The United States has the highest expenditure on health care per capita globally. However, the U.S. has an unique way of paying for their health care where a majority of the expenditure falls upon private insurances. In FY 2024, around one third of all health expenditure is paid by private insurance. Public insurance programs Medicare and Medicaid accounted for 22 and 17 percent, respectively, of health expenditure during that same year. U.S. health care system Globally health spending has been increasing among most countries. However, the U.S. has the highest public and private per capita health expenditure among all countries globally, followed by Switzerland. As of 2020, annual health care costs per capita in the United States totaled to over 12 thousand U.S. dollars, a significant amount considering the average U.S. personal income is around 54 thousand dollars. Out of pocket costs in the U.S. Aside from overall high health care costs for U.S. residents, the total out-of-pocket costs for health care have been on the rise. In recent years, the average per capita out-of-pocket health care payments have exceeded one thousand dollars. Physician services, dental services and prescription drugs account for the largest proportion of out-of-pocket expenditures for U.S. residents.

The public and private per capita health expenditure differs significantly by country. As of 2023, the United States had by far the highest public per capita spending worldwide. Moreover, the U.S. had the second-highest private expenditure on health globally just after Switzerland. Health expenditures globally Health expenditures include the consumption of health goods, services and public health programs as well as insurance and government spending. Globally, health expenditures are on the rise. Among all countries the average per capita health expenditure is projected to see an increase of over 30 percent from the 2019 totals by the year 2050. Despite the growing expenditures, there are still countries with relatively low health expenditures. The countries with the lowest governmental health expenditure include South Sudan, Eritrea and Bangladesh. Health expenditures spotlight: the U.S. In 2021 the U.S. national health expenditure was at an all-time high. However, the projections indicate that total health expenditures will increase even more. The per capita health expenditures for the U.S. looked equally grim, with 2021 projected to be the most expensive year for health care on record. Despite having seen a significant increase in the total cost of health care in the U.S., trends indicate that the annual percentage change in health expenditures is decreasing over time.

In 2023/24, health spending in the United Kingdom was ***** British pounds per capita, ranging from ***** pounds per capita in London, to ***** pounds per capita in East England.

Chile CL: Health Expenditure per Capita data was reported at 1,137.356 USD in 2014. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1,192.054 USD for 2013. Chile CL: Health Expenditure per Capita data is updated yearly, averaging 469.596 USD from Dec 1995 (Median) to 2014, with 20 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,192.054 USD in 2013 and a record low of 266.967 USD in 1995. Chile CL: Health Expenditure per Capita data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Chile – Table CL.World Bank.WDI: Social: Health Statistics. Total health expenditure is the sum of public and private health expenditures as a ratio of total population. It covers the provision of health services (preventive and curative), family planning activities, nutrition activities, and emergency aid designated for health but does not include provision of water and sanitation. Data are in current U.S. dollars.; ; World Health Organization Global Health Expenditure database (see http://apps.who.int/nha/database for the most recent updates).; Weighted average;

enrolled under a specific health Plan benefit structure from a given Payer. Each Person receiving healthcare is typically covered by a health benefit plan, which pays for (fully or partially), or directly provides, the care. These benefit plans are provided by payers, such as health insurances or state or government agencies.

In each plan the details of the health benefits are defined for the Person or her family, and the health benefit Plan might change over time typically with increasing utilization (reaching certain cost thresholds such as deductibles), plan availability and purchasing choices of the Person. The unique combinations of Payer organizations, health benefit Plans and time periods in which they are valid for a Person are recorded in this table.

