Table S1. Marker data for the F1 SPD x HS genetic map consisting of 17 linkage groups constructed in this study. Table S2. European pear genome Scaffold alignment to linkage groups. Table S3. Neighbor-joining matrix of common SNP alleles within the 21 pear accessions. Table S4. Association mapping results of significant markers exceeding the permutation test for chilling requirements of 21 Pyrus spp. accessions. (XLS 347 kb)

The cadastral maps of the Achladi settlement of the Municipality of Mantoudi - Limni - Ag. Annas as they were created in the year 1950.

Table S1. Statistics of sequencing data for the crosses MTH × HXS and YLX × MTH. Table S2. Details of markers localized in the integrated pear consensus MH-YM-BD map. (XLS 1695 kb)

We have used new generation sequencing (NGS) technologies to identify single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers from three European pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars and subsequently developed a subset of 1096 pear SNPs into high throughput markers by combining them with the set of 7692 apple SNPs on the IRSC apple Infinium® II 8K array. We then evaluated this apple and pear Infinium® II 9K SNP array for large-scale genotyping in pear across several species, using both pear and apple SNPs. The segregating populations employed for array validation included a segregating population of European pear (‘Old Home’בLouise Bon Jersey’) and four interspecific breeding families derived from Asian (P. pyrifolia Nakai and P. bretschneideri Rehd.) and European pear pedigrees. In total, we mapped 857 polymorphic pear markers to construct the first SNP-based genetic maps for pear, comprising 78% of the total pear SNPs included in the array. In addition, 1031 SNP markers derived from apple (13% of the total apple SNPs included in the array) were polymorphic and were mapped in one or more of the pear populations. These results are the first to demonstrate SNP transferability across the genera Malus and Pyrus. Our construction of high density SNP-based and gene-based genetic maps in pear represents an important step towards the identification of chromosomal regions associated with a range of horticultural characters, such as pest and disease resistance, orchard yield and fruit quality.

Land use potential for Pears: based on soil and landscape attributes only. The relative potential to sustain particular crops is predicted from expert assessment of plant requirements and available soil and land attribute mapping. No account has been taken of water quality or availability, climatic factors or existing land use. This spatial dataset is part of a series depicting the potential of land for a range of agricultural uses.

Summary of sequencing and mapping of 113 pear accessions. (XLSX 51Â kb)

Additional file 3: Table S7: A gene-metabolite database was constructed by integrative analysis of DAMs, DAP, and DEGs. Table S8: KEGG enrichments of the genes correlated with the corresponding compound. Table S9: The DNA methylation-sequenced reads and their mapping results in pear flesh. Table S10: Identification of the genes modified by DNA methylation in pear flesh.

Additional file 4: Table S11: The DNA methylation-sequenced reads and their mapping results in flesh callus. Table S12: The transcriptome-sequenced reads of flesh calli and their mapping results in pear. Table S13: The differentially expressed genes observed between the 5'-Aza-treated and control calli. Table S14: Identification of the DEGs modified by DNA methylation. Table S15: Integrative analysis of DAMs, DEGs, and DMRs. Table S16: Expression levels of methyltransferase, RdDM pathway, and demethylase genes in pear flesh at 11 stages. Table S17: The small RNA sequenced reads and their mapping results in pear flesh. Table S18: Correlation analysis of DAMs and cytosine methylation in the promoters of DEGs. Table S19: Correlation analysis of DAMs and DNA methylation in whole genome. Table S20: Isolation of the DNA methylation-modified DEGs correlated with the DAMs between two adjacent stages. Table S21: The expression patterns of all identified proteins in pear flesh. Table S22: Primers used in this study.

Classification of pear deposits in the Bay of Granville and the Chausey Archipelago and regulating their exploitation

Additional file 1. SVs detected by Sniffles_v2, CuteSV, and Nanovar after mapping with Minimap2, NGMLR, LRA and Winnowmap2.

