A politically exposed person (PEP) is a person that has been entrusted with a prominent public function. PEPs include elected officials and members of government.

Explore a database of politically exposed persons (PEPs) with details on names, countries, and AML network risk ratings for compliance and due diligence.

Politically Exposed Person (PEP) Data Services Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Politically Exposed Person (PEP) Data Services market size reached USD 1.42 billion in 2024, with a robust year-on-year growth rate. The market is expected to expand at a CAGR of 12.8% from 2025 to 2033, culminating in a projected market value of USD 4.22 billion by 2033. This remarkable growth trajectory is primarily driven by increasing regulatory scrutiny, heightened concerns over money laundering and terrorist financing, and the rising demand for advanced compliance solutions across various industries worldwide.

A significant growth factor for the Politically Exposed Person (PEP) Data Services market is the intensification of global anti-money laundering (AML) and counter-terrorism financing (CTF) regulations. Governments and regulatory bodies across the globe have strengthened their stance on financial crimes, requiring financial institutions, insurance companies, and other regulated entities to adopt more comprehensive due diligence processes. The need to identify and monitor PEPs, who are considered high-risk due to their potential involvement in corruption and illicit activities, has become a non-negotiable aspect of compliance frameworks. As a result, organizations are increasingly investing in robust PEP data services to mitigate the risk of hefty fines, reputational damage, and operational disruptions caused by non-compliance. The integration of advanced analytics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning into PEP data services further enhances the accuracy and efficiency of risk assessments, making these solutions indispensable for compliance teams.

Another key driver propelling the expansion of the PEP Data Services market is the digital transformation sweeping across the banking, financial services, and insurance (BFSI) sector. As financial institutions accelerate their adoption of digital channels and platforms, the volume and complexity of transactions have surged, increasing the risk of exposure to illicit financial flows. To address these challenges, organizations are leveraging PEP data services that offer real-time screening, continuous monitoring, and automated alert systems. The shift towards cloud-based deployment models has further democratized access to these sophisticated services, enabling both large enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to implement scalable compliance solutions. Additionally, the growing trend of cross-border transactions and the globalization of financial markets have necessitated more comprehensive and up-to-date PEP databases, fostering demand for innovative data services that can keep pace with the evolving risk landscape.

The proliferation of digital commerce and the expansion of e-government services have also contributed to the burgeoning demand for PEP Data Services. As e-commerce platforms and government agencies handle increasingly sensitive financial and personal data, the risk of fraud, corruption, and money laundering has escalated. Regulatory mandates are now extending beyond traditional financial institutions to include non-bank financial entities, legal service providers, and even online marketplaces. This broadening regulatory net has compelled a diverse array of organizations to integrate PEP data screening into their onboarding and ongoing monitoring processes. The need for seamless interoperability with existing IT infrastructure, coupled with the emphasis on user privacy and data protection, is shaping the evolution of PEP data services toward more secure, user-friendly, and customizable offerings.

On a regional level, North America continues to dominate the PEP Data Services market, accounting for the largest share in 2024, followed closely by Europe and Asia Pacific. The United States, in particular, has witnessed a surge in demand due to stringent regulatory requirements enforced by agencies such as the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) and the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC). Meanwhile, Europe’s proactive approach to AML compliance, exemplified by the implementation of the EU’s Fifth and Sixth Anti-Money Laundering Directives, has spurred significant investments in advanced PEP data services. Asia Pacific is emerging as a high-growth region, driven by rapid financial sector expansion, increased cross-border trade, and the adoption of international compliance standards. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also experiencing steady growth as regulatory frameworks mature and awareness of

Politically Exposed Persons Screening Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Politically Exposed Persons (PEP) Screening market size in 2024 stands at USD 1.87 billion, reflecting a robust demand for advanced compliance solutions in financial and non-financial sectors worldwide. The market is experiencing a healthy growth momentum, with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 13.2% projected from 2025 to 2033. By the end of 2033, the market is forecasted to reach a substantial value of USD 5.37 billion. This impressive expansion is primarily driven by the increasing global emphasis on anti-money laundering (AML) regulations, the rising complexity of financial crimes, and the necessity for organizations to mitigate reputational and regulatory risks by implementing robust PEP screening processes.

