As of March 2020, nearly all respondents from Jordan and Lebanon agreed to varying degree, that the borders of their countries should be closed down, until the coronavirus (COVID-19) was proven to be contained. In contrast, only 89 percent of Emirati respondents agreed to close down their borders to control this pandemic outbreak.

When interviewed ahead of the World Refugee Day of 2024, around ** percent of Canadians were convinced that Canada must close its borders to refugees entirely, and that the country could not accept any at this time. This is a ** percentage point increase from the previous year, when ** percent of Canadians shared this opinion.

In this study, we provide an overview of the situation of Syrian refugees and other non-citizens living in host countries. We explored the cases of several countries: Turkey, which is one of the main destinations for refugees fleeing the Syrian crisis; Germany and the United Kingdom, which are high-income countries where the public sentiment about refugees has changed overtime; Greece and Italy, nations that share a close border with countries experiencing large refugee influxes; and Canada and Australia, which have had different approaches regarding inflows of refugees and do not share borders with countries that have significant outflows of migrants and refugees. Our review of policies suggests that the successful resettlement of Syrian refugees is dependent on political commitment that is coupled with public support and community engagement. Successful social and economic policies to address the refugee crisis demand a combined effort in terms of planning, implementing, monitoring, and assessing initiatives. Most importantly, record-keeping and sharing data with stakeholders need to be improved, which is a joint request of nonprofit organizations and academic institutions.

The TIC Form SLT collects monthly data on the market value of long-term cross-border securities holdings by country, type of foreign holder (official or private), and type of security. We estimate transactions as well as valuation change that is, the monthly change in the market value of the securities arising from price or exchange rate changes. Since the valuation change estimates are based on the country of issuer, the price indexes used for U.S. securities are the same for all holder countries. Over the ten years that TIC SLT data have been collected, this method has yielded estimated transactions more consistent with positions reported in the TIC SLT, with the findings of the annual security-level survey data, and with our expectations based on other information, such as market commentary or patterns observed across time.This dataset includes position, estimated transaction, and estimated valuation change data for counterparty countries that (1) have published TIC SLT position data and (2) have significant reported positions. This set of countries accounts for 95 to 99 percent of all long-term cross-border securities holdings.

