The study examines relationships between racial identities, socioeconomic status (SES),and access to health care, investigating to what degree racial minorities and lower socioeconomicgroups in the U.S. encounter more healthcare barriers and experience worse health outcomes.There is substantial evidence from previous studies that people of color, especially Blacks,Hispanics, and Native Americans, confront disproportionate obstacles when trying to get thehealthcare that they need (Buchmueller 2020; Cogburn 2019; Lee 2021; Phelan 2015; Weissman2018). These obstacles include greater rates of uninsurance, trouble locating doctors, andencounters with discrimination. This research used secondary data from the 2018 NationalSurvey of Health Attitudes (NSHA) conducted by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF)and Research and Development Corporation (RAND). A total of 7,187 individuals participatedin this survey. Consistent with Critical Race Theory and the Minority Stress Model, the results ofthe study indicate that those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds and non-whites face greaterobstacles when it comes to healthcare access, coverage, and health status compared to whiteAmericans.

In 2023, just four in ten Medicaid/CHIP enrollees were White, non-Hispanic. In comparison, roughly three-quarters of Medicare beneficiaries were White. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) Medicaid expansion in 2014, has helped reduce racial disparities in access to healthcare in the United States. Medicaid eligibility Medicaid provides health coverage to certain low-income individuals, families, children, pregnant women, the elderly, and persons with disabilities. Each state has its own Medicaid eligibility criteria in accordance with federal guidelines. As a result, Medicaid eligibility and benefits differ widely from state to state. Medicaid expansion provision under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) allows states to provide coverage for low-income adults by expanding eligibility for Medicaid to 138 percent of the federal poverty line (FPL). Medicaid coverage gap Uninsured individuals who live in states that have chosen not to expand Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) are referred to as being in the Medicaid coverage gap. As of January 2021, 12 states have not adopted the Medicaid expansion provision under the Affordable Care Act (ACA). More than two million uninsured adults fall into this coverage gap, and among them, more than 60 percent are people of color.

!!PLEASE NOTE!! When downloading the data, please select "File Geodatabase" to preserve long field names. Shapefile will truncate field names to 10 characters.Version: CurrentThe Racial and Social Equity Index combines information on race, ethnicity, and related demographics with data on socioeconomic and health disadvantages to identify where priority populations make up relatively large proportions of neighborhood residents. Click here for a User Guide.See the layer in action in the Racial and Social Equity ViewerClick here for an 11x17 printable pdf version of the map.The Composite Index includes sub-indices of: Race, English Language Learners, and Origins Index ranks census tracts by an index of three measures weighted as follows: Persons of color (weight: 1.0) English language learner (weight: 0.5) Foreign born (weight: 0.5)Socioeconomic Disadvantage Index ranks census tracts by an index of two equally weighted measures:Income below 200% of poverty level Educational attainment less than a bachelor’s degreeHealth Disadvantage Index ranks census tracts by an index of seven equally weighted measures:No leisure-time physical activityDiagnosed diabetes ObesityMental health not good AsthmaLow life expectancy at birthDisabilityThe index does not reflect population densities, nor does it show variation within census tracts which can be important considerations at a local level.Sources are as indicated below.Produced by City of Seattle Office of Planning & Community Development. For more information on the indices, including guidance for use, contact Diana Canzoneri (diana.canzoneri@seattle.gov).Sources: 2017-2021 Five-Year American Community Survey Estimates, U.S. Census Bureau; 2020 Decennial Census, U.S. Census Bureau; estimates from the Centers for Disease Control’ Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) published in the “The 500 Cities Project,”; Washington State Department of Health’s Washington Tracking Network (WTN);, and estimates from the Public Health – Seattle & King County (based on the Community Health Assessment Tool).Language is for population age 5 and older. Educational attainment is for the population age 25 and over.Life expectancy is life expectancy at birth.Other health measures based on percentages of the adult population.