The primary growth factor fueling the Politically Exposed Persons (PEP) Screening market is the ever-evolving regulatory landscape across the globe. Governments and regulatory authorities are continuously tightening their AML and counter-terrorist financing (CTF) frameworks, compelling financial institutions and other regulated entities to adopt comprehensive PEP screening solutions. These solutions enable organizations to identify and monitor individuals who are or have been entrusted with prominent public functions, thereby minimizing the risk of inadvertently facilitating illicit activities. The proliferation of cross-border transactions and the increasing sophistication of financial crimes have further underscored the importance of robust PEP screening mechanisms, prompting organizations to invest in advanced technologies and services to stay compliant and competitive.

Another significant driver of the PEP Screening market is the rapid digital transformation within the banking and financial services industry. As institutions transition towards digital onboarding and remote customer verification, the need for automated, real-time screening tools has become paramount. Modern PEP screening solutions leverage artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and big data analytics to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of risk assessments. These technologies enable organizations to process vast amounts of data from diverse sources, including global watchlists, adverse media, and politically exposed persons databases, ensuring timely identification of high-risk individuals and entities. The integration of PEP screening with broader AML and Know Your Customer (KYC) platforms is also streamlining compliance operations, reducing manual intervention, and lowering operational costs.

Furthermore, the growing awareness among non-financial sectors, such as gaming, gambling, real estate, and law enforcement agencies, regarding the importance of PEP screening is contributing to market expansion. These sectors are increasingly recognizing their vulnerability to money laundering and corruption-related risks, especially given their exposure to high-value transactions and international clientele. As a result, there is a rising demand for tailored PEP screening solutions that cater to the unique compliance requirements of these industries. The trend towards outsourcing compliance functions to specialized service providers is also gaining traction, creating new opportunities for market players to offer managed screening services and consulting expertise.

In addition to the technological advancements, the concept of Enhanced Due Diligence (EDD) is becoming increasingly critical in the PEP Screening market. EDD goes beyond standard due diligence by requiring more detailed information and analysis of high-risk customers, particularly those identified as politically exposed persons. This heightened scrutiny is essential for organizations to effectively manage the risks associated with money laundering and other financial crimes. Enhanced Due Diligence involves a deeper investigation into the customer's background, financial activities, and potential connections to illicit activities, thereby providing a comprehensive understanding of the risks involved. As regulatory expectations evolve, the integration of EDD into PEP screening processes is becoming a standard practice, ensuring that organizations remain compliant and protected against reputational damage.

From a regional perspective,

PEP Screening Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global PEP Screening market size was valued at USD 1.76 billion in 2024, and it is expected to reach USD 5.12 billion by 2033, expanding at a robust CAGR of 12.5% during the forecast period from 2025 to 2033. The market's strong growth trajectory is driven by the increasing demand for advanced compliance solutions, mounting regulatory scrutiny, and the rising need for robust anti-money laundering (AML) frameworks across financial institutions worldwide.

One of the primary growth factors propelling the PEP Screening market is the intensification of global regulatory requirements targeting anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing. Financial institutions and other regulated entities face mounting pressure to enhance their due diligence processes, particularly concerning politically exposed persons (PEPs) who present elevated risks of corruption and financial crime. The proliferation of international regulations, such as the EU’s 6th AML Directive, the US Bank Secrecy Act, and FATF recommendations, has necessitated the deployment of sophisticated PEP screening solutions. These frameworks mandate organizations to identify, screen, and monitor PEPs and their close associates, which has significantly accelerated the adoption of both software and service-based screening platforms across banks, insurance companies, and fintech firms globally.