Einstellung von Unternehmen zum grenzüberschreitenden Handel innerhalb der Europäischen Union. Themen: Absatzkanäle; Anzahl der Länder, in denen direkt an den Endverbraucher verkauft wird; prozentualer Anteil des Werbebudgets für die Anwerbung europäischer Kunden, prozentualer Anteil des Umsatzes verursacht durch Touristen; Anzahl der Fremdsprachen, in denen mit Endverbrauchern gehandelt wird. 1. Grenzüberschreitender Vertrieb : Anzahl der Absatz-Länder in der EU; eCommerce und Internet als Schub für den grenzüberschreitenden Verkauf; prozentualer Anteil an eCommerce und Internet-Verkäufen bzw. Mailorder und Telefonverkäufen sowie an Verkäufen durch Vertreter an Endverbraucher in anderen EU-Ländern. 2. Hemmnisse für den grenzüberschreitenden Handel: Bedeutung von rechtlichen Unterschieden als Hemmnis für grenzüberschreitenden Handel: Unterschiede in der Dauer der Widerrufsfrist, Unterschiede der Informationspflicht der Unternehmen, Unterschiede im Fall einer versäumten Information des Kunden, Unterschiede beim Vertragswiderrufsrecht, Unterschiede in der Behandlung der Kosten für den Rückversand, Unterschiede in der Definition von Lieferung, unterschiedliche Gesetzgebungen hinsichtlich Reklamationen; Einschätzung der Kosten für die Einhaltung unterschiedlicher nationaler Gesetze zur Regulation von grenzüberschreitendem Handel mit Endverbrauchern in anderen EU-Ländern; Einschätzung der Hemmnisse für grenzüberschreitenden Handel mit Endverbrauchern in anderen EU-Ländern: Zusatzkosten für die Aufrechterhaltung unterschiedlicher nationaler Steuervorschriften, zur Befolgung unterschiedlicher nationaler Gesetzgebungen zur Regelung von Geschäften mit Endverbrauchern, Zusatzkosten für grenzüberschreitende Lieferungen, Kosten resultierend aus Sprachunterschieden, größere Schwierigkeiten für die Behandlung von Beschwerden im Ausland sowie die Sicherstellung eines effizienten After-Sales-Services, höheres Risiko von Betrug und ausbleibender Zahlung. 3. Maßnahmen zur Erleichterung von grenzüberschreitendem Handel: Einschätzung der Konsequenzen harmonisierter Gesetze für Geschäfte mit Verbrauchern in allen EU-Ländern hinsichtlich: Zunahme der grenzüberschreitenden Verkäufe, der Verkäufe über das Internet, des Marketing-Budgets für grenzüberschreitenden Handel; Anzahl der Länder, für die die Vorbereitungen zum grenzüberschreitenden Handel im Unternehmen abgeschlossen sind; Kenntnis über Informationsquellen zu Verbraucherschutzregelungen in anderen EU-Ländern; Nutzung alternativer Konfliktlösungsmöglichkeiten im grenzüberschreitenden Handel (z.B.Arbitratoren, Ombudsmänner). Demographie: Angaben zum Unternehmen: Anzahl der Mitarbeiter, Direktverkauf an Endverbraucher, unabhängig oder Teil eines nationalen oder internationalen Konzerns; Anzahl der Niederlassungen in EU-Ländern. Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Interviewnummer; Befragten-ID; Interviewer-ID; Interviewsprache; Land; Interviewdatum; Interviewdauer (Interviewbeginn und Interviewende); Anzahl der Kontaktversuche; NACE-Code; Gewichtungsfaktor. Attitudes of retailers towards cross-border trade. Topics: 1. Information about the company: retail sales channels; number of EU countries active marketing or advertising to final consumers is made to; percentage of the total marketing and advertising budget used to encourage consumers from other EU countries to buy own products or services; estimated percentage of sales made by consumers on holidays or on a shopping trip who live in other EU countries; number of EU languages currently used in transactions with consumers. 2. Cross-border sales: number of EU countries cross-border sales to final consumers are made to; impact of the internet and eCommerce on cross-border sales of the company; percentage of eCommerce and internet sales going to consumers in other EU countries; percentage of mail order or telephone sales going to consumers in other EU countries; percentage of sales made by representatives going to consumers in other EU countries; percentage of total sales from the aforementioned channels going to consumers in other EU countries; percentage of total sales from the aforementioned channels going to consumers in non-EU countries. 3. Obstacles to B2B cross-border trade: importance of selected obstacles to cross-border sales: different length of cooling off periods, provision of differing consumer information, different consequences for failing to comply with information requirements, differing rights of withdrawal, different treatment of costs of return, different definitions of delivery, different legislation in member states regarding goods not in conformity with consumer contract; rating of the possible extra compliance costs for cross-border sales due to different legal regulations of transactions with consumers in other EU countries; importance of further obstacles: additional costs of compliance with different national tax regulations and regulations on consumer transactions, higher costs of cross-border delivery compared to domestic delivery, greater difficulty in resolving complaints and disputes cross-border, higher risk of fraud and non-payments, greater difficulty in ensuring efficient after-sales services, extra costs arising from language differences. 4. Measures to facilitate B2B cross-border trade: expected development of the company’s cross-border sales in case of the assumed provision of common EU laws on regulating transactions; number of EU countries cross-border sales to final consumers are made to; knowledge where to find information on consumer protection in other EU countries; use of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR). Demography: information about the company: number of employees, direct selling to final consumers, independent or part of national or international group, number of EU countries with subsidiaries or retail outlets. Additionally coded was: interview number; respondent ID; interviewer ID; language of the interview; country; date of interview; time of the beginning of the interview; duration of the interview; call history; NACE-Code; weighting factor.