Abstract The scope of this study is to identify determining factors of disparities in social conditions in the health of non-institutionalized elderly people in the city of São Paulo, from the standpoint of self-declaration of skin color. It is a cross-sectional study with a representative sample of 1,017 elderly participants in the “2015 Health Survey of the Municipality of São Paulo”. The analysis used crude and adjusted Poisson regression models, reporting the prevalence ratio and 95% confidence intervals as a measure of association between the variables. In the adjusted analysis, brown and black skin color was positively associated with worse schooling, negative self-assessment of health status, health insurance and access to public health services. On the one hand, black skin color was no longer associated with the lowest income, however, it was associated with arterial hypertension. On the other hand, brown skin color was associated with low income, but not with arterial hypertension. Elderly black and brown people had worse health conditions, less access to private health services and socioeconomic resources. These results are compatible with the hypothesis of structural racism in São Paulo’s society and may inform social health policies aimed at promoting health and social justice.

BackgroundTo maintain HIV care during the COVID-19 pandemic, many HIV clinics across the United States adopted telehealth. However, not everyone participated in telehealth equally. This study assessed the use and disparities in telehealth and in-person HIV care at a large academic medical center in North Carolina (NC) relative to the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsData from the Duke University Infectious Disease clinic in NC were extracted from electronic health records (EHR), aggregated across persons with HIV (PWH) by calendar month, visit type (in-person vs. telehealth HIV care), and by key sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Variation in HIV care over time was analyzed graphically by age, sex, race and ethnicity, county of residence, and viral load (VL) history.ResultsEHR data from 2,623 PWH receiving care between January 2019 and March 2023 were included. Telehealth use sharply increased in the first months of the pandemic and decreased thereafter. Telehealth use was higher among non-Hispanic Whites compared to People of Color. Most PWH (93%) had a first post-onset-of-the-pandemic (pop) HIV care visit on March 16, 2020 and thereafter. The proportion of telehealth first pop visits peaked in April 2020 with 88% telehealth visits.ConclusionsTelehealth bridged the initial COVID-19 pandemic phase with drastically reduced in-person visit availability, yet it was not equally utilized across race and ethnicity groups. To guide the optimal integration of telehealth in HIV care and promote equitable care in the future, HIV care outcomes need to be closely monitored, and strategies designed to promote access for Communities of Color are needed.

How racially diverse are residents in Massachusetts? This topic shows the demographic breakdown of residents by race/ethnicity and the increases in the Non-white population since 2010.

In 2022, eight percent of LGBQ respondents, including ** percent of LGBQ people of color and ** percent of LGBQ+ transgender respondents reported that in the past year, they have experienced refusal by a health care provider to treat their family member, including a child or a same-sex spouse or partner. The statistic illustrates the share of U.S. LGBTQ+ adults who experienced various types of health care refusals by health care providers in the past year in the U.S. as of 2022, by sexuality and race.

In 2022, ** percent of transgender adults and ** percent of transgender people of color reported that in the past year, providers had refused to provide them with reproductive or sexual health services due to their actual or perceived gender identity. Overall, transgender people of color in the U.S. experienced a higher rate of health care refusals from providers in comparison to white transgender people.

ACS 1-year estimates are based on data collected over one calendar year, offering more current information but with a higher margin of error. ACS 5-year estimates combine five years of data, providing more reliable information but less current. Both are based on probability samples. Some racial and ethnic categories are suppressed to avoid misleading estimates when the relative standard error exceeds 30%.

Data Source: American Community Survey (ACS) 1- & 5-Year Estimates

Why This Matters

Poverty threatens the overall well-being of individuals and families, limiting access to stable housing, healthy foods, health care, and educational and employment opportunities, among other basic needs.Poverty is associated with a higher risk of adverse health outcomes, including chronic physical and mental illness, lower life expectancy, developmental delays, and others.

Racist policies and practices have contributed to racial economic inequities. Nationally, Black, Indigenous, and people of color experience poverty at higher rates than white Americans, on average.

The District's Response

Boosting assistance programs that provide temporary cash and health benefits to help low-income residents meet their basic needs, including Medicaid, TANF For District Families, SNAP, etc.

Housing assistance and employment and career training programs to support resident’s housing and employment security. These include the Emergency Rental Assistance Program, Permanent Supportive Housing vouchers, Career MAP, the DC Infrastructure Academy, among other programs and services.

Creation of the DC Commission on Poverty to study poverty issues, evaluate poverty reduction initiatives, and make recommendations to the Mayor and the Council.

Some racial and ethnic categories are suppressed for privacy and to avoid misleading estimates when the relative standard error exceeds 30% or the unweighted sample size is less than 50 respondents.

