edge research in digital electronics and communications. The growing emphasis on STEM education and the increasing focus on digital literacy further augment the demand for digital pattern generators in the educational sector, contributing to the segment's expansion.

In the telecommunications and networking industry, digital pattern generators play a crucial role in testing and validating the performance of communication systems and devices. With the ongoing deployment of 5G networks and the anticipated introduction of 6G, the demand for digital pattern generators is expected to surge. These generato

Growth and distribution pattern of the world manufacturing output A statistical profile.pdf.

This data consists of observations of individual trees in western US national parks and forests. Information on individual trees include species identity, measurements of tree size, current status (live or dead), local competition, and growth metrics based on tree rings. The data also includes estimates of plot-level characteristics.

This dataset contains data collected during a study "Identifying patterns and recommendations of and for sustainable open data initiatives: a benchmarking-driven analysis of open government data initiatives among European countries" conducted by Martin Lnenicka (University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic), Anastasija Nikiforova (University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia), Mariusz Luterek (University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland), Petar Milic (University of Pristina - Kosovska Mitrovica, Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia), Daniel Rudmark (University of Gothenburg and RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Gothenburg, Sweden), Sebastian Neumaier (St. Pölten University of Applied Sciences, Austria), Caterina Santoro (KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium), Cesar Casiano Flores (University of Twente, Twente, the Netherlands), Marijn Janssen (Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands), Manuel Pedro Rodríguez Bolívar (University of Granada, Granada, Spain).

It is being made public both to act as supplementary data for "Identifying patterns and recommendations of and for sustainable open data initiatives: a benchmarking-driven analysis of open government data initiatives among European countries", Government Information Quarterly*, and in order for other researchers to use these data in their own work.

Methodology

The paper focuses on benchmarking of open data initiatives over the years and attempts to identify patterns observed among European countries that could lead to disparities in the development, growth, and sustainability of open data ecosystems.

This study examines existing benchmarks, indices, and rankings of open (government) data initiatives to find the contexts by which these initiatives are shaped, both of which then outline a protocol to determine the patterns. The composite benchmarks-driven analytical protocol is used as an instrument to examine the understanding, effects, and expert opinions concerning the development patterns and current state of open data ecosystems implemented in eight European countries - Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Italy, Latvia, Poland, Serbia, Sweden. 3-round Delphi method is applied to identify, reach a consensus, and validate the observed development patterns and their effects that could lead to disparities and divides. Specifically, this study conducts a comparative analysis of different patterns of open (government) data initiatives and their effects in the eight selected countries using six open data benchmarks, two e-government reports (57 editions in total), and other relevant resources, covering the period of 2013–2022.

Description of the data in this data set

The file "OpenDataIndex_2013_2022" collects an overview of 27 editions of 6 open data indices - for all countries they cover, providing respective ranks and values for these countries. These indices are:

1) Global Open Data Index (GODI) (4 editions)

2) Open Data Maturity Report (ODMR) (8 editions)

3) Open Data Inventory (ODIN) (6 editions)

4) Open Data Barometer (ODB) (5 editions)

5) Open, Useful and Re-usable data (OURdata) Index (3 editions)

6) Open Government Development Index (OGDI) (2 editions)

These data shapes the third context - open data indices and rankings. The second sheet of this file covers countries covered by this study, namely, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Italy, Latvia, Poland, Serbia, Sweden. It serves the basis for Section 4.2 of the paper.

Based on the analysis of selected countries, incl. the analysis of their specifics and performance over the years in the indices and benchmarks, covering 57 editions of OGD-oriented reports and indices and e-government-related reports (2013-2022) that shaped a protocol (see paper, Annex 1), 102 patterns that may lead to disparities and divides in the development and benchmarking of ODEs were identified, which after the assessment by expert panel were reduced to a final number of 94 patterns representing four contexts, from which the recommendations defined in the paper were obtained. These patterns are available in the file "OGDdevelopmentPatterns". The first sheet contains the list of patterns, while the second sheet - the list of patterns and their effect as assessed by expert panel.

Format of the file.xls, .csv (for the first spreadsheet only)

Licenses or restrictionsCC-BY

For more info, see README.txt

Supporting data for figures and tables in publication. See Readme file. This dataset is associated with the following publication: Beedlow, P., R. Waschmann, E. Lee, and D.T. Tingey. Seasonal patterns of bole water content in old growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY. Elsevier Science Ltd, New York, NY, USA, 242: 109-119, (2017).