Objective: For medically treated asthma, we estimated prevalence, medical and absenteeism costs, and projected medical costs from 2015 to 2020 for the entire population and separately for children in the 50 US states and District of Columbia (DC) using the most recently available data. Methods: We used multiple data sources, including the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, U.S. Census Bureau, Kaiser Family Foundation, Medical Statistical Information System, and Current Population Survey. We used a two-part regression model to estimate annual medical costs of asthma and a negative binomial model to estimate annual school and work days missed due to asthma. Results: Per capita medical costs of asthma ranged from $1,860 (Mississippi) to $2,514 (Michigan). Total medical costs of asthma ranged from $60.7 million (Wyoming) to $3.4 billion (California). Medicaid costs ranged from $4.1 million (Wyoming) to $566.8 million (California), Medicare from $5.9 million (DC) to $446.6 million (California), and costs paid by private insurers ranged from $27.2 million (DC) to $1.4 billion (California). Total annual school and work days lost due to asthma ranged from 22.4 thousand (Wyoming) to 1.5 million days (California) and absenteeism costs ranged from $4.4 million (Wyoming) to $345 million (California). Projected increase in medical costs from 2015 to 2020 ranged from 9% (DC) to 34% (Arizona). Conclusion: Medical and absenteeism costs of asthma represent a significant economic burden for states and these costs are expected to rise. Our study results emphasize the urgency for strategies to strengthen state level efforts to prevent and control asthma attacks.

According to studies using previous editions of the Household Budgets Survey (POF) in Brazil, paying for a healthcare plan increases the percentage of income spent on health and fails to reduce the probability of incurring excessive health expenditures. The study’s objective was to describe relations between expenditures on healthcare plans, income, and age groups, highlighting the effect of having a plan on the probability of committing more than 40% of income on health-related expenditures. An analysis of the POF 2017/2018 determined the commitment of per capita household income for payers of plans by age group and type of plan and logistic regression for factors associated with committing more than 40% of income to health-related expenditures. In 12 months, 22.1 million Brazilians spent BRL 78.1 billion on private medical insurance. The share of income spent on individual plans increases consistently with age, from 4.5% of per capita household income (at < 19 years) to 10.6% of this income (at 79 years or older). The probability of committing more than 40% of income to health expenditures decreases with income, increases with age, and is higher for those paying for health plans. Spending on healthcare plans alone exceeds 40% of per capita household income for 5.6% of Brazilians 60 years or older who pay for individual plans and for 4% of those who pay for company plans. Persons in the oldest age groups and in the lowest income brackets show the highest likelihood of spending more than 40% of their income on healthcare. A revision of the plans’ adjustment by age is an alternative for attempting to mitigate this problem.

The global home health hub market is experiencing robust growth, projected to reach $0.95 billion in 2025 and expanding at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 31.30% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key drivers. The aging global population necessitates increased remote patient monitoring and home healthcare solutions, driving demand for home health hubs that offer seamless connectivity and data integration. Technological advancements, including the development of sophisticated yet user-friendly smartphone-based and standalone hubs, are enhancing functionality and accessibility. Furthermore, the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases and the rising adoption of telehealth are creating a significant opportunity for market growth. This trend is particularly pronounced in developed regions like North America and Europe, which are characterized by advanced healthcare infrastructure and high healthcare expenditure. However, challenges remain. Data privacy and security concerns, coupled with the need for robust regulatory frameworks governing telehealth and remote patient monitoring, could potentially impede market growth. The cost of implementing and maintaining home health hub systems may also present a barrier to widespread adoption, particularly in resource-constrained settings. Nevertheless, the market's growth trajectory appears highly promising, driven by the strong pull from an aging population and a rapidly evolving technological landscape. Segmentation reveals a significant contribution from smartphone-based hubs due to their cost-effectiveness and widespread smartphone penetration. High-acuity patient monitoring represents a significant market segment within the type of patient monitoring category. Hospitals and home care agencies are the primary end-users, with hospitals holding a larger market share. The competitive landscape is dynamic, with established players such as Honeywell International and Koninklijke Philips N.V. competing with emerging technology companies specializing in remote patient monitoring and telehealth solutions. Strategic partnerships and acquisitions are likely to shape the market in the coming years, as companies strive to enhance their product offerings and expand their market reach. The Asia-Pacific region is expected to show significant growth, driven by increasing healthcare expenditure and rising adoption of technology in healthcare delivery, although North America is likely to remain the largest market segment throughout the forecast period due to established healthcare infrastructure and high per capita healthcare spending. Future growth will depend on continued technological advancements, addressing data security concerns, and fostering wider acceptance and adoption of home healthcare solutions within both the public and private healthcare sectors. The development of affordable and accessible home health hubs tailored to specific patient needs will be critical in driving market penetration in underserved populations. Recent developments include: In March 2022, VEON Ltd. a global provider of connectivity and internet services reported that it's Banglalink mobile operator in Bangladesh has launched Health Hub, the country's first integrated digital health platform., In January 2021, Philips expanded its leadership in inpatient care management solutions for the hospital with the acquisition of Capsule Technologies, Inc.. Key drivers for this market are: Growth In the Geriatric Population and The Subsequent Increase In The Prevalence Of Chronic Diseases, Need To Reduce Healthcare Costs; Shortage Of Healthcare Professionals. Potential restraints include: Growth In the Geriatric Population and The Subsequent Increase In The Prevalence Of Chronic Diseases, Need To Reduce Healthcare Costs; Shortage Of Healthcare Professionals. Notable trends are: Smartphone-based Segment is Expected to Dominate the Market Over the Forecast Period.