Data Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey (BRFSS) Data

Why This Matters

Oral health is essential to general health and well-being, according to the CDC. Yet, millions of Americans lack dental insurance and access to routine oral health care.

Routine dental visits can prevent and help catch oral health issues early, reducing the risk of complications. Oral disease can lead to difficulties in eating, speaking, and learning, lower self-esteem, and limit socioeconomic opportunities.

Racial inequities in oral health exist and are rooted in systemic racial inequities that limit access to dental care, insurance, and other essential resources, and shape the lived experiences and quality of life of Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) communities.

The District Response

DC Healthy Families provides free health insurance, including dental care, to District residents who meet income and citizenship or immigration status requirements for DC Medicaid.

DC Health’s School Based Oral Health Program (SBOHP) provides school-based preventive dental care to children who may not otherwise be accessing care. This can help instill good dental habits for our youngest residents.

DC Health’s Senior Dental Services Program offers greatly discounted dental health services to residents age 65+ who have no dental insurance. Dental care can be particularly important for older residents who are more likely to face dental health issues.

BackgroundDespite decades of calls for increased diversity in the health research workforce, disparities exist for many populations, including Black, Indigenous, and People of Color individuals, those from low-income families, and first-generation college students. To increase representation of historically marginalized populations, there is a critical need to develop programs that strengthen their path toward health research careers. High school is a critically important time to catalyze interest and rebuild engagement among youth who may have previously felt excluded from science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) and health research careers.MethodsThe overall objective of the MYHealth program is to engage high school students in a community-based participatory research program focused on adolescent health. Investigators will work alongside community partners to recruit 9th through 12th graders who self-identify as a member of a group underrepresented in STEM or health research careers (e.g., based on race and ethnicity, socioeconomic status, first generation college student, disability, etc.). MYHealth students are trained to be co-researchers who work alongside academic researchers, which will help them to envision themselves as scientists capable of positively impacting their communities through research. Implemented in three phases, the MYHealth program aims to foster a continuing interest in health research careers by developing: 1) researcher identities, 2) scientific literacy, 3) scientific self-efficacy, and 4) teamwork and leadership self-efficacy. In each phase, students will build knowledge and skills in research, ethics, data collection, data analysis, and dissemination. Students will directly collaborate with and be mentored by a team that includes investigators, community advisors, scientific advisors, and youth peers.DiscussionEach year, a new cohort of up to 70 high school students will be enrolled in MYHealth. We anticipate the MYHealth program will increase interest and persistence in STEM and health research among groups that have been historically excluded in health research careers.

BackgroundDespite decades of calls for increased diversity in the health research workforce, disparities exist for many populations, including Black, Indigenous, and People of Color individuals, those from low-income families, and first-generation college students. To increase representation of historically marginalized populations, there is a critical need to develop programs that strengthen their path toward health research careers. High school is a critically important time to catalyze interest and rebuild engagement among youth who may have previously felt excluded from science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) and health research careers.MethodsThe overall objective of the MYHealth program is to engage high school students in a community-based participatory research program focused on adolescent health. Investigators will work alongside community partners to recruit 9th through 12th graders who self-identify as a member of a group underrepresented in STEM or health research careers (e.g., based on race and ethnicity, socioeconomic status, first generation college student, disability, etc.). MYHealth students are trained to be co-researchers who work alongside academic researchers, which will help them to envision themselves as scientists capable of positively impacting their communities through research. Implemented in three phases, the MYHealth program aims to foster a continuing interest in health research careers by developing: 1) researcher identities, 2) scientific literacy, 3) scientific self-efficacy, and 4) teamwork and leadership self-efficacy. In each phase, students will build knowledge and skills in research, ethics, data collection, data analysis, and dissemination. Students will directly collaborate with and be mentored by a team that includes investigators, community advisors, scientific advisors, and youth peers.DiscussionEach year, a new cohort of up to 70 high school students will be enrolled in MYHealth. We anticipate the MYHealth program will increase interest and persistence in STEM and health research among groups that have been historically excluded in health research careers.

