Migrants from the United Kingdom have long been Australia’s primary immigrant group and in 2023 there were roughly 960 thousand English-born people living in Australia. India and China held second and third place respectively with regard to Australia’s foreign-born population. The relative dominance of Asian countries in the list of top ten foreign-born residents of Australia represents a significant shift in Australia’s immigration patterns over the past few decades. Where European-born migrants had previously overshadowed other migrant groups, Australian migration figures are now showing greater migration numbers from neighboring countries in Asia and the Pacific. A history of migration Australia is often referred to as an ‘immigrant nation’, alongside the United States, Canada, and New Zealand. Before the Second World War, migrants to Australia were almost exclusively from the UK, however after 1945, Australia’s immigration policy was broadened to attract economic migrants and temporary skilled migrants. These policy changes saw and increase in immigrants particularly from Greece and Italy. Today, Australia maintains its status as an ‘’Immigrant nation’’, with almost 30 percent of the population born overseas and around 50 percent of the population having both that were born overseas. Australian visas The Australian immigration program has two main categories of visa, permanent and temporary. The permanent visa category offers three primary pathways: skilled, family and humanitarian. The skilled visa category is by far the most common, with more than a million permanent migrants living in Australia on this visa category at the last Australian census in 2021. Of the temporary visa categories, the higher education visa is the most popular, exceeding 180 thousand arrivals in 2023.

According to the 2021 Australian census, 48.5 percent of Australians were third-plus generation migrants, with both parents born in Australia. Almost 30 percent of Australians were first generation migrants.

According to the 2016 Australian census, 33.6 percent of Australia's overseas born population lived in the state of New South Wales. Tasmania and the Northern Territory were home to the smallest proportion of overseas-born people living in Australia, with a combined share of less than two percent.

This dataset presents data on population and people available from the ABS Data by Region statistics. This release of Data by Region presents various data for 2011-2019 and Census of Population and Housing data for 2011 and 2016 and is based on the Statistical Area 4 (SA4) 2016 boundaries. The dataset includes information in the following specified areas of population and people: Estimated Resident Population, Working Age Population, Median Age, Births and Deaths, Population Density, Internal and Overseas Migration, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, Overseas Born Proportion, Religious Affiliation and Speaks language other than English.

Data by Region contains a standard set of data for each region type, depending on the availability of statistics for particular geographies. Data are sourced from a wide variety of collections, both ABS and non-ABS. When analysing these statistics, care needs to be taken as time periods, definitions, methodologies, scope and coverage can differ across collections. Where available, data have been presented as a time series - to enable users to assess changes over time. However, when looked at on a period to period basis, some series may sometimes appear volatile. When analysing the data, users are encouraged to consider the longer term behaviour of the series, where this extra information is available.

For more information please visit the Explanatory Notes.

AURIN has made the following changes to the original data:

• Spatially enabled the original data with the ABS Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS) SA4 2016 dataset.

• Some data values in Data by Region have been randomly adjusted or suppressed to avoid the release of confidential details.

• Where data was not available, not available for publication, nil or rounded to zero in the original data, it has been set to null.

• Columns and rows that did not contain any values in the original data have been removed.

The statistic shows the total population of Australia from 1980 to 2023, with projections up until 2030. In 2023, Australia had a total population of about 26.95 million people. Population of Australia Australia is among the ten largest countries in the world, in terms of area size, although its total population is low in relation to this. Much of Australia’s interior remains uninhabited, as the majority of Australians live in coastal metropolises and cities. Most of the population is of European descent (predominantly British), although there is a growing share of the population with Asian heritage; only a small percentage belongs to the indigenous Aboriginal population. Australia's year-on-year population growth is fairly high compared to most other economically and demographically advanced nations, due to comparatively high rates of natural increase and immigration. Living standards Standard of living is fairly high in Australia, which can be seen when looking at the Human Development Index, which ranks countries by their level of human development and living standards, such as their unemployment rate, literacy rate, or life expectancy at birth. Life expectancy of Australia’s population is quite high in international comparison, for example, Australia is also among the leading countries when it comes to this key factor. Economically speaking, Australia is also among the leading nations, with a steadily rising employment rate, an increasing gross domestic product (GDP) with a steady growth rate, and a relatively stable share in the global GDP.

In 2023, 65 percent of those surveyed in Australia who were born overseas were employed or studied full-time or part-time. 82 percent of respondents from an Indian migrant background were employed or studied full-time or part-time.

In 2023, 39 percent of those surveyed in Australia who were born overseas said that financially they were just getting along, struggling to pay the bills or 'poor'. Around 54 percent of respondents with a Middle Eastern migration background indicated they were struggling financially.

This dataset presents the 2013 Edition of the Queensland Government population projections (Medium Series). These projections represent usual resident populations only and exclude visitors and temporary residents.