Additional file 2: Table S1: The isolated metabolites, proteins, genes, DNA methylation sites, and 24-nt siRNA clusters in pear fruit flesh at each stage. Table S2: The differential analysis of metabolites, proteins, genes, and DMRs between each pair of stages. Table S3: The differential accumulated metabolites during pear flesh development. Table S4: Identification of the proteins correlated with DAMs. Table S5: The transcriptome-sequenced reads and their mapping results in pear. Table S6 Identification of the genes correlated with DAMs.

Survey name: WHITCHURCH, N OF PEAR TREE LANE Post 1988 Agricultural Land Classification (ALC) site survey data – scanned original paper maps and survey reports for individual sites surveyed in detail between 1989 and 1999 by the Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food. Where Grade 3 is mapped this includes the subdivision of Grade 3 into subgrades 3a and 3b. Surveys use the current grading methodology as described in "Agricultural Land Classification of England and Wales," a link for which is provided with the data. Individual sites have been mapped at varying scales and level of detail from 1:5,000 to 1:50,000 (typically 1:10,000). Unedited sample point soils data and soil pit descriptions are also available for some surveys. Attribution statement: © Natural England copyright. Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right [year]. (Environment theme)

The dataset contains vegetation type in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin, which was used to validate products from remote sensing. It was generated from investigating the land cover strips of CASI during 2012. Instruments: High-precision handheld GPS (2-3 m) and digital camera were used as main tools in the survey. Measurement method: Hierarchical classification is applied based on CASI data. According to various land types, pixel classifications is used for forest, grassland, bare land and building lands; in-situ observations and investigations are used for different crops.

Dataset contains: land types, including maize, leek, poplar trees, cauliflower, bell pepper, potatoes, endive sprout, orchard, watermelon, kidney bean, pear orchard, shadow, and non-vegetation, except for 14 others which are not classified. Observation site: core experimental areas with 5*5 matrix structure in the middle reaches of the Heihe river basin Date: From 25 June in 2012 (UTC+8) on.

Fruit color is one of the most important external qualities of pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) fruits. However, the mechanisms that control russet skin coloration in pear have not been well characterized. Here, we explored the molecular mechanisms that determine the russet skin trait in pear using the F1 population derived from a cross between russet skin (‘Niitaka’) and non-russet skin (‘Dangshansu’) cultivars. Pigment measurements indicated that the lignin content in the skin of the russet pear fruits was greater than that in the non-russet pear skin. Genetic analysis revealed that the phenotype of the russet skin pear is associated with an allele of the PpRus gene. Using bulked segregant analysis combined with the genome sequencing (BSA-seq), we identified two simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker loci linked with the russet-colored skin trait in pear. Linkage analysis showed that the PpRus locus maps to the scaffold NW_008988489.1: 53297-211921 on chromosome 8 in the pear genome. In the mapped region, the expression level of LOC103929640 was significantly increased in the russet skin pear and showed a correlation with the increase of lignin content during the ripening period. Genotyping results demonstrated that LOC103929640 encoding the transcription factor MYB36 is the causal gene for the russet skin trait in pear. Particularly, a W-box insertion at the PpMYB36 promoter of russet skin pears is essential for PpMYB36-mediated regulation of lignin accumulation and russet coloration in pear. Overall, these results show that PpMYB36 is involved in the regulation of russet skin trait in pear.

Additional file 1: Table S1. The RNA-seq read counts and mapping rates of different samples from pear leaves after C. fructicola inoculation and mock inoculation. Table S2. List the detailed information of pear apoplast proteins. Table S3. The members of GH17 gene family in Chinese White pear genome. Table S4. Primers were used in this study.

Additional file 15. Read and mapping information of three widely cultivated varieties representing high, medium, and low levels of stone cells during fruit development at 21, 35, 49, 63, 77, 91, and 133 DAFB.

Table S6. Information of new designed 101, 694 SSR primers, including information of the primer sequences, annealing temperature (Ta), repeat motifs, target size, linkage groups, and positions in genetic and physical maps of pear. (XLSX 10192Â kb)

(↑ means higher is better, ↓ means lower is better).

Table S7. Information of 534 SSR primers, including information of the primer sequences, annealing temperature (Tm), repeat motifs, target size, linkage groups, and positions in genetic and physical maps of pear. (XLSX 72Â kb)

The numbers next to each name indicate the source of the data.