In 2020, SARS-CoV-2 has spread rapidly across the globe, with most nations failing to prevent or substantially delay its introduction. While many countries have imposed some limitations on trans-border passenger traffic, the effect of these measures on the global spread of COVID-19 strains remains unclear. Here, we report an analysis of 3206 whole-genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 samples from 78 regions of Russia covering the period before the spread of variants of concern (between March and November 2020). We describe recurring imports of multiple COVID-19 strains into Russia throughout this period, giving rise to 457 uniquely Russian transmission lineages, as well as repeated cross-border transmissions of local circulating variants out of Russia. While the phylogenetically inferred rate of cross-border transmissions was somewhat reduced during the period of the most stringent border closure, it still remained high, with multiple inferred imports that each led to detectable spread within the country. These results indicate that partial border closure has had little effect on trans-border transmission of variants, which helps explain the rapid global spread of newly arising SARS-CoV-2 variants throughout the pandemic.

The international land border between the United States and Canada is the longest in the world at almost 8,900 kilometers. It includes the border between Canada and the continental U.S. as well as the border between Alaska and northern Canada.

Attitudes of retailers towards cross-border trade.

The TIC Form SLT collects monthly data on the market value of long-term cross-border securities holdings by country, type of foreign holder (official or private), and type of security. We estimate transactions as well as valuation change that is, the monthly change in the market value of the securities arising from price or exchange rate changes. Since the valuation change estimates are based on the country of issuer, the price indexes used for U.S. securities are the same for all holder countries. Over the ten years that TIC SLT data have been collected, this method has yielded estimated transactions more consistent with positions reported in the TIC SLT, with the findings of the annual security-level survey data, and with our expectations based on other information, such as market commentary or patterns observed across time.This dataset includes position, estimated transaction, and estimated valuation change data for counterparty countries that (1) have published TIC SLT position data and (2) have significant reported positions. This set of countries accounts for 95 to 99 percent of all long-term cross-border securities holdings.

Attitudes of companies towards the European Internal Market. Topics: impact of each of the following EU Single Market measures on the company’s activities: product standards, labelling and packaging rules, public procurement rules, elimination of customs documentation, abolition of border controls, VAT procedures for sales within the EU, liberalisation of capital movements, rules for establishing businesses in other EU countries; influence of the EU Single Market on each of the following strategic fields of the company: pricing of products or services, purchasing from other EU countries, selling directly to other EU countries, distribution in other EU countries, offering services in other EU countries, setting up businesses in other EU countries, investing in companies in other EU countries, investment of companies from other EU countries in own business, cooperation agreements with companies from other EU countries, marketing strategy; development in the level of competition in the own country as a result of the EU Single Market with regard to: domestic firms, other EU firms, non-EU firms; recruitment of staff coming from other member states; reasons for not recruiting staff coming from other member states; impact of the enlargement of the EU Single Market on each of the following issues: cost of raw materials, cost of wages, access to new markets, selling prices, productivity, profitability, growth in employment; engagement in trade of products or services with one or more of the new member states; importance of selected future EU Single Market policy measures for the own company: remove remaining technical barriers to trade in goods, remove remaining technical barriers to trade in services, create a patent valid in all EU countries, strengthen intellectual property rights protection, further opening up of public procurement markets, achieve an integrated European financial market, ensure fair competition, further opening up to competition of public utility services, create common set of rules for doing business within the EU, facilitate labour mobility; main reasons for not exporting to other countries within the Single Market. Demography: information about the company: number of employees in total, number of employees in the own country; position of respondent at the company; number of EU countries cross-border sales are made to; percentage of the company’s turnover coming from sales to other EU countries. Additionally coded was: country; respondent ID; language of the interview; date of interview; time of the beginning of the interview; duration of the interview; interviewer ID; type of phone line; NACE-Code. Wirkung und Bedeutung des Binnenmarktes für Unternehmen. Bewertung des europäischen Binnenmarktes durch Unternehmen. Meinung zu verschiedenen Wirtschaftreformen des europäischen Binnenmarktes. Thema: Einfluss einzelner Binnenmarkt-Maßnahmen auf das Unternehmen; Bedeutung des Binnenmarktes für die eigene Unternehmensstrategie (Preisgestaltung der eigenen Produkte und Dienstleistungen, Einkäufe aus anderen Ländern der Europäischen Union, Direktverkauf in andere EU-Länder, Vertrieb in andere EU-Länder, Unternehmensgründung in anderen EU-Ländern, Investitionen in Unternehmen in anderen EU-Ländern, Investitionen von Unternehmen aus anderen EU-Ländern in das Unternehmen des Befragten, Kooperationsvereinbarungen zwischen dem eigenen Unternehmen und anderen EU-Ländern, Marketingstrategie); Zunahme des Wettbewerbs durch einheimische Unternehmen, Unternehmen aus anderen EU-Ländern und Unternehmen außerhalb der EU infolge der Ausweitung des Binnenmarktes; Beschäftigung von Mitarbeitern aus anderen EU-Mitgliedsländern; Hauptgründe für das Nicht-Anwerben von Mitarbeitern aus anderen EU-Ländern; Auswirkungen des Binnenmarktes auf die Rohmaterialkosten, Personalkosten, Marktchancen, Verkaufspreise, Produktivität, Rentabilität und Personalaufstockung; Handelsbeziehungen zu neuen EU-Mitgliedsstaaten; Wichtigkeit zukünftiger Binnenmarkt-Maßnahmen für das Unternehmen (Beseitigung von technischen Barrieren des Güter- und Dienstleistungshandels, Entwicklung eines EU-Patents, Stärkung des Rechtschutzes in Bezug auf geistiges Eigentum, weitere Erschließung von Märkten für öffentliches Auftragswesen, Umsetzung eines integrierten europäischen Finanzmarktes, Gewährleistung lauteren Wettbewerbs innerhalb des Binnenmarktes, weitere Stärkung des Wettbewerbs bei öffentlichen Versorgungsdiensten (Telekommunikations-Dienste, Transport- und Postdienste, Energieversorgung), Gewährleistungen EU-weiter statt nationaler Regelung und Förderung der Arbeitskräftemobilität); Gründe für den Nicht-Export in andere EU-Binnenmarkt-Länder. Demographie: Angaben zum Unternehmen: Gesamtanzahl der Mitarbeiter, Anzahl der Mitarbeiter im eigenen Land; Position des Befragten im Unternehmen; Anzahl der EU-Länder, in die grenzüberschreitend verkauft wird; Anteil des Umsatzes aus Exporten in andere EU-Länder. Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Land; Befragten-ID; Interviewsprache; Interviewdatum; Interviewdauer (Interviewbeginn und Interviewende); Interviewer-ID; Interviewmodus (Mobiltelefon oder Festnetz); NACE-Code.