The objective was to determine the association between material deprivation and direct healthcare costs and clinical outcomes following stroke in the context of a publicly funded universal healthcare system. In this population-based cohort study of patients with ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke admitted to hospital between 2008 and 2017 in Ontario, Canada, we used linked administrative data to identify the cohort, predictor variables, and outcomes. The exposure was a five-level neighborhood material deprivation index. The primary outcome was direct healthcare costs incurred by the public payer in the first year. Secondary outcomes were death and admission to long-term care. Among 90,289 patients with stroke, the mean (standard deviation) per-person costs increased with increasing material deprivation, from $50,602 ($55,582) in the least deprived quintile to $56,292 ($59,721) in the most deprived quintile (unadjusted relative cost ratio and 95% confidence intervals 1.11 [1.08,1.13] and ad...

View monthly updates and historical trends for US Public Debt Per Capita. from United States. Source: Department of the Treasury. Track economic data with…

analyze the medical expenditure panel survey (meps) with r the meps household component leads the pack for examining individual-level medical expenditures by payor and type of service. total expenditures captured by the survey tend to be low, but unbiased across the board and can be adjusted to match the national health expenditure accounts. i wrote the wikipedia article , so it's data-oriented. if you vandalize it, i will revert your changes and t.p. your front yard. give it a read for more details about what's possible. the agency for healthcare research and quality (ahrq) produces meps and rhymes with shark. the medical expenditure panel survey - household component (meps-hc) contains data laid out a few different ways. the consolidated file has one-record-per-person with all the complex sample survey variables. start there. the eight event files contain one-record-per-person-per-event, and (except for the supplies/vision table) those events have some sort of dates. crikey. there are tables with one-record-per-person-per-medical-condition, one-record-per-job, even a one-record-per-person-per-interview-per-private-health-plan table for anyone who wants to spend less time with his or her family. if you merge anything to the consolidated file, make sure you understand the difference between setting the parameter all.x = TRUE versus all.x = FALSE -- some respondents have zero records in the non-consolidated files, others have multiple. hot tip: you probably want to aggregate non-consolidated files somehow. you might use tapply and aggregate, but i prefer aggregation using sql. everything can be read in as a sas transport file (.ssp) using read.xport, but if you like making things harder than they have to be (i.e. if you ride a fixie), you can also follow the example bu ried in the ?read.SAScii documentation. ahrq draws the meps sample from the national health interview survey, interviews about thirty-five thousand individuals per year, and keeps everyone in the panel for two years. half of the respondents are in their first of two years of interviews, half are in their second. capice? meps generalizes to the us non-institutional, non-active duty military population. this new github repository contains three scripts: 1996-2010 household component - download all microdata .R loop through every year and every file type, download, then rename according to a pattern save each file as an r data file (.rda) and (if specified by the user) sas transport (.ssp), comma-separated value (.csv), and s tata-readable (.dta) download the codebook and documentation, if available 2010 consolidated - analyze with brr.R load the r data file (.rda) created by the download script (above) set up the balanced repeated replication design outlined in this document perform a boatload of analysis examples (spoiler: there will be barplots ) 2010 consolidated - analyze with tsl.R load the r data file (.rda) created by the download script (above) set up a taylor-series linearization survey design outlined in this document perform the same boatload of analysis examples click here to view these three scripts for more detail about the medical expenditure panel survey - household component (meps-hc), visit: the agency for healthcare research and quality's medical expenditure panel survey homepage the meps insurance component homepage (microdata not publicly available) a younger version of myself giving an introduction to online query tools with mepsnet at slide ten notes: if you don't know which analysis method to use, choose the replicate weights. replicate weighting requires slightly more ram, but taylor-series designs don't allow the computation of a confidence interval around quantile statistics (like the median). this repository doesn't include a script to replicate the meps taylor-series linearization or replicate-w eighted methods of variance calculation, because i wrote the original journal article with meps. it's legit. if you just want a one-off statistic and can't bear to get your typing fingers dirty, try their fabulous table-building website mepsnet confidential to sas, spss, stata, sudaan users: why are you still making ca lls with two tin-cans and a string now that we've created cell phones? time to transition to r. :D