These population projections have been prepared using the latest available information at the time of preparation. Complete accuracy of these projections should not be assumed. Variation above or below the figures provided is to be expected, because projections rely on the accuracy of the assumptions used, as well as the quality of data on which they are based.

For more information, please refer to the Data Source.

Please note the following assumptions:

• Queensland total fertility rate of 1.95 in 2011-2012, declining over a five year period to 1.90, then held constant thereafter.

• Average of low and high series life expectancy at birth.

• Net interstate migration of 15,000 persons per annum.

• Net overseas migration for Australia increasing to 250,000 by 2016-2017, then remaining constant thereafter.

• Queensland share increasing from 19.4% to 22.0% over the projection period.

This dataset presents the migration rate in small regions of Australia based on the 2016 Census and aggregated following the 2016 edition of the Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS). The data has been provided by The National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling (NATSEM).

The migration rate is the proportion of people in the area who were not born in Australia, that is, who have migrated to Australia in the past.

All indicators were extracted from the ABS Tablebuilder system using the usual residence profile. For usual residence data, the ABS moves people back to where they live, rather than using the location the data were collected (place of enumeration). Usual residence data is preferred for individual level data because it removes the effect of respondents travelling or holidaying.

For more information please view the NATSEM Technical Report.

Please note:

• AURIN has spatially enabled the original data provided directly from NATSEM.

• Where data values are NULL, the data is either unpublished or not applicable mathematically.

• In the calculation, Inadequately Described, At sea, Not Stated and Overseas Visitor were excluded from both the numerator and denominator as there is no information on these respondents.

• Methodology between the 2016 NATSEM and 2011 OECD data release may have changed, please refer to the technical report for parity status and specific changes.

In a survey conducted in Australia in the 2022 financial year, adults born outside of Australia were less like to be current daily smokers than those born in Australia. Overall, 8.1 percent of adults born overseas were current daily smokers compared to 11.1 percent of adults born in Australia.

In 2020, there were 41.52 thousand marriages registered in Australia where both partners were born in Australia. This value was slightly lower than the previous year. Relatively fewer marriages were registered where both partners belonged to the same overseas country.

According to the Fertility Society of Australia, one in six Australian couples face infertility issues. The Fertility Clinics industry assists patients who are having difficulty with or inability to conceive naturally. The industry includes numerous treatment options, the most popular being in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) cycles. Several factors have driven demand for fertility treatments and procedures in recent years, particularly from women who are having children later in life. Australia is one of the few economically advanced countries in the world that have significant government funding for fertility treatments, which makes industry treatments more affordable. One in eighteen babies born in Australia are with IVF. A rising maternal age and an expanding number of ancillary services have influenced industry performance in recent years, along with higher success rates thanks to new technologies and frozen embryo use. The COVID-19 pandemic caused significant industry disruptions, although the industry has since bounced back, with stimulated cycle numbers now tracking above pre-pandemic levels. Industry revenue growth is expected to be a healthy annualised 3.9% over the five years through 2024-25, to reach $810.0 million. This includes expected revenue growth of 2.3% in 2024-25, driven by higher volumes and prices. Higher prices will help offset cost inflationary pressures, which are currently weighing down profit margins. Greater awareness and higher treatment success rates will help drive performance in the coming years. Further medical science advancements in infertility treatments are likely to occur, particularly as IVF providers incorporate new specialised diagnostic tests and gene-based technologies, including pre-implantation genetic screening and next-generation sequencing. An upwards maternal age trend is forecast to continue driving industry growth, as will increased demand from same-sex couples and single parents. Although the industry's major players will remain dominant when providing a full suite of services, more avenues are opening for small fertility clinics to target niche segments. Some industry providers may expand through international acquisitions or through the provision of associated ancillary services. Industry revenue is forecast to climb an annualised 2.7% over the five years through 2029-30, to an estimated $927.5 million.