This paper examines the underlying structural elements of US growth patterns, pre- and post-crisis. Prior to the recession, the US economy exhibited a defective growth pattern driven by outsized domestic demand. As domestic aggregate demand retreats to more sustainable levels relative to total income, the tradable side of the economy is a catalyst for restoring strong growth. A structural rebalancing is already underway; although it is only a third of the economy, the tradable sector generated more than half of gross gains in value-added since the start of the recovery. However, distributional issues loom on the horizon.

American Pattern Files Market Outlook

The global market size for American Pattern Files was valued at USD 1.2 billion in 2023, and it is projected to reach USD 2.3 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 7.1% during the forecast period. This growth is driven by the increasing demand in various applications and the rising industrialization globally. The demand for precision tools in metalworking, woodworking, and jewelry making, coupled with advancements in manufacturing technologies, are significant growth factors for the American Pattern Files market.

The surge in industrial activities, particularly in developing regions, is a major growth driver for the American Pattern Files market. These files are essential tools in metalworking and woodworking industries, where precision and durability are paramount. With the continuous expansion of these industries, the requirement for high-quality files has seen a significant rise. Additionally, the growth of the jewelry making industry is contributing to the market expansion, as pattern files are critical for detailed and intricate work in this sector.

Technological advancements and innovations in the manufacturing of American Pattern Files have significantly influenced market growth. Manufacturers are focusing on improving the material quality and design of these files to enhance their performance and longevity. This includes the development of new alloys and coatings that provide better wear resistance and cutting efficiency. Such innovations not only meet the evolving needs of end-users but also attract a broader customer base, further bolstering market growth.

Another crucial growth factor is the increasing popularity of DIY (Do It Yourself) projects among consumers. This trend has led to a higher demand for precision tools, including American Pattern Files, in residential applications. Additionally, the rise of e-commerce platforms has made these tools more accessible to a wider audience, thus driving market growth. The convenience of online shopping, coupled with detailed product information and consumer reviews, has significantly influenced purchasing decisions, further boosting the market.

Regionally, North America and Europe hold significant shares in the American Pattern Files market due to the strong presence of key manufacturers and high demand in metalworking and woodworking industries. However, the Asia Pacific region is expected to witness the highest growth rate during the forecast period. This growth can be attributed to rapid industrialization, expanding manufacturing sectors, and increasing investments in infrastructure development in countries like China and India. These factors are creating a favorable environment for the growth of the American Pattern Files market in the Asia Pacific region.

Type Analysis

The American Pattern Files market is segmented into various types, including Flat Files, Half-Round Files, Round Files, Square Files, Triangular Files, and Others. Each type serves specific applications and industries, contributing to the overall market dynamics. Flat Files are widely used due to their versatility and efficiency in smoothing and shaping metal and wood surfaces. Their popularity is largely attributed to their ability to provide a high degree of precision, making them indispensable in both industrial and residential applications.

Half-Round Files, which feature one flat and one rounded surface, are highly sought after for their dual functionality. These files are particularly useful for working on curved surfaces and large holes, making them essential in metalworking and woodworking. The demand for Half-Round Files is expected to grow steadily due to their multifunctional use and the increasing complexity of manufacturing processes that require such versatile tools.

Round Files, also known as rat-tail files, are primarily used for enlarging round holes and finishing concave surfaces. These files are crucial in applications involving intricate designs and detailed work, such as jewelry making and specific metalworking processes. The growing jewelry industry and the need for precision tools in this sector are key factors driving the demand for Round Files in the market.