Specialty Drug Prior Authorization Automation Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the Global Specialty Drug Prior Authorization Automation market size was valued at $1.2 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach $5.6 billion by 2033, expanding at a robust CAGR of 18.2% during 2024–2033. This remarkable growth trajectory is primarily fueled by the increasing prevalence of complex chronic conditions that require specialty medications, combined with the urgent need to streamline the prior authorization (PA) process for these high-cost therapies. Automation technologies are rapidly transforming the healthcare landscape by reducing administrative burdens, accelerating approvals, and enhancing patient access to essential specialty drugs, which in turn is driving the global adoption of prior authorization automation solutions.

Regional Outlook

North America currently dominates the Specialty Drug Prior Authorization Automation market, accounting for the largest share of global revenue in 2024. The region’s leadership is attributed to its mature healthcare infrastructure, widespread adoption of advanced health IT systems, and a highly regulated environment that mandates rigorous prior authorization for specialty drugs. The United States, in particular, is at the forefront due to the presence of leading healthcare technology providers, robust payer networks, and proactive initiatives by government agencies to digitize and automate health administration workflows. The region’s market size is further bolstered by high per capita healthcare spending and a significant concentration of specialty pharmacies and pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs) actively investing in automation to reduce costs and improve clinical outcomes.

The Asia Pacific region is expected to witness the fastest growth, with a projected CAGR exceeding 22% through 2033. This acceleration is driven by increasing healthcare digitization, rapid expansion of specialty drug markets in countries such as China, India, and Japan, and growing investment in health IT infrastructure. Governments across Asia Pacific are actively promoting e-health initiatives and public-private partnerships to address the complexities of specialty drug management. Additionally, the rising burden of chronic and rare diseases, coupled with a growing middle-class population seeking advanced therapies, is creating substantial demand for automated prior authorization solutions. These factors, along with favorable regulatory reforms and an influx of international technology vendors, are catalyzing the market’s rapid expansion in the region.

Emerging economies in Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are gradually embracing specialty drug prior authorization automation, albeit at a slower pace. These regions face unique challenges such as limited healthcare IT infrastructure, fragmented payer systems, and varying regulatory environments. However, localized demand for specialty drugs is rising due to improved diagnosis rates and expanding access to innovative therapies. Policy reforms aimed at reducing administrative inefficiencies and pilot projects for digital health transformation are laying the groundwork for future growth. Despite infrastructural and regulatory hurdles, the potential for automation to enhance patient outcomes and reduce systemic costs is increasingly recognized, setting the stage for gradual but steady adoption in these markets.

Report Scope

Cost input parameters, cost for one year of implementation at one health facility.

Patient Centered Medical Home (PCMH) Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Patient Centered Medical Home (PCMH) market size reached USD 15.8 billion in 2024, reflecting robust adoption across healthcare ecosystems worldwide. The market is expected to expand at a CAGR of 12.7% from 2025 to 2033, projecting a substantial increase to USD 46.2 billion by 2033. This growth is primarily driven by the rising demand for integrated, coordinated, and patient-centric healthcare delivery models, coupled with the increasing adoption of digital health solutions and regulatory incentives promoting value-based care.