In 2023, ** percent of undocumented immigrant adults residing in the United States reported that a clinic or community health center was their usual source of care. Community health centers are a nationwide network of primary care clinics that provide healthcare services to underserved and low-income populations. These populations include people of color, uninsured individuals, immigrants, and those living in rural areas.

This study compared indicators of care and access to health services by adults who self-reported hypertension in 2013 and 2019, analyzing those indicators according to gender, age group, schooling level, and race/color. This is an analytic study with data from the Brazilian National Health Survey (PNS), conducted in 2013 and 2019 in Brazil. The indicators to care and access to health services by individuals with arterial hypertension in both surveys were compared. For 2019, those indicators were analyzed according to sociodemographic characteristics. This study estimated the proportions, prevalence ratio (PR), and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). In total, 60,202 individuals were evaluated in 2013 and 88,531 in 2019, of these 24.4% reported arterial hypertension in 2013 and 23.9% in 2019. Women received more medical care for hypertension within the last year (PR = 1.07; 95%CI: 1.04; 1.11), had the last physician appointment at an basic health unit (PR = 1.11; 95%CI: 1.05; 1.17) than men. About race/color, black people had more hospitalization for hypertension or some complication (PR = 1.2; 95%CI: 1.05; 1.38) and intense or very intense degree of limitation in performing daily activities (PR = 1.37; 95%CI: 1.06; 1.76). In 2019, inequalities were evidenced and worse indicators were observed for males, black, with low education and young age. Therefore, investments in the Brazilian Unified National Health System, as well as public policies and strategic actions are essential to reduce inequalities, promote health care.

COVID-19 deeply impacted communities across Massachusetts, but people of color are bearing a higher burden of cases and deaths relative to their population size.

Between 1982 and August 2025, 84 out of the 155 mass shootings in the United States were carried out by white shooters. By comparison, the perpetrator was Black in 26 mass shootings and Latino in 12. When calculated as percentages, this amounts to 54 percent, 17 percent, and eight percent, respectively. Race of mass shooters reflects the U.S. population Broadly speaking, the racial distribution of mass shootings mirrors the racial distribution of the U.S. population as a whole. While a superficial comparison of the statistics seems to suggest African American shooters are over-represented and Latino shooters underrepresented, the fact that the shooter’s race is unclear in around nine percent of cases, along with the different time frames over which these statistics are calculated, means no such conclusions should be drawn. Conversely, looking at the mass shootings in the United States by gender clearly demonstrates that the majority of mass shootings are carried out by men. Mass shootings and mental health With no clear patterns between the socio-economic or cultural background of mass shooters, increasing attention has been placed on mental health. Analysis of the factors Americans considered to be to blame for mass shootings showed 80 percent of people felt the inability of the mental health system to recognize those who pose a danger to others was a significant factor. This concern is not without merit – in over half of the mass shootings since 1982, the shooter showed prior signs of mental health issues, suggesting improved mental health services may help deal with this horrific problem. Mass shootings and guns In the wake of multiple mass shootings, critics have sought to look beyond the issues of shooter identification and their influences by focusing on their access to guns. The majority of mass shootings in the U.S. involve firearms which were obtained legally, reflecting the easy ability of Americans to purchase and carry deadly weapons in public. Gun control takes on a particular significance when the uniquely American phenomenon of school shootings is considered. The annual number of incidents involving firearms at K-12 schools in the U.S. was over 100 in each year since 2018. Conversely, similar incidents in other developed countries exceptionally rare, with only five school shootings in G7 countries other than the U.S. between 2009 and 2018.

Attributes of Public Health related complaints reported by the public and investigated by Louisville Metro Department of Public Health and Wellness. Personal/identifying data has been removed. EstID column can be joined to the EstablishmentID column in the Establishments table to show attributes of the establishment when a regulated establishment is involved.

Data Dictionary:
RequestComplaintID-System ID
Rcode-Code for Type of Complaint or Request
RCodeDescription-Text of type of complaint or request
EHS-the license number of the technician investigating
section-complaint section
TakenBy-who took the complaint or service request
Method-how the complaint or service request was taken in
Duplicate-is this a duplicate request? System notation
EstID-Associated permitted facility if applicable
oss_id-associated onsite sewage file if applicable
RequestDate-date of request or complaint
ResolvedDate-date request or complaint was resolved
NextInspDate-scheduled next inspection date
IsCityorCounty-is this a city or county request?
Status-is the request open or resolved?
RequestType-request type
IsFollowUp-is this a folowo up entry to an already open request
OwnerType- Owner or agent? If applicable
PersonOrPremiseZip-zip code of subject person
ComplaintantZip-zip code of person making the complaint
OwnerZip-zip code of the owner of the premises if applicable

Health and Wellness Protects and promotes the health, environment and well being of the people of Louisville, providing health-related programs and health office locations community wide.