European National Annual Road Freight Transport of Metal Ores, Peat, Uranium, Thorium and Other Mining and Quarrying Products Loaded in Non-Border Regions Share by Country (Thousand Metric Tons), 2023 Discover more data with ReportLinker!

Additional analyses when considering the net benefit to New Zealand of border closure when allowing for reductions or elimination of imports and exports during the border closure period (net societal loss is indicated in bold).

As of March 2020, nearly all respondents from Jordan and Lebanon agreed to various degree, that the borders of their countries should be closed down, until the coronavirus (COVID-19) was proven to be contained. In contrast, only 89 percent of Emirati respondents agreed to close down their borders to control this pandemic outbreak.

Objectives: To analyze the current situation of cross-border access to clinical trials in the EU with an overview of stakeholders' real-life experience, and to identify the needs, challenges, and potential for facilitation of cross-border access.Methods: We employed a mixed methods design. Semi-structured interviews and an online survey were conducted with a wide range of stakeholders: patient representatives, investigators/physicians, policy and regulatory experts, academic and commercial sponsor representatives, ethics committee members. Interviews underwent a framework analysis. The survey was analyzed descriptively.Results: Three hundred ninety six individuals responded to the survey. The majority were investigators/physicians (46%) and patient representatives (33%). Thirty eight individuals were interviewed. The majority were investigators/physicians (29%) and patient representatives (29%). All European regions were represented in the study. The highest response rate was received from residents of Western European countries (38% of survey respondents, 45% of interviewees), the lowest from Eastern Europe (9% of survey respondents, 5% of interviewees). The study suggested that cross-border participation in clinical trials occurs in practice, however very rarely. Ninety two percentage of survey respondents and the majority of interviewees perceived as needed the possibility to access clinical trials abroad. However, most interviewees also opined that patients ideally should not have to travel in order to access experimental treatment. The lack of access to treatment in the home country of the patient was described as the main motivation to participate in a clinical trial in another country. The logistical and financial burden for patients was perceived as the biggest challenge. Different stakeholders expressed diverging opinions regarding the allocation of financial and organizational responsibility for enabling cross-border access to clinical trials. Participants provided a number of proposals for improving the current system, which were carefully evaluated by the research team and informed future recommendations.Conclusions: Participation in clinical trials abroad is happening rarely but should be facilitated. There was a consensus on the need for reliable and accessible information regarding practical aspects, as well as multi-stakeholder, multi-national recommendations on existing options and best practice on cross-border access to clinical trials. Broader interdisciplinary research is recommended before discussing options in the EU legislative framework to enable clearly defined conditions for cross-border access to clinical trials.