Another significant driver is the rapid digitization of financial services and the increasing adoption of cloud-based compliance technologies. As digital banking, online insurance, and fintech platforms proliferate, the volume and complexity of customer onboarding processes have surged. This digital shift demands automated, scalable, and accurate PEP screening tools to ensure compliance without compromising customer experience. The integration of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and big data analytics in PEP screening solutions has further enhanced their efficiency, enabling real-time detection of high-risk individuals and entities. Consequently, organizations are increasingly investing in advanced PEP screening technologies to mitigate risks, reduce operational costs, and streamline compliance workflows.

The growing focus on fraud detection and risk management also plays a pivotal role in market expansion. With financial crimes becoming increasingly sophisticated, institutions are seeking comprehensive solutions that not only support regulatory compliance but also proactively identify fraudulent activities and suspicious transactions. PEP screening platforms are evolving to offer holistic risk management capabilities, integrating with broader AML, know-your-customer (KYC), and fraud detection systems. This convergence is creating new opportunities for solution providers to deliver end-to-end compliance and risk mitigation services, catering to the evolving needs of a dynamic regulatory landscape.

Regionally, North America continues to dominate the PEP Screening market, accounting for the largest share in 2024, driven by stringent regulatory frameworks, high adoption of digital banking, and the presence of leading financial institutions. However, the Asia Pacific region is emerging as the fastest-growing market, fueled by rapid economic development, increasing financial inclusion, and heightened regulatory enforcement in countries such as China, India, and Singapore. Europe also remains a significant market, underpinned by robust AML directives and cross-border regulatory collaboration. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are witnessing growing adoption, albeit from a smaller base, as governments and financial institutions intensify their focus on combating financial crime and enhancing regulatory compliance.

Component Analysis

The PEP Screening market by component is broadly segmented into software and services, each playing a critical role in the overall compliance ecosystem. The software segment encompasses a wide array of platforms and applications designed to automate the identification, verification, and monitoring of politically exposed persons. These solutions leverage advanced algorithms, artificial intelligence, and machine learning to scan extensive databases, detect potential matches, and generate risk profiles in real time. The increasing complexity of financial crimes and the need for instantaneous decision-making have made software solutions indispensable for organizations a

Synchronize your watchlist screening! Get access to the world’s largest set of data for people and companies that may pose a risk to your organization. Our system screens over 100 billion requests daily, covering more than 50 risk categories such as sanctions and money laundering. Each profile includes multiple data points, including photos, and we add around 30,000 new records and update 40,000 records every month. Our database includes over 800 global sanctions and watchlists, 2.5 million profiles of PEPs and related entities, and 35,000 global adverse media sources. Our solution complies with over 100 AML/CFT laws, including the USA Patriot Act and the EU AML Directives. We offer batch screening options and monitor large third-party databases, allowing for customized screening that incorporates company-specific blacklists, all accessible through API integration.

9MM peptide PEP scores Dunn’s test post hoc comparison.

Sanctions Screening Orchestration Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global sanctions screening orchestration market size reached USD 1.48 billion in 2024, demonstrating robust momentum driven by regulatory mandates and the increasing complexity of international financial transactions. The market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 13.7% during the forecast period, reaching USD 4.23 billion by 2033. This remarkable growth trajectory is underpinned by the rising adoption of advanced compliance technologies, stringent global regulatory frameworks, and the growing need for automation in anti-money laundering (AML) and counter-terrorist financing (CTF) operations. As per our latest research, the market’s expansion is further fueled by the digital transformation wave sweeping across the financial sector, compelling organizations to invest in sophisticated sanctions screening orchestration solutions.

One of the principal growth drivers for the sanctions screening orchestration market is the intensification of global regulatory scrutiny. Financial institutions, fintechs, and even non-banking entities are increasingly subject to comprehensive regulatory requirements such as the USA PATRIOT Act, EU AML Directives, and OFAC sanctions lists. The proliferation of these regulations has made manual compliance processes obsolete, pushing organizations to adopt automated, scalable, and reliable sanctions screening orchestration platforms. These platforms not only enhance compliance accuracy but also minimize operational risks and potential penalties arising from non-compliance. As regulatory bodies continue to update and expand their sanctions lists, the demand for dynamic and adaptive screening solutions is expected to surge, further propelling market growth.

