New Zealand NZ: Migration Rate: per 1000 Inhabitants: Net data was reported at 1.900 NA in 2050. This stayed constant from the previous number of 1.900 NA for 2049. New Zealand NZ: Migration Rate: per 1000 Inhabitants: Net data is updated yearly, averaging 2.000 NA from Jun 1986 (Median) to 2050, with 65 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 10.700 NA in 2002 and a record low of -7.400 NA in 1988. New Zealand NZ: Migration Rate: per 1000 Inhabitants: Net data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by US Census Bureau. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.US Census Bureau: Demographic Projection.

New Zealand NZ: International Migrant Stock: % of Population data was reported at 22.960 % in 2015. This records an increase from the previous number of 21.685 % for 2010. New Zealand NZ: International Migrant Stock: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 18.954 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2015, with 6 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 22.960 % in 2015 and a record low of 15.248 % in 1990. New Zealand NZ: International Migrant Stock: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s New Zealand – Table NZ.World Bank.WDI: Population and Urbanization Statistics. International migrant stock is the number of people born in a country other than that in which they live. It also includes refugees. The data used to estimate the international migrant stock at a particular time are obtained mainly from population censuses. The estimates are derived from the data on foreign-born population--people who have residence in one country but were born in another country. When data on the foreign-born population are not available, data on foreign population--that is, people who are citizens of a country other than the country in which they reside--are used as estimates. After the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 people living in one of the newly independent countries who were born in another were classified as international migrants. Estimates of migrant stock in the newly independent states from 1990 on are based on the 1989 census of the Soviet Union. For countries with information on the international migrant stock for at least two points in time, interpolation or extrapolation was used to estimate the international migrant stock on July 1 of the reference years. For countries with only one observation, estimates for the reference years were derived using rates of change in the migrant stock in the years preceding or following the single observation available. A model was used to estimate migrants for countries that had no data.; ; United Nations Population Division, Trends in Total Migrant Stock: 2008 Revision.; Weighted average;

In 2019 there were ******* immigrants from the United Kingdom living in New Zealand. The second largest migrant group in the country were Chinese immigrants, with a population of around ** thousand people.

This scatter chart displays net migration (people) against death rate (per 1,000 people) in New Zealand. The data is filtered where the date is 2021. The data is about countries per year.

This scatter chart displays birth rate (per 1,000 people) against net migration (people) in New Zealand. The data is filtered where the date is 2021. The data is about countries per year.

This dataset is about countries per year in New Zealand. It has 1 row and is filtered where the date is 2021. It features 4 columns: country, death rate, and net migration.

Migrants from the United Kingdom have long been Australia’s primary immigrant group and in 2023 there were roughly 960 thousand English-born people living in Australia. India and China held second and third place respectively with regard to Australia’s foreign-born population. The relative dominance of Asian countries in the list of top ten foreign-born residents of Australia represents a significant shift in Australia’s immigration patterns over the past few decades. Where European-born migrants had previously overshadowed other migrant groups, Australian migration figures are now showing greater migration numbers from neighboring countries in Asia and the Pacific. A history of migration Australia is often referred to as an ‘immigrant nation’, alongside the United States, Canada, and New Zealand. Before the Second World War, migrants to Australia were almost exclusively from the UK, however after 1945, Australia’s immigration policy was broadened to attract economic migrants and temporary skilled migrants. These policy changes saw and increase in immigrants particularly from Greece and Italy. Today, Australia maintains its status as an ‘’Immigrant nation’’, with almost 30 percent of the population born overseas and around 50 percent of the population having both that were born overseas. Australian visas The Australian immigration program has two main categories of visa, permanent and temporary. The permanent visa category offers three primary pathways: skilled, family and humanitarian. The skilled visa category is by far the most common, with more than a million permanent migrants living in Australia on this visa category at the last Australian census in 2021. Of the temporary visa categories, the higher education visa is the most popular, exceeding 180 thousand arrivals in 2023.

This scatter chart displays death rate (per 1,000 people) against net migration (people) in New Zealand. The data is filtered where the date is 2021. The data is about countries per year.