Square Files are predominantly used for filing slots, keyways, and rectangular holes. Their shape allows for precise control and finishing in various industrial applications. The rising demand for high-precision tools in manufacturing and metalworking industries is expected to fuel the growth of the Square Files segment. As industries contin

The needlecraft patterns market is experiencing robust growth, driven by a resurgence in crafting hobbies and the increasing popularity of online crafting communities. While precise market size figures weren't provided, based on industry trends and comparable markets, we can estimate the 2025 market size at approximately $500 million. Considering a projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 5% for the forecast period (2025-2033), the market is poised to reach an estimated $776 million by 2033. This growth is fueled by several key factors, including the rise of digital platforms offering downloadable patterns and tutorials, a growing interest in sustainable and handmade products, and the therapeutic benefits associated with crafting activities. The market encompasses diverse patterns, from knitting and crocheting to cross-stitch and embroidery, catering to varying skill levels and preferences. Key market trends include the increasing demand for personalized and customizable patterns, the integration of technology into pattern design and creation (e.g., digital pattern design software), and the growing influence of social media in shaping crafting trends and promoting independent pattern designers. Competitive pressures are moderate, with a mix of established brands and independent designers vying for market share. However, challenges remain, including the potential impact of economic downturns on discretionary spending and the need to constantly adapt to evolving consumer preferences. Future growth will depend on maintaining the market's appeal to both experienced crafters and newcomers, fostering creativity and innovation, and navigating the complexities of the digital marketplace.

Parameter estimates for the different growth models in partridge*.

Knowledge on the spatial distribution and inter-specific association patterns in tree species is essential in plant ecology to understand ecological mechanisms and dynamic process operating in spatial distribution of a tree population in a plant community. We measured and compiled datasets on three tropical tree species from a moist semi deciduous forest. We used the software Programita to perform univariate and bivariate point pattern analysis by Ripley's L-function. These datasets can be used to inform on possibilities of interaction of these species in forest stands. These datasets can be also used to access the capacity of each tree of Mansonia altissima var. altissima A. Chev. to develop and grow or its exclusion probability within a plant community. Mansonia altissima A. Chev. is a plant species represented by only one-population in a moist semi-deciduous forest in Republic of Benin. Our project aims to understand its ecology for restoration and conservation purposes within its natural habitat as well as other habitats inside of its distribution range.

The American Pattern Files market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing demand across diverse sectors like material modification, wood processing, and tools manufacturing. While precise market size figures for 2025 are unavailable, considering a global hand tool market size approaching $100 billion and assuming a reasonable segment share for American Pattern Files, we can estimate the 2025 market size to be around $2 billion. This estimation considers the relatively niche nature of American Pattern Files within the broader hand tools category but accounts for their specialized applications and consistent demand. The market is segmented by file type (Smooth Cut, Bastard Cut, Second Cut) and application, reflecting diverse end-user needs. Major players like Nicholson, Bahco, and Grobet are vying for market share through product innovation and strategic partnerships. The Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) is estimated at 5%, indicating steady, consistent growth over the forecast period. This moderate growth reflects both the established nature of the market and the potential for niche expansion within specific application areas. Growth is further fueled by trends towards precision machining and increasing automation in certain industries, necessitating high-quality hand tools like American Pattern Files. However, restraints may include rising material costs and the emergence of alternative machining technologies. The regional distribution of the market demonstrates a significant presence in North America and Europe, driven by established manufacturing sectors and a strong preference for high-quality hand tools. The Asia-Pacific region is projected to witness considerable growth in the coming years, driven by industrialization and increasing infrastructure development. This regional growth trajectory presents significant opportunities for market expansion and penetration by existing and new players. The competitive landscape is characterized by a mix of established brands and smaller niche players, each focusing on specific market segments and application areas. This balance maintains the market's dynamism and encourages continuous improvement in product quality and efficiency.

Middle East and North Africa Image Classification and Pattern Detection Market is expected to reach a CAGR of 11.5% By 2031 | DataM Intelligence

Swiss Pattern Files Market Outlook

The global Swiss Pattern Files market size was valued at approximately USD 700 million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 1.1 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 5.5% during the forecast period. This growth is driven by various factors including the increasing demand from metalworking and woodworking industries. Swiss pattern files are renowned for their precision and durability, which makes them essential tools in various applications ranging from industrial to residential use.

One of the primary growth drivers for the Swiss pattern files market is the expansion of the metalworking and woodworking industries. As these industries evolve, there is a continuous need for precision tools that can ensure high-quality outputs. Swiss pattern files, with their fine craftsmanship and versatility, are indispensable in achieving the desired finish in metal and wood products. The growing trend towards DIY activities and craftsmanship among hobbyists and professionals alike further fuels the demand for these files, making them a staple in various toolkits.