Another significant factor contributing to the expansion of the sanctions screening orchestration market is the surge in cross-border transactions and the globalization of financial services. With the rapid growth of international trade, remittances, and digital payments, organizations are exposed to an increasingly diverse and complex set of counterparties. This complexity necessitates real-time, comprehensive screening of transactions and counterparties against global sanctions lists, politically exposed person (PEP) databases, and adverse media sources. Advanced orchestration solutions leverage artificial intelligence, machine learning, and natural language processing to enhance detection accuracy, reduce false positives, and streamline compliance workflows. The integration of these technologies not only drives operational efficiency but also provides a competitive edge to organizations in the highly regulated financial ecosystem.

Furthermore, the ongoing digital transformation across banking, insurance, and fintech sectors is catalyzing the adoption of sanctions screening orchestration solutions. The shift towards cloud-based platforms, the proliferation of digital banking channels, and the rise of open banking are creating new vectors for financial crime and regulatory breaches. Organizations are increasingly investing in orchestration platforms that offer seamless integration with core banking systems, payment gateways, and customer onboarding processes. These solutions provide end-to-end visibility, auditability, and control over screening operations, enabling organizations to respond swiftly to emerging threats and regulatory changes. The convergence of regulatory technology (RegTech) and sanctions screening orchestration is expected to unlock new growth opportunities, particularly in emerging markets and among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) seeking cost-effective compliance solutions.

Regionally, North America continues to dominate the sanctions screening orchestration market, accounting for the largest share in 2024 due to its mature financial ecosystem, early adoption of compliance technologies, and stringent regulatory environment. Europe follows closely, driven by evolving AML directives and the increasing cross-border activities within the European Union. The Asia Pacific region is emerging as a high-growth market, fueled by rapid digitization, expanding financial inclusion, and increasing regulatory enforcement in countries such as Singapore, Australia, and India. Meanwhile, Latin America and the Middle East & Africa regions are witnessing steady adoption, supported by regulatory reforms and the growing presence of multinational financial institutions. This regional diversification highlights the global nature of the sanctions

NMP-db is a database of nuclear matrix associated proteins. The NMP-db consists of two parts. The first part is the actual literature based NMP-db, containing all nuclear matrix proteins (NMPs) that were originally found in PubMed. The second part is a database of homologues to the NMP-db proteins. This database is called NMP-db(hom) and contains proteins which have at least an HSSP-value of 55 to one of the proteins in the NMP-db. The NMP-db holds informations about the protein names, their organism and the cell-type in which NM association was observed. Also links to the respective PubMed abstracts are given in each entry. Additionally, we provide information about predictions of secondary structure, solvent accessibility, coiled-coil regions and domain-architecture, as well as the sequence, links to PDB (database of 3D-structures), molecular weight, theoretical pI, links to SWISS-2DPAGE, OMIM, PEP and many other databases. If available, we also list regions in a protein sequence that are known to be cruicial for NM-targeting. Finally, links to the S/MARt DB allow users to find DNA-regions that bind to NMPdb proteins.

Name Screening as a Service Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Name Screening as a Service market size reached USD 1.42 billion in 2024, demonstrating robust growth driven by increasing regulatory compliance demands and the escalating sophistication of financial crimes worldwide. The market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 17.1% from 2025 to 2033, reaching a projected value of USD 6.13 billion by 2033. This growth is underpinned by the accelerating adoption of digital banking, fintech innovations, and tightening anti-money laundering (AML) and know your customer (KYC) regulations across major economies.