NZ：UCB Projection：迁移率：每千住户：净额在06-01-2050达1.900NA，相较于06-01-2049的1.900NA保持不变。NZ：UCB Projection：迁移率：每千住户：净额数据按年更新，06-01-1986至06-01-2050期间平均值为2.000NA，共65份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于06-01-2002，达10.700NA，而历史最低值则出现于06-01-1988，为-7.400NA。CEIC提供的NZ：UCB Projection：迁移率：每千住户：净额数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于US Census Bureau，数据归类于Global Database的新西兰 – 表 NZ.美国人口普查局：人口统计预测。

Abstract

Previous surveys on labor migration from Pacific Island countries are often cross-sectional, not readily available, and focusing on one migration scheme, country, or issue and hence incompatible. Such limitation of existing data restricts analysis of a range of policy-relevant issues that present themselves over the migrants' life cycle such as those on migration pathways, long-term changes in household livelihood, and trajectory of migrants’ labor market outcomes, despite the significant impacts of labor migration on the economy of the Pacific Island countries. To address these shortfalls in the Pacific migration data landscape, the PLMS is designed to be longitudinal, spanning multiple labor sending and receiving countries and collecting omnibus information on both migrants, their households and non-migrant households. The survey allows for disaggregation and reliable comparative analysis both within and across countries and labor mobility schemes. This open-access and high-quality data will facilitate more research about the Pacific migration, help inform and improve Pacific migration policy deliberations, and engender broader positive change in the Pacific data ecosystem.

Geographic coverage

Tonga: Tongatapu, ‘Eua, Vava’u, Ha’apai, Ongo Niua. Vanuatu: Malampa, Penama, Sanma, Shefa, Tafea, Torba. Kiribati: Abaiang, Abemama, Aranuka, Arorae, Banaba, Beru, Butaritari, Kiritimati, Maiana, Makin, Marakei, Nikunau, Nonouti, North Tabiteuea, North Tarawa, Onotoa, South Tabiteuea, South Tarawa, Tabuaeran, Tamana, Teraina.

Analysis unit

• Households in Kiribati, Tonga, and Vanuatu.
• Temporary migrant workers from Kiribati, Tonga and Vanuatu who participated in the Pacific Australia Labour Mobility scheme in Australia and the Recognised Seasonal Employers scheme in New Zealand

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sampling frame: The PLMS sample was designed based on a Total Survey Error framework, seeking to minimize errors and bias at every stage of the process throughout preparation and implementation.

The worker sample frame is an extensive list of approximately 11,600 migrant workers from Kiribati, Tonga and Vanuatu who had participated in the RSE and PALM schemes. Due to the different modes of interviews, sampling strategies for the face-to-face segment of the household survey in Tonga was different from the rest of the surveys implemented via phone interviews. The face-to-face segment of the household survey selected households using Probability Proportional to Size sampling based on the latest population census listing and our worker sample frame, with technical inputs from the Tonga Statistics Department. The phone-based segment of the household survey used a combination of Probability Proportional to Size sampling based on the existing sample frame and random digit dialing. The design of the sample benefited from technical inputs from the Tonga Statistics Departments and the Vanuatu National Statistics Office, as well as World Bank staff from Kiribati.

As participation in the survey is voluntary, a worker might agree to participate while their household did not, and vice versa. Because of this, the survey did not achieve a complete one-to-one match between interviewed workers and sending households. Of all interviewed respondents, 418 workers in the worker survey are linked to their households in the household survey. However, after removing incomplete interviews, 341 worker-household pairs remain. They are matched by either pre-assigned serial ID numbers or contact details collected in the household and worker surveys during the post-fieldwork data cleaning process.

Sampling deviation

The survey was originally planned to be conducted face-to-face and was so for most of the collection of household data in Tonga. However, due to COVID-19, it was switched to phone-based mode and the survey instruments were adjusted accordingly to better suit the phone-based data collection while ensuring data quality. In particular, the household questionnaire was shortened, and sampling strategy changed to a combination of Probability Proportional to Size sampling based on the existing household listing and random digit dialing.

Compared to in-person data collection, the usual caveats of potential biases in phone-based survey related to disproportional phone ownership and connectivity apply here. The random digit dialing approach provides data representative of the phone-owning population. Yet due to lack of information, it is difficult to judge whether sending households in Kiribati, Tonga, and Vanuatu are more or less likely to own a phone and/or respond positively to survey request than non-sending households.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

• The questionnaires were jointly designed in English by the World Bank and researchers at the Development Policy Centre, Australian National University. They were translated into Bislama, Gilbertese and Tongan, scripted into CAPI/CATI programs, tested and piloted before being finalized. The design of the questionnaires and the samples benefited from technical inputs from the Tonga Statistics Departments, Pacific consultants, and academic experts specialized in Pacific labor mobility and remittances.
• Enumerators are native speakers from the labor-sending countries covered in the survey and were trained to elicit information asked in the questionnaire in local languages.
• The phone-based household questionnaire is moderately shorter than the in-person version.