The growth trajectory of the Patient Centered Medical Home (PCMH) market is underpinned by the global shift toward value-based care, which emphasizes improved patient outcomes, cost efficiency, and enhanced patient satisfaction. Healthcare providers are increasingly recognizing the benefits of PCMH models in reducing hospital readmissions, improving chronic disease management, and fostering better patient-provider communication. The integration of advanced health IT platforms, such as electronic health records (EHRs) and telehealth, further facilitates seamless care coordination and real-time data sharing among multidisciplinary care teams. Additionally, government initiatives and payer incentives in several countries are accelerating PCMH adoption, as they align with broader healthcare reform objectives aimed at achieving the Triple Aim—improving patient experience, population health, and reducing per capita costs.

Another significant growth factor is the rising prevalence of chronic diseases and the growing aging population, which are placing immense pressure on traditional healthcare systems. The PCMH model offers a proactive and preventative approach, emphasizing continuous and comprehensive care tailored to individual patient needs. This model is particularly effective in managing complex, multi-morbidity cases and ensuring that patients receive the right care at the right time. The increasing awareness among patients about the importance of personalized care and the availability of patient engagement tools are also contributing to the widespread acceptance of PCMH frameworks. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the necessity for resilient, patient-centered care models, accelerating digital transformation and remote care delivery within the PCMH landscape.

Technological advancements and the proliferation of cloud-based healthcare solutions are also fueling the expansion of the PCMH market. The adoption of interoperable platforms enables healthcare providers to streamline workflows, enhance care coordination, and leverage analytics for population health management. The growing investment in healthcare IT infrastructure, particularly in emerging economies, is unlocking new opportunities for PCMH implementation. However, the transition to a PCMH model requires significant organizational change, including workforce training, process reengineering, and stakeholder alignment, which can pose challenges for some providers. Despite these hurdles, the long-term benefits of PCMH adoption—improved clinical outcomes, operational efficiencies, and patient loyalty—are compelling healthcare organizations to invest in this transformative care delivery model.

Integrative Health or Complementary and Alternative Medicine approaches are increasingly being recognized as valuable components within the Patient Centered Medical Home (PCMH) framework. These practices, which include acupuncture, chiropractic care, and herbal medicine, among others, offer holistic options that complement conventional medical treatments. By integrating these alternative therapies, healthcare providers can offer more personalized care plans that cater to the diverse needs and preferences of patients. This integration not only enhances patient satisfaction but also supports the PCMH model's emphasis on comprehensive, coordinated care. As patients become more proactive in managing their health, the demand for integrative health solutions is expected to rise, further driving the adoption of PCMH models that embrace a wide range of therapeutic options.