The jewelry-making industry also significantly contributes to the market's growth. The intricate nature of jewelry design and manufacturing necessitates the use of precise tools like Swiss pattern files. As the demand for customized and high-quality jewelry continues to rise, so does the need for these specialized files. Technological advancements in file manufacturing have also improved the quality and efficiency of Swiss pattern files, making them more appealing to professional jewelers and artisans.

Furthermore, the increasing focus on quality and precision in various manufacturing processes has amplified the importance of Swiss pattern files. Industries are consistently striving for superior products, and the use of high-quality tools is crucial in this endeavor. The reliability and long lifespan of Swiss pattern files make them a cost-effective choice for businesses looking to maintain high standards in their manufacturing processes. This emphasis on quality is a significant growth factor for the market.

Regionally, the market for Swiss pattern files is witnessing substantial growth in Asia Pacific, primarily due to the booming industrial sector. Countries like China and India are seeing rapid industrialization, which drives the demand for high-quality tools and equipment. North America and Europe also represent significant market shares owing to their established manufacturing sectors and the presence of numerous key players in these regions. The Middle East & Africa and Latin America are emerging markets with potential for growth, largely due to increasing investments in manufacturing and infrastructure.

Type Analysis

The Swiss pattern files market is segmented into various types, including Flat Files, Round Files, Half-Round Files, Square Files, Triangular Files, and others. Flat files hold a significant market share due to their wide range of applications. They are commonly used in smoothing and shaping flat surfaces in both metalworking and woodworking. The versatility of flat files makes them a staple in many toolkits, contributing to their dominant market position. Their ability to provide a smooth finish without removing too much material is particularly valued in precision work.

Round files are another crucial segment, particularly in the metalworking industry. These files are specifically designed to smooth and shape round holes and surfaces. Their unique shape allows them to access areas that flat files cannot, making them indispensable in certain applications. The demand for round files is expected to grow steadily, driven by the need for precision tools in various industries. The jewelry-making sector, in particular, relies heavily on round files for fine-tuning intricate designs.

Half-round files offer a combination of flat and round file characteristics, making them highly versatile. They are used in applications that require both flat and curved surfaces to be smoothed or shaped. This dual functionality makes them a preferred choice for many professionals, including metalworkers, woodworkers, and jewelers. The growing trend towards multifunctional tools is expected to bolster the demand for half-round files in the coming years.

Square files are essential for tasks that involve working with rectangular notches or slots. Their unique shape allows them to fit snugly into square or rectangular spaces, making them ideal for precision work in metalworking and woodworking. As indu

This study can be used as a basis for its management in the future. The purpose of the study was "Analyze the dynamics of white shrimp populations such as growth patterns, long frequency distribution, growth parameters, mortality rates, and recruitment patterns. The study was conducted for 12 months, from January-December 2021. The method used in sampling is purposive sampling, using a mini sine purse fishing gear measuring 8 m x 2 m. White shrimp growth patterns were analyzed using FISAT 2 software, shell length frequency distribution and growth parameters using von Bertalanffy growth models, asymptotic length and growth coefficient using the ELEFAN method, total mortality rate, natural and capture using Pauly's empirical equations, and recruitment patterns using the FAO-ICLARM program. The results of the study found the highest density of white shrimp at station 3 (257 ind / m2) and the lowest at station 2 (213 ind / m2). The distribution pattern of white shrimp at each station is in groups. The growth pattern of white shrimp is allometric negative. The theoretical lifespan at the length of zero carapace is 0.02 years or 0.2 months. The natural mortality rate of white shrimp is 0.75/year, the total mortality rate is 0.91/year and the catch mortality rate is 0.16/year. The capture of white shrimp in the waters of Karang Gading Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra is still under exploitation. Peak recruitment was in May and June (18.92% and 18.33%) after four months of white shrimp spawning.

Pattern Drafting Software Market Outlook

The global pattern drafting software market size is projected to grow from USD 320 million in 2023 to USD 720 million by 2032, reflecting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.5%. This strong growth is driven by the increasing demand for precision and efficiency in the fashion and textile industry. Technological advancements and the rising adoption of digital solutions in design and manufacturing processes are key factors propelling the market growth.

The fashion industry's shift towards digitalization is a significant growth factor for the pattern drafting software market. As consumers increasingly seek custom-fit and personalized fashion items, designers and manufacturers are turning to advanced software solutions to meet these demands. Pattern drafting software enables precise and efficient design processes, reducing material waste and production time. This efficiency not only caters to consumer demands but also aligns with sustainability goals, which are becoming increasingly important in the industry.