Contact:

Gerald Kaforski

gerald.kaforski@louisvilleky.gov

The Mental Health of Children and Young People Surveys (MHCYP) series provides data about the mental health of young people living in Great Britain.

The MHCYP was first carried out in 1999, capturing information on 5 to 15-year-olds. It was conducted by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) on behalf of the Department of Health (now known as the Department of Health and Social Care, or DHSC), The Scottish Health Executive and the National Assembly for Wales. The following survey in the series was conducted in 2002 and focused on children looked after by their local authority. The third survey was conducted in 2004 and collected information from 5 to 16-year-olds. Follow-ups to this survey were conducted after 6 months and again after 3 years.

NHS Digital commissioned the 2017 survey on behalf of the DHSC. It collected information on 2 to 19-year-olds living in England. The survey was carried out by a consortium led by NatCen Social Research, which included the ONS and Youth In Mind.

The MHCYP 2020 survey was a Wave 1 follow-up to the 2017 survey and was conducted under the COVID-19 Public Health Directions 2020, as directed by the then Secretary of State for Health. The Wave 2 follow-up was conducted in 2021, and Wave 3 in 2022.

Further information can be found on the NHS Digital Mental Health of Children and Young People Surveys webpage.

A similar series covering adults, the Adult Surveys of Psychiatric Morbidity, is also commissioned by NHS Digital.

The Mental Health of Children and Young People in England, 2022 (MHCYP) study is the third in a series of follow up surveys to the MHCYP 2017, exploring the mental health of children and young people in England. The 2022 follow up survey was carried out by the National Centre for Social Research (NatCen), the Office for National Statistics (ONS), University of Cambridge and University of Exeter, was funded by a grant from the UK Research and Innovation (CVR&I 472) and the Department of Health and Social Care, and commissioned by NHS England (formerly NHS Digital, who merged with NHS England on 1st February 2023).

The three main aims of MHCYP 2022 were:

• To compare the likelihood of probable mental disorder in 6 to 16 year olds and 17 to 19 year olds in 2017 with that of 6 to 16 year olds and 17 to 19 year olds in 2020 and 2021, overall and by subgroup (age, sex and ethnic group). Describe other aspects of children and young people’s health in 2021 including on, Special Educational Needs and Disabilities (SEND), long-term physical health conditions and possible eating problems (and compare with any comparable data available).
• To describe the wider circumstances and experiences of children and young people during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic focusing on February and March 2021 and the preceding months, including comparisons with 2017 and 2020 where data were available.
• To present more detailed data on the mental health, circumstances and experiences of children and young people by ethnic group during the coronavirus pandemic.

Abstract: This study aimed to analyze the presence of basic sanitation services in households with children under five years of age located in urban areas of Brazil, with a focus on indigenous children. This cross-sectional study was based on data from the 2010 Population Census. We calculated the rates of households with running water (public system), sewage disposal (public system or septic tanks), and garbage collection (directly or via public dumpsters). Multiple logistic regression (MLR) models were used to estimate associations between color/race and presence of sanitation services, based on odds ratios (OR). The study considered Brazil’s urban metropolitan areas and stratified the results by major geographic region. Significance was set at 5%. The lowest frequencies were for sewage disposal, and all the rates were lower for indigenous people. MLR analyses included 29 comparisons (48.3%) in which households with indigenous children (compared to other color/race categories) were at a disadvantage, especially in the South of Brazil, where all comparisons were negative for indigenous households. Similar results appeared in metropolitan areas. The results thus suggest inequalities basic sanitation services based on color/race, where indigenous people are generally at a disadvantage, especially in the South of Brazil. Given the relationship between sanitation and health, as already demonstrated in the literature, these results can partly explain the low health levels in indigenous children in Brazil.