Regionally, North America continues to dominate the Patient Centered Me

These are peer-reviewed supplementary materials for the article 'The economic impact associated with stent retriever selection for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke: a cost-effectiveness analysis of MASTRO I data from a Chinese healthcare system perspective' published in the Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research.Supplementary Table 1: Transition probabilitiesSupplementary Table 2: Cost and Utility Model InputsSupplementary Table 3: ICERs Associated with Varying Cost of Solitaire and TrevoSupplementary Figure 1: Tornado Diagram for the Pairwise Deterministic One-Way Sensitivity Analysis of EmboTrap Versus SolitaireSupplementary Figure 2: Tornado Diagram for the Pairwise Deterministic One-Way Sensitivity Analysis of Trevo Versus EmboTrapSupplementary Figure 3: Tornado Diagram for the Pairwise Deterministic One-Way Sensitivity Analysis of Trevo Versus SolitaireSupplementary Figure 4: ICERs Associated with Varying Cost of (A) Solitaire and (B) TrevoAim: The aim of this analysis was to assess the cost-effectiveness of the EmboTrap R ? Revascularization Device compared with the Solitaire™ Revascularization Device and Trevo R ? Retriever for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) from the perspective of the Chinese healthcare system. Methods: According to MASTRO I, a recent living systematic literature review and meta-analysis, mechanical thrombectomy (MT) with EmboTrap in the treatment of AIS resulted in better functional outcomes compared with the use of Solitaire or Trevo. Based on the proportion of patients that achieved 90-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores of 0-2, 3-5 and 6 reported in MASTRO I, a combined 90-day short-term decision tree and Markov model with a 10-year time horizon was used to compare the cost-effectiveness of the three devices. The primary outcome was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), representing the incremental cost (in 2022 Chinese Yuan [CNY]) per incremental quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). The ICERs were compared against willingness-to-pay (WTP) thresholds of 1, 1.5 and 3-times the 2022 national gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in China. Results: Treatment with EmboTrap resulted in total QALYs of 3.28 and total costs of 110,058 CNY per patient. Treatment with Trevo resulted in total QALYs of 3.05 and total costs of 116,941 CNY per patient. Treatment with Solitaire resulted in total QALYs of 2.81 and total costs of 99,090 CNY per patient. Trevo was dominated by EmboTrap as it was a more costly and less effective intervention. As such, Trevo was not cost-effective at any WTP threshold. Compared with Solitaire, EmboTrap was more effective and more costly, with an ICER of 23,615 CNY per QALY. This result suggests that EmboTrap is cost-effective when compared with Solitaire since the ICER was lower than all WTP thresholds assessed. Conclusion: EmboTrap dominated Trevo and is cost-effective for the treatment of patients with AIS compared with Solitaire when assessed from the perspective of the Chinese healthcare system and based on the devicelevel meta-analysis MASTRO I. Selecting a stent retriever (SR) that optimizes 90-day mRS score is an important consideration from both a clinical and healthcare payer perspective in China as it is associated with reduced long-term costs and increased quality of life.

The role of religion and politics in the responses to the coronavirus pandemic raises the question of their influence on the risk of other diseases. This study focuses on age-adjusted death rates of cancer, heart disease, and infant mortality per 1000 live births before the pandemic (2018-2019) and COVID-19 in 2020-2021. Eight hypothesized predictors of health effects were analyzed by examining their correlation to age-adjusted death rates among U.S. states, percentage who pray once or more daily, Republican influence on state health policies as indicated by the percentage vote for Trump in 2016, percent of household incomes below poverty, median family income divided by a cost-of-living index, the Gini income inequality index, urban concentration of the population, physicians per capita, and public health expenditures per capita. Since prayer for divine intervention is common to otherwise diverse religious beliefs and practices, the percentage of people claiming to pray daily in each state was used to indicate potential religious influence. All of the death rates were higher in states where more people claimed to pray daily, and where Trump received a larger percentage of the vote. Except for COVID-19, the death rates were consistently lower in states with higher public health expenditures per capita. Only COVID-19 was correlated to physicians per capita, lower where there were more physicians. Corrected statistically for the other factors, income per cost of living explains no variance. Heart disease and COVID-19 death rates were higher in areas with more income inequality. All of the disease rates were in correlation with more rural populations. Correlation of daily prayer with smoking cigarettes, and neglect of public health recommendations for fruit and vegetable consumption and COVID-19 vaccination suggests that prayer may be substituted for preventive practices.

The Ravicti market, characterized by a strong growth trajectory, presents a compelling investment opportunity. While precise market sizing data is unavailable, considering the typical growth patterns of specialized pharmaceutical products and the presence of a key player like Horizon Pharma, we can reasonably estimate the 2025 market value to be around $500 million. This estimate considers the potential for strong adoption driven by unmet medical needs and the relatively concentrated nature of the market. A Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 10%, a conservative estimate given the potential for increased awareness and wider adoption of Ravicti, projects substantial growth over the forecast period (2025-2033). Key drivers include the increasing prevalence of the conditions Ravicti treats, improvements in diagnostic capabilities, and ongoing research into expanding its therapeutic applications. The market segmentation, encompassing hospital and pharmacy application channels alongside varying dosage forms (25ml and 50ml), indicates scope for targeted marketing and product diversification strategies. Geographical expansion will also play a crucial role, particularly in developing economies with rising healthcare spending and increased access to specialized medications. Growth will be significantly influenced by factors such as pricing dynamics, the emergence of competing therapies, and regulatory hurdles. North America, given its advanced healthcare infrastructure and relatively higher per capita healthcare expenditure, is expected to represent a substantial market share. However, opportunities exist for growth in other regions, especially those experiencing economic development and increased investment in healthcare. Challenges include managing the cost of treatment and ensuring consistent product availability across different geographical markets. The forecast period will likely witness both organic growth through increased patient numbers and inorganic growth via strategic acquisitions and partnerships, solidifying the market's position and driving its continued expansion.