Another critical growth factor is the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning in pattern drafting software. These technologies enhance the software's capabilities by providing predictive analytics, optimizing patterns, and automating repetitive tasks. This integration helps designers and manufacturers to innovate and streamline their workflows, ultimately leading to higher productivity and reduced operational costs. As AI and machine learning technologies continue to evolve, their application in pattern drafting is expected to expand further.

The widespread adoption of cloud-based solutions is also contributing to the market's growth. Cloud-based pattern drafting software offers several advantages, such as remote access, scalability, and cost-effectiveness. These benefits are particularly appealing to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that may not have the resources to invest in extensive IT infrastructure. As more companies recognize these advantages, the demand for cloud-based solutions is anticipated to rise, driving the overall market growth.

Regionally, Asia Pacific is expected to witness significant growth in the pattern drafting software market. The region's burgeoning fashion and textile industry, coupled with increasing investments in technology and innovation, are key drivers. Countries like China, India, and Bangladesh, which are major hubs for textile manufacturing, are increasingly adopting advanced software solutions to enhance their production capabilities. Additionally, the growing middle-class population in these countries is fueling demand for fashionable and high-quality apparel, further boosting the market.

In the context of the pattern drafting software market, the role of Picking Software becomes increasingly relevant. As the demand for precision and efficiency grows, especially in the fashion and textile industries, Picking Software can significantly enhance the workflow by optimizing the selection and arrangement of patterns. This software aids in minimizing material wastage and streamlining the production process, which is crucial for meeting the industry's sustainability goals. By integrating Picking Software with pattern drafting tools, companies can achieve a more cohesive and efficient design process, ultimately leading to increased productivity and reduced costs.

Component Analysis

The pattern drafting software market is segmented by component into software and services. The software segment includes various types of pattern drafting software, such as standalone software and integrated solutions. Standalone software is designed specifically for pattern drafting, while integrated solutions combine multiple functionalities, including design, grading, and marking. The software segment is expected to dominate the market, driven by the increasing demand for advanced design tools that offer precision and efficiency in the pattern drafting process.

The services segment encompasses various support services, including implementation, training, maintenance, and consulting. As companies adopt new software solutions, they often require assistance in integrating these tools into their existing workflows. Implementation services ensure that the software is correctly set up and customized to meet the specific needs of the user. Training services are essential to help users fully under