The primary growth factor for the Name Screening as a Service market is the intensifying global regulatory landscape, particularly in the banking and financial services sector. Governments and regulatory bodies are mandating stricter compliance with AML and KYC protocols to combat the rising tide of financial crimes, terrorism financing, and fraud. As a result, organizations are increasingly turning to automated name screening solutions to ensure real-time, accurate, and efficient verification of customers, vendors, and counterparties. The integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies into name screening platforms further enhances their ability to identify suspicious entities, reduce false positives, and streamline compliance processes. This technological evolution is making name screening services indispensable for financial institutions and other regulated industries.

Another significant driver is the rapid digital transformation sweeping through the financial ecosystem. The proliferation of digital banking, online payments, and fintech platforms has expanded the volume and complexity of customer data that must be screened for compliance. Traditional manual screening methods are no longer sufficient to keep pace with the scale and speed of modern transactions. As a result, cloud-based Name Screening as a Service solutions are gaining traction, offering scalability, flexibility, and seamless integration with existing digital infrastructures. These solutions enable organizations to automate onboarding, monitor transactions in real-time, and respond swiftly to regulatory changes, thereby reducing operational risks and enhancing customer experience.

The market is also benefiting from the growing emphasis on customer experience and operational efficiency. Automated name screening services help organizations accelerate customer onboarding processes, minimize onboarding friction, and reduce the risk of human error. This is particularly important in sectors such as e-commerce, fintech, and insurance, where rapid onboarding and seamless customer journeys are critical to competitive differentiation. Furthermore, the ability to screen against global watchlists, politically exposed persons (PEP) databases, and sanctions lists in real-time is driving adoption across a diverse range of end-users, from large multinational banks to agile fintech startups. The combination of regulatory pressure, technological innovation, and the need for operational agility is expected to sustain strong market growth through 2033.

From a regional perspective, North America currently leads the Name Screening as a Service market, accounting for the largest revenue share in 2024. This dominance is attributed to the presence of stringent regulatory frameworks, early adoption of advanced compliance technologies, and a highly developed financial sector. However, Asia Pacific is emerging as the fastest-growing region, driven by rapid digitalization, expanding financial inclusion initiatives, and increasing regulatory enforcement in major economies such as China, India, and Singapore. Europe also holds a significant market share, supported by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and robust AML directives. As organizations worldwide prioritize compliance and risk management, the demand for scalable, cloud-based name screening solutions is expected to rise across all major regions.

Component Analysis

The Name Screening as a Service market is segmented by component into Software and Services, each playing a pivotal role in the overall ecosystem. The software segment dominates the market, accounting for the majority of the market share in 2024. This dominance is primarily due to the increasing demand for advanced, automated screening platforms that can seamlessly integrat

MLI peptide PEP scores Dunn’s test post hoc comparison.

Name Screening Solutions Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Name Screening Solutions market size reached USD 1.85 billion in 2024, reflecting robust adoption across multiple industries. The market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 12.7% from 2025 to 2033, reaching a forecasted value of USD 5.46 billion by 2033. This rapid expansion is primarily driven by increasing regulatory requirements, heightened focus on anti-money laundering (AML) initiatives, and the need for advanced fraud detection mechanisms worldwide.

A key growth factor propelling the Name Screening Solutions market is the intensification of global regulatory frameworks and compliance mandates. Financial institutions and other regulated industries are under mounting pressure to adhere to stringent Know Your Customer (KYC) and AML regulations. The proliferation of cross-border transactions and the growing complexity of financial crimes have made traditional manual screening processes inadequate. Consequently, organizations are investing heavily in automated name screening solutions that leverage artificial intelligence and machine learning to enhance accuracy, reduce false positives, and ensure real-time compliance. These advanced solutions are not only improving operational efficiency but also significantly mitigating the risks associated with financial crimes and regulatory breaches.