Fish products are highly traded and global fish trade has been increasing very rapidly in recent decades with an estimated 45% of the world catch now traded internationally. West Africa has a huge potential for trade in intra-regional terms and vibrant markets for fish and fish products in Nigeria, Ghana and the Ivory Coast being the three major importers of fish products in the region. Intra-regional fish trade is important in improving food and nutritional security; and poverty eradication in Africa. However, trade has so far not served as an effective tool for the achievement of rapid and sustainable economic growth and development for many of the countries of the continent because, there is paucity of information on market structure and value of intra-regional fish trade. This information is needed to ensure the proper integration of intraregional fish trade into the nation-state policy agenda. This study therefore investigated the marketing structure, profitability and trade flow along the borders of Nigeria. In this study, Nigeria was divided into four major areas according to the countries at her borders viz: Nigeria-Cameroon-Chad, Nigeria-Niger, and Nigeria-Benin border and the Lake Kainjiinland fisheries with multi-stage experimental design adopted. Sixteen States including Akwa Ibom, Cross River, Benue, Taraba, Adamawa, Borno, Sokoto, Katsina, Jigawa, Yobe, Kebbi, Kwara, Oyo, Ogun, Lagos and Niger States along the borders were sampled. One hundred and eight (108) Local Governments Areas in the States were sampled based on the prevalence of fishing activities in these areas. Structured questionnaires were administered to a total of 814 producers, 814 processors and 814 marketers randomly selected based on their active involvement in fish marketing. Information on socio-economic characteristics, quantity and values of fish products marketed, trade flow and market structure were collected. Data collected were subjected to descriptive statistics, budgetary analysis, Gini coefficient, linear regression and ANOVA at α0.05. The results showed that fish production was dominated by males along the three borders with the highest percentage recorded in Sokoto and Katsina (100.0%), while more females were involved in processing and marketing in four States (Cross River, Akwa Ibom, Taraba and Benue States) along the Nigeria-Cameroon-Chad border with the highest percentage in Cross River (90.0% and 90.0%). About 1.69% of the fishermen along Nigeria-Cameroon border import fresh while 0.67% of the fish marketers import smoked and dried fish into Nigerian fish market. Marketers and processors of 1.51% were involved in cross-border importation of smoked fish into Nigeria through Nigeria-Benin border while 0.81% of the sampled marketers engaged in importation of fresh and dried fish products. 0.40% of the marketers and processors along Nigeria-Niger border and Lake Kainji-inland fisheries were involved in cross-border trade of dried and fried fish products. About 1.19% of the fish marketers export fried fish from Nigeria to Niger Republic through Nigeria-Niger border. Exportation of smoked fish of about 2008.22±856.51kg (₦3,260,028.25±1,231,860.25) was recorded in Jigawa State while dried fish of 1,800.00±0.00kg (₦4,606,200±0.00) and 2,500.00±0.00kg (₦4,425,000.00±0.00) were observed among respondents in Yobe and Niger States, respectively along Nigeria-Niger border and Lake Kainjiinland fisheries. Along Nigeria-Cameroon-Chad border smoked fish of 1,278.06±0.00kg (N2,581,672.22±0.00) and 951.56±214.34kg (₦2,136,666.84±306,413.18) were exported from Benue and Borno State, respectively. In Lagos State, 20.56% (1,088.75±292.76kg) and 31.69% (441.00±241.83kg) of the total smoked and dried fish, respectively traded in the State were supplied through the cross-border trade while 14.67% (2,300.00±424.26kg) and 4.50% (150.88±97.21kg) of fresh and smoked fish, respectively were imported from Benin Republic through cross-border trade in Ogun State. The Gini coefficient value for most of the actors in the States along the Nigeria-Niger border and Lake Kainji-inland fisheries was 0.34, 0.45, 0.41, and 0.43 for wholesalers of smoked fish, retailers of spiced fish, wholesalers and retailers of frozen fish respectively. The linear regression (b) coefficient for all the forms of fish were positive except for dried and fried whose b values were -7.66 and -5.15 respectively. Gini coefficients were 0.63, 0.70, 0.71 and 0.59 for fresh, smoked, dried and frozen fish markets in the States along the Nigeria-Cameroon-Chad border and the linear regression coefficient was positive for all forms of fish. The linear regression coefficient for all forms of fish marketed along the Nigeria-Benin border were positive except for fried fish with b value of -485.89. In conclusion, the fish markets along Nigeria-Niger border, Lake Kainji-inland fisheries, the Northern part of the Nigeria-Cameroon-Chad and the Nigeria-Benin border which includes...