Cleaning operations

The published data have been cleaned and anonymized. All incomplete interview records have been removed from the final datasets. The anonymization process followed the theory of Statistical Disclosure Control for microdata, aiming to minimize re-identification risk, i.e. the risk that the identity of an individual (or a household) described by a specific record could be determined with a high level of confidence. The anonymization process employs the k-anonymity method to calculate the re-identification risk. Risk measurement, anonymization and utility measurement for the PLMS were done using sdcMicro, an add-on package for the statistical software R for Statistical Disclosure Control (SDC) of microdata.

Since the household questionnaire was shortened when the survey switched from face-to-face to phone-based data collection, there face-to-face datasets and phone-based datasets are not identical, but they are consistent and can be harmonized. The mapping guide enclosed in this publication provides a guide to data users to wish to harmonize them.

Household expenditure variables in the household dataset and individual wage variable in the household member dataset are in USD. Local currencies were converted into USD based on the following exchange rates: 1 Tongan Pa'anga= 0.42201412 USD; 1 Vanuatu Vatu= 0.0083905322 USD; 1 Kiribati dollar= 0.66942499 USD.

Response rate

Face-to-face segment of the PLMS household survey: not applicable. Phone-based segment of the PLMS household survey: 26%. The PLMS Worker survey: 31%

In 1820, the islands of present-day New Zealand had a population of approximately 100,000 people. This figure would fall until the early 1840s, partly as a result of European diseases brought by colonizers, and a series of destructive inter-tribal wars among the Māori peoples. These conflicts were named the Musket Wars due to the European weapons whose introduction instigated the conflicts, and the wars saw the deaths of between 20,000 and 40,000 Māori, from 1807 to 1837. After falling to just 82 thousand in the 1840s, the population would begin to rise again in 1841 following the establishment of New Zealand as an official British colony, with a strong promotion of European settlement by British citizens sponsored by the Church of England. European migration to New Zealand was low in these early decades, but increased in the mid-19th century, particularly following the discovery of gold in New Zealand’s South Island in the 1860s. This growth would continue throughout the 1870s, in part the result of a strong promotion of mass migration from Britain by Premier Julius Vogel’s administration.

Early 20th century However, between 1881 and the 1920s, the New Zealand government heavily restricted Asiatic migration to the islands, resulting in a fall of population growth rate, which would remain until the Second World War. The country would experience a dip in population during the First World War, in which New Zealand would suffer approximately 18,000 military fatalities, and another 9,000 lost to the coinciding Spanish Flu epidemic. The population would stagnate again in the Second World War, which resulted in the death of almost 12,000 New Zealanders. In the years following the war, New Zealand would see a significant increase in population due to the mixture of a baby boom and a migrant spike from Europe and Asia, following a large demand for unskilled labor. Recent decades This increase continued for several decades, until international factors, such as the oil crises of 1973 and 1979, and the UK's accession to the European Economic Communities (which ended most of New Zealand's trade agreements with Britain; it's largest trade partner), greatly weakened New Zealand's economy in the 1970s. As a result, population growth stagnated during the 1970s, while economic problems persisted into the early 2000s. In contrast, the Great Recession of 2008 did not impact New Zealand as severely as most other developed nations, which allowed the economy to emerge as one of the fastest growing in the world, also leading to dropped unemployment levels and increased living standards. In 2020, with a population of almost five million people, New Zealand is regarded as one of the top countries in the world in terms of human development, quality of life and social freedoms.

This scatter chart displays net migration (people) against proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%) in New Zealand. The data is filtered where the date is 2021. The data is about countries per year.

In 2019 there were ********* migrants from the United Kingdom in Australia. The next largest migrant groups were people from China and New Zealand at over ******* migrants each. More recently Australian migration figures are showing greater migration numbers from neighboring countries in Asia and the Pacific and reduced numbers of European-born migrants.