Another substantial driver for the Name Screening Solutions market is the escalating incidence of fraud and financial crime in both developed and emerging economies. As digital banking, e-commerce, and online transactions continue to surge, so does the sophistication of fraudulent activities. Name screening solutions have become indispensable tools for organizations aiming to detect and prevent fraud at the earliest stages of customer onboarding and transaction processing. By integrating these solutions into their workflows, companies can swiftly identify suspicious entities, block high-risk transactions, and protect their reputations from the fallout of financial crime. The growing awareness of these benefits is spurring adoption across sectors such as BFSI, healthcare, retail, and government.

Technological advancements are further accelerating market growth by enhancing the capabilities of name screening solutions. The integration of big data analytics, natural language processing, and cloud computing has revolutionized the way organizations screen and monitor names. Modern solutions can now process vast datasets in real time, screen against multiple watchlists, and provide actionable insights with minimal manual intervention. Additionally, the shift toward cloud-based deployment models is enabling organizations of all sizes to access scalable and cost-effective screening technologies, further democratizing the adoption of these solutions and expanding their reach into new markets.

Regionally, North America continues to dominate the Name Screening Solutions market, accounting for the largest share in 2024 due to its mature regulatory landscape, high adoption rates of advanced technologies, and the presence of leading solution providers. However, Asia Pacific is emerging as the fastest-growing region, driven by rapid digitalization, expanding financial services, and increasing regulatory scrutiny in countries like China, India, and Singapore. Europe and the Middle East & Africa are also witnessing steady growth, fueled by tightening compliance requirements and rising awareness of financial crime risks. The interplay of these regional dynamics is shaping the global landscape of the Name Screening Solutions market, creating new opportunities for vendors and end-users alike.

Component Analysis

The Name Screening Solutions market is segmented by component into software and services, each playing a pivotal role in the overall ecosystem. The software segment holds the dominant share, driven by the increasing need for automated, scalable, and robust screening platforms capable of handling large volumes of customer data. Modern name screening software leverages advanced algorithms, artificial intelligence, and machine learning to deliver high accuracy and speed in identifying potential matches against global watchlists, politically exposed persons (PEP) databases, and sanctions lists. The continuous evolution of these software solutions is enabling organizations to stay ahead of emerging threats while maintaining strict compliance with regulat

AML Name Matching Optimization Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the AML Name Matching Optimization market size reached USD 1.42 billion in 2024, with a robust CAGR of 17.8% expected from 2025 to 2033. This rapid growth trajectory is projected to propel the market to a value of USD 7.02 billion by 2033. The surge in market size is primarily driven by the increasing global regulatory requirements for anti-money laundering (AML) compliance, rapid digitization in financial services, and the escalating sophistication of financial crimes, which necessitate advanced name matching solutions.

One of the primary growth factors for the AML Name Matching Optimization market is the intensifying regulatory scrutiny across financial institutions worldwide. Regulatory bodies such as the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), and the European Union’s AML directives have significantly increased the compliance burden on banks, fintechs, and other financial entities. This has led to a strong demand for advanced software and service solutions that can accurately and efficiently match customer names against global watchlists, sanctions lists, and politically exposed persons (PEP) databases. The need to minimize false positives while ensuring robust detection of illicit activities is compelling organizations to invest in sophisticated AML name matching optimization technologies.

Another critical driver fueling the expansion of the AML Name Matching Optimization market is the rapid adoption of digital banking and financial services. With the proliferation of online banking, mobile payments, and cross-border transactions, the volume and complexity of customer data have increased exponentially. As a result, financial institutions are facing unprecedented challenges in accurately identifying and verifying customer identities, especially when dealing with diverse linguistic and cultural naming conventions. Advanced name matching solutions, often powered by artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), are becoming indispensable for handling these complexities, thereby ensuring compliance and reducing operational risks.

Moreover, the increasing sophistication of financial crimes, including money laundering, terrorist financing, and fraud, is necessitating the deployment of next-generation AML solutions. Criminal networks are leveraging advanced techniques such as synthetic identities, name permutations, and transliteration to evade detection. This has compelled organizations to move beyond traditional rule-based systems and adopt AI-driven name matching optimization platforms that can intelligently detect subtle variations and anomalies. The integration of natural language processing (NLP) and fuzzy matching algorithms is further enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of these solutions, making them a critical component of modern AML frameworks.