In order to stop the spread of the coronavirus (COVID-19), borders between and within countries closed across the globe. In Canada, 26 percent of COVID-19 cases were related to travel as of April 7, 2020.

In order to stop the spread of the coronavirus (COVID-19), borders between and within countries closed across the globe. In Canada, as of April 7, 2020, 52 percent of COVID-19 cases related to travel were among males. Comparatively, 48 percent of travel-related cases cases were among females.

Russia is the largest country in the world by far, with a total area of just over 17 million square kilometers. After Antarctica, the next three countries are Canada, the U.S., and China; all between 9.5 and 10 million square kilometers. The figures given include internal water surface area (such as lakes or rivers) - if the figures were for land surface only then China would be the second largest country in the world, the U.S. third, and Canada (the country with more lakes than the rest of the world combined) fourth. Russia Russia has a population of around 145 million people, putting it in the top ten most populous countries in the world, and making it the most populous in Europe. However, it's vast size gives it a very low population density, ranked among the bottom 20 countries. Most of Russia's population is concentrated in the west, with around 75 percent of the population living in the European part, while around 75 percent of Russia's territory is in Asia; the Ural Mountains are considered the continental border. Elsewhere in the world Beyond Russia, the world's largest countries all have distinctive topographies and climates setting them apart. The United States, for example, has climates ranging from tundra in Alaska to tropical forests in Florida, with various mountain ranges, deserts, plains, and forests in between. Populations in these countries are often concentrated in urban areas, and are not evenly distributed across the country. For example, around 85 percent of Canada's population lives within 100 miles of the U.S. border; around 95 percent of China lives east of the Heihe–Tengchong Line that splits the country; and the majority of populations in large countries such as Australia or Brazil live near the coast.

The estimated population of unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. stands at around ** million people. Although the number has stabilized, the United States has seen a spike in migrant encounters in the last few years, with over * million cases registered by the U.S. Border Patrol in 2023. This is a slight decrease from the previous year, when there were over *** million cases registered. Due to its proximity and shared border, Mexico remains the leading country of origin for most undocumented immigrants in the U.S., with California and Texas being home to the majority.

Immigration and political division

Despite the majority of the population having immigrant roots, the topic of immigration in the U.S. remains one of the country’s longest-standing political debates. Support among Republicans for restrictive immigration has grown alongside Democratic support for open immigration. This growing divide has deepened the polarization between the two major political parties, stifling constructive dialogue and impeding meaningful reform efforts and as a result, has led to dissatisfaction from all sides. In addition to general immigration policy, feelings toward illegal immigration in the U.S. also vary widely. For some, it's seen as a significant threat to national security, cultural identity, and economic stability. This perspective often aligns with support for stringent measures like Trump's proposed border wall and increased enforcement efforts. On the other hand, there are those who are more sympathetic toward undocumented immigrants, as demonstrated by support for the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program.