The Australian toys and games market, valued at $1.56 billion in 2025, exhibits a steady growth trajectory, projected at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.23% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is fueled by several key factors. Increasing disposable incomes among Australian households, coupled with a rising birth rate and a strong preference for experiential learning, contribute significantly to the market's expansion. Furthermore, the evolving nature of toys, with a growing emphasis on educational and STEM-focused products, stimulates demand. The increasing popularity of online shopping, facilitated by robust e-commerce infrastructure, offers convenient access to a wider selection of toys and games, further boosting market growth. However, the market faces some challenges. Fluctuations in the Australian economy and potential increases in import costs due to global supply chain disruptions could act as constraints on market growth. The competitive landscape is dominated by a mix of international and domestic players, including major retailers like Amazon Australia, Kmart Group, Woolworths Limited (Big W), and Myer, alongside specialized toy retailers such as Toyworld and EB Games. This competitive environment drives innovation and price competition, benefiting consumers. The market is segmented by product type (card games, construction sets, dolls, plastic toys, puzzles, toddler toys, video game consoles) and distribution channel (online and offline). The online segment is expected to witness faster growth due to its convenience and expanding reach. The forecast period (2025-2033) suggests a continuous upward trend for the Australian toys and games market. This sustained growth will likely be driven by the continued adoption of innovative toy designs incorporating technology and interactive elements. The increasing popularity of licensed characters and franchises will also play a significant role in driving sales. Furthermore, strategic marketing campaigns targeting specific age groups and demographic segments will further propel market expansion. However, maintaining sustainable growth will require adapting to evolving consumer preferences, managing supply chain complexities, and staying competitive within a dynamic market landscape. A focus on enhancing customer experience through improved online platforms and in-store experiences will be crucial for maintaining market leadership. Recent developments include: January 2023: Amazon Web Services (AWS) introduced the second AWS infrastructure Region in Australia, constituting a global physical site with clustered data centers. The recently launched AWS Asia-Pacific (Melbourne) Region aims to bring advanced AWS technologies, including computing, storage, artificial intelligence (AI), and machine learning, in closer proximity to a broader customer base. This initiative aims to reduce network latency, enabling customers to meet local data residency regulations more effectively., June 2023: ImmediateScripts is one of the top telehealth businesses in Australia and was recently purchased by API for approximately USD 135 million. API will now be part of Wesfarmers' health division.. Key drivers for this market are: Growing Demand for Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Toys, Increasing Awareness of Early Childhood Development. Potential restraints include: Growing Demand for Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Toys, Increasing Awareness of Early Childhood Development. Notable trends are: Rise in the Number of People Buying Video Games.

In 2023, 48 percent of those surveyed in Australia who were born overseas felt isolated from others all or some of the time. 52 percent of respondents of those born overseas said that they have five or more close friends from different national, ethnic, or religious backgrounds.

Humans have been living on the continent of Australia (name derived from "Terra Australis"; Latin for "the southern land") for approximately 65,000 years, however population growth was relatively slow until the nineteenth century. Europeans had made some contact with Australia as early as 1606, however there was no significant attempt at settlement until the late eighteenth century. By 1800, the population of Australia was approximately 350,000 people, and the majority of these were Indigenous Australians. As colonization progressed the number of ethnic Europeans increased while the Australian Aboriginal population was decimated through conflict, smallpox and other diseases, with some communities being exterminated completely, such as Aboriginal Tasmanians. Mass migration from Britain and China After the loss of its American colonies in the 1780s, the British Empire looked to other parts of the globe to expand its sphere of influence. In Australia, the first colonies were established in Sydney, Tasmania and Western Australia. Many of these were penal colonies which became home to approximately 164,000 British and Irish convicts who were transported to Australia between 1788 and 1868. As the decades progressed, expansion into the interior intensified, and the entire country was claimed by Britain in 1826. Inland colonization led to further conflict between European settlers and indigenous Australians, which cost the lives of thousands of natives. Inward expansion also saw the discovery of many natural resources, and most notably led to the gold rushes of the 1850s, which attracted substantial numbers of Chinese migrants to Australia. This mass migration from non-European countries eventually led to some restrictive policies being introduced, culminating with the White Australia Policy of 1901, which cemented ethnic-European dominance in Australian politics and society. These policies were not retracted until the second half of the 1900s. Independent Australia Australia changed its status to a British dominion in 1901, and eventually became independent in 1931. Despite this, Australia has remained a part of the British Commonwealth, and Australian forces (ANZAC) fought with the British and their Allies in both World Wars, and were instrumental in campaigns such as Gallipoli in WWI, and the South West Pacific Theater in WWII. The aftermath of both wars had a significant impact on the Australian population, with approximately 90 thousand deaths in both world wars combined, as well as 15 thousand deaths as a result of the Spanish flu pandemic following WWI, although Australia experienced a significant baby boom following the Second World War. In the past fifty years, Australia has promoted immigration from all over the world, and now has one of the strongest economies and highest living standards in the world, with a population that has grown to over 25 million people in 2020.

In 2023, 18 percent of those surveyed in Australia who were born overseas experienced discrimination based on skin color, ethic origin, or religion in the preceding 12 months. 59 percent of respondents believed that racism was a fairly or very big problem in Australia in 2023.

In 2023, 78 percent of those surveyed in Australia who were born overseas agreed that they feel like they belong in their neighborhood. In addition, 39 percent of respondents felt a great sense of belonging in Australia.

In financial year 2023, it is estimated that almost 93 thousand more Indians migrated to Australia than emigrated, This marked the highest net overseas migration from India within the measured period.

In 2023, 80 percent of those surveyed in Australia who were born overseas said that they were happy or very happy in the preceding 12 months. In comparison, 83 percent of respondents who had a Chinese migration background said they were happy or very happy over the last 12 months.

In 2023, 53 percent of those surveyed in Australia who were born overseas were involved in a social or community group. 73 percent of respondents from a African migrant background were involved in a social or community group.