From a regional perspective, North America continues to dominate the AML Name Matching Optimization market in 2024, accounting for approximately 38% of the global market share. This leadership is attributed to the stringent regulatory environment, high concentration of global financial institutions, and early adoption of advanced compliance technologies in the United States and Canada. Meanwhile, Asia Pacific is emerging as the fastest-growing region, with a projected CAGR of 20.2% through 2033, driven by the rapid expansion of digital banking, increasing cross-border transactions, and evolving regulatory frameworks in countries such as China, India, and Singapore. Europe also remains a key market, fueled by the implementation of the EU’s 6th AML Directive and the growing focus on financial crime prevention across member states.

Component Analysis

The Component segment of the AML Name Matching Optimization market is broadly categorized into software and services, each playing a pivotal role in enabling organizations to meet stringent complian

Proteogenomics has the potential to advance genome annotation through high quality peptide identifications derived from mass spectrometry experiments, which demonstrate a given gene or isoform is expressed and translated at the protein level. This can advance our understanding of genome function, discovering novel genes and gene structure that have not yet been identified or validated. Because of the high-throughput shotgun nature of most proteomics experiments, it is essential to carefully control for false positives and prevent any potential misannotation. A number of statistical procedures to deal with this are in wide use in proteomics, calculating false discovery rate (FDR) and posterior error probability (PEP) values for groups and individual peptide spectrum matches (PSMs). These methods control for multiple testing and exploit decoy databases to estimate statistical significance. Here, we show that database choice has a major effect on these confidence estimates leading to significant differences in the number of PSMs reported. We note that standard target:decoy approaches using six-frame translations of nucleotide sequences, such as assembled transcriptome data, apparently underestimate the confidence assigned to the PSMs. The source of this error stems from the inflated and unusual nature of the six-frame database, where for every target sequence there exists five "incorrect" targets that are unlikely to code for protein. The attendant FDR and PEP estimates lead to fewer accepted PSMs at fixed thresholds, and we show that this effect is a product of the database and statistical modeling and not the search engine. A variety of approaches to limit database size and remove noncoding target sequences are examined and discussed in terms of the altered statistical estimates generated and PSMs reported. These results are of importance to groups carrying out proteogenomics, aiming to maximize the validation and discovery of gene structure in sequenced genomes, while still controlling for false positives.

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Shared—Peptides identified in all runs. Only—Peptides only identified in a particular run. Reverse hits—Reverse peptide hits for a particular run. (XLSX)

There is no abstract created for this record There is no abstract created for this record

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MHC-I peptides are a group of important immunopeptides presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on the cell surface for immune recognition. The majority of reported MHC-I peptides are derived from protein coding sequences, and noncanonical peptides translated from small open reading frames (sORF) are largely unknown due to the lack of accurate and sensitive detection methods. Herein we report an efficient approach that implements complementary bioinformatic strategies to improve the identification of noncanonical MHC-I peptides. In a database search strategy, noncanonical immunopeptides mapping was optimized by combining three complementary pipelines to construct predicted sORF databases from Ribo-seq data. In a de novo peptide sequencing strategy, MS data search results were filtered against sORF databases to pin down additional noncanonical immunopeptides. In total, 308 noncanonical immunopeptides were identified from two tumor cell lines with selected ones vigorously validated. Our approach is a handy solution to identify noncanonical MHC peptides with Ribo-seq and MS data. Meanwhile, the novel noncanonical immunopeptides identified with this method could shed insights on fundamental immunology as well as cancer immunotherapies.

Additional file 16. Edges input information needed for visualization of P. persica Pep DiNAR network (PEPN) on DiNAR. These databases were built using peach to A. thaliana translation based on orthologue gene information.