This index represents the integrated probability of development occurring sometime between 2020 and 2080 at the 30 m cell level. It was based on models of historical patterns of urban growth in the Northeast, including the type (low intensity, medium intensity and high intensity), amount and spatial pattern of development, and incorporates the influence of factors such as geophysical conditions (e.g., slope, proximity to open water), existing secured lands, and proximity to roads and urban centers. The projected amount of new development is downscaled from county level forecasts based on a U.S. Forest Service 2010 Resources Planning Act (RPA) assessment. A complementary product, Probability of Development, 2040, Northeast U.S., estimates the probability of development over a shorter time-scale. The derivation of the integrated probability of development layer was complex. Please consult the technical documentation for a full description of the background data used, the computation of integrated probabilities from a stochastic model, and information about the related urban growth model. The following is a summary of the five major steps of the derivation: 1) Determining historical patterns of growthTo understand how past patterns of development have occurred, historical data from NOAA (for Maine and Massachusetts) and the Chesapeake Bay Watershed Landcover Data Series were obtained for the years 1984 (Chesapeake Bay only), 1996, and 2006. The data were used to model the occurrence of six different development transition types: New growthundeveloped to low-intensity (20-49% impervious surface; e.g., single-family homes)undeveloped to medium-intensity (50-79% impervious surface; e.g., small-lot single-family homes)undeveloped to high-intensity (80-100% impervious surface; e.g., apartment complexes and commercial/industrial development) Intensificationlow- to medium-intensitylow- to high-intensitymedium- to high-intensity Separate models were developed to represent development patterns at model points representing landscapes differing along two dimensions: intensity of development and amount of open water. Predictor variables in the models account for the intensity of existing development and landscape context (e.g. intensity and distance of nearest roads, amount of open water). Analysis of the historical data was based on dividing the landscape into “training windows,” 15km on a side, to determine the historical distribution of transition types and the total amount of historical development. 2) Application to current landscapesFuture patterns of development were projected based on the observed historical patterns. As the first step in this process, the entire Northeast was subdivided into 5km “application panes,” each of which was the center pane of a (3 x 3) “application window”, 15 km on a side. Each of these overlapping application windows was then matched to the three most similar training windows on the basis of intensity of development from the UMass integrated landcover layer, (derived in turn from the 2011 National Landcover Database and other sources), as well as geographic proximity, amount of open water, and density of roads. . For each application window, according to how it mapped on to the dimensions of development and open water modelled above, the relative probability of each of the six development transition types was determined on a scale of 30m cells. 3) Predictions for changing land-useFuture urban acreage by county was predicted as part of an assessment for the U.S. Forest Service 2010 Resources Planning Act. The derivation of this product, the new growth forecasted for the 70 years between 2010 and 2080 was transformed into demand in units of 30m cells. Demand for each county (or census Core Based statistical Area, where relevant) was allocated to the corresponding application windows based on the average of the total amount of historical development in the three matched training windows. 4) Combining models of past and predictions for the futureThe relative probability of a transition type occurring in each cell in a window was used to distribute the allocated demand of new growth throughout the window. The result was an actual probability of development for the transition occurring sometime between 2020- 2080 at the 30 m cell level. Already existing urban land-use was intensified (i.e., transitions 4-6) in proportion to historic patterns determined from the matched training windows, and distributed according to the probability of those transition types across the cells in the window. The combining of probabilities and demand to distribute development to cells was done for each transition type in turn; thus, each cell received a separate probability of being developed through each of the six transition types. Through the application of this process in every application window, an actual probability of development was determined for each cell with reference to nine slightly different contexts corresponding to each of the overlapping windows in which the pane was situated. 5) Smoothing and integrationAn additional step was used to create a smooth and continuous probability of development surface, not subject to abrupt differences along arbitrary boundaries. Cell by cell, actual probabilities of development from each of the overlapping windows were combined such that the closer to a window’s center a cell was located, the more weight the probability derived from it was given. Consequently, each cell had one weighted average probability that was part of a continuous probability of development surface for each transition type. Finally, the probability of development by each of six transition types was integrated for each cell. More weight was given to new growth, such that the probability of undeveloped land becoming urban had more impact than the probability of an intensification of development. The final product is a single layer of the integrated probability of development by 2080, extending across the entire Northeast on the scale of 30 m cells.Known Issues and Uncertainties As with any project carried out across such a large area, the Probability of Development dataset is subject to limitations. The results by themselves are not a prescription for on-the-ground action; users are encouraged to verify, with field visits and site-specific knowledge, the value of any areas identified in the project. Known issues and uncertainties include the following:Although this index is a true probability, it is best used in a relative manner to compare values from one location to anotherThe GIS data upon which this product was based, especially the National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD), are imperfect. Errors of both omission and commission affect the mapping of current development and in turn, models of the probability of future development. Likewise, the forecasts in the 2010 Resources Planning Act assessment, the basis of the projected demand for new growth, contains uncertainties. While the model is anticipated to generally correctly indicate where development is likely to occur, predictions at the cell level are not expected to be highly reliable.Users are cautioned against using the data on too small an area (for example, a small parcel of land), as the data may not be sufficiently accurate at that level of resolution.This model is built on the assumption that future patterns of development will match patterns in the past.It is important to recognize that the integrated probability of development is highest near existing roads, largely because the urban growth model does not attempt to predict the building of new roads and the development associated with them, nor does it incorporate county or town level planning for infrastructure. Because proximity to roads is an important and dominant predictor of development at the 30- m cell level in the model, the integrated probability of development surface is heavily weighted towards existing roads. It is not specifically designed to predict where a subdivision might be developed in the future.

This data consists of observations of individual trees in western US national parks and forests. Information on individual trees include species identity, measurements of tree size, current status (live or dead), local competition, and growth metrics based on tree rings. The data also includes estimates of plot-level characteristics.

This dataset is about: (Table 1) Growth patterns of microbialites, water depths and applied methods from different Holes of IODP Expedition 310. Please consult parent dataset @ https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.788398 for more information.