The global healthcare distribution market, encompassing pharmaceutical wholesalers, medical-surgical distributors, and specialized distributors, is a dynamic sector characterized by significant growth. While precise market size figures for 2025 were not provided, based on industry reports and observed CAGR (let's assume a conservative CAGR of 5% for illustrative purposes), a reasonable estimate for the 2025 market size could be in the range of $500 billion USD. This substantial value reflects the crucial role these distributors play in the efficient delivery of essential medical products and supplies to hospitals, clinics, pharmacies, and other healthcare facilities. Key drivers include the rising global prevalence of chronic diseases, an aging population, increasing demand for advanced medical technologies, and ongoing pharmaceutical innovation. The market is also influenced by trends like the increasing adoption of digital technologies, including e-commerce platforms and supply chain management systems, aimed at improving efficiency and transparency. However, challenges such as stringent regulatory frameworks, price pressure from payers, and supply chain disruptions pose restraints on market expansion. Segmentation within the healthcare distribution market is complex, with key players such as McKesson, AmerisourceBergen, Cardinal Health, and Owens & Minor dominating the landscape. These companies compete based on scale, distribution network efficiency, and value-added services. Regional variations in market dynamics are significant, with North America and Europe likely accounting for a large share of the global market due to advanced healthcare infrastructure and high per capita healthcare expenditure. The forecast period (2025-2033) anticipates continued growth, driven by factors mentioned above, though the exact CAGR will depend on macroeconomic conditions and regulatory developments. Strategic partnerships, mergers and acquisitions, and technological advancements are expected to shape the competitive landscape throughout the forecast period, fostering both consolidation and innovation.

The Blue Book shows who is doing business with government and selected payments from the General Revenue Fund. The following files provide the data in Excel format for supplies or services purchased by departments. Note: these files were moved to a new record effective May 8, 2020: https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/general-revenue-fund-details-of-expenditure-by-payee-data.

The tetravalent dengue vaccine CYD-TDV (Dengvaxia) is the first licensed vaccine against dengue, but recent findings indicate an elevated risk of severe disease among vaccinees without prior dengue virus (DENV) exposure. The World Health Organization currently recommends CYD-TDV only for individuals with serological confirmation of past DENV exposure. Our objective was to evaluate the potential health impact and cost-effectiveness of vaccination following serological screening. To do so, we used an agent-based model to simulate DENV transmission with and without vaccination over a 10-year timeframe. Across a range of values for the proportion of vaccinees with prior DENV exposure, we projected the proportion of symptomatic and hospitalized cases averted as a function of the sensitivity and specificity of serological screening. Scenarios about the cost-effectiveness of screening and vaccination were chosen to be representative of Brazil and the Philippines. We found that public health impact depended primarily on sensitivity in high-transmission settings and on specificity in low-transmission settings. Cost-effectiveness could be achievable from the perspective of a public payer provided that sensitivity and the value of a disability-adjusted life-year were both high, but only in high-transmission settings. Requirements for reducing relative risk and achieving cost-effectiveness from an individual perspective were more restricted, due to the fact that those who test negative pay for screening but receive no benefit. Our results predict that cost-effectiveness could be achieved only in high-transmission areas of dengue-endemic countries with a relatively high per capita GDP, such as Panamá (13,680 USD), Brazil (8,649 USD), México (8,201 USD), or Thailand (5,807 USD). In conclusion, vaccination with CYD-TDV following serological screening could have a positive impact in some high-transmission settings, provided that screening is highly specific (to minimize individual harm), at least moderately sensitive (to maximize population benefit), and sufficiently inexpensive (depending on the setting).