In 2025, there were around 1.53 billion people worldwide who spoke English either natively or as a second language, slightly more than the 1.18 billion Mandarin Chinese speakers at the time of survey. Hindi and Spanish accounted for the third and fourth most widespread languages that year. Languages in the United States The United States does not have an official language, but the country uses English, specifically American English, for legislation, regulation, and other official pronouncements. The United States is a land of immigration, and the languages spoken in the United States vary as a result of the multicultural population. The second most common language spoken in the United States is Spanish or Spanish Creole, which over than 43 million people spoke at home in 2023. There were also 3.5 million Chinese speakers (including both Mandarin and Cantonese),1.8 million Tagalog speakers, and 1.57 million Vietnamese speakers counted in the United States that year. Different languages at home The percentage of people in the United States speaking a language other than English at home varies from state to state. The state with the highest percentage of population speaking a language other than English is California. About 45 percent of its population was speaking a language other than English at home in 2023.

As of February 2025, English was the most popular language for web content, with over 49.4 percent of websites using it. Spanish ranked second, with six percent of web content, while the content in the German language followed, with 5.6 percent. English as the leading online language United States and India, the countries with the most internet users after China, are also the world's biggest English-speaking markets. The internet user base in both countries combined, as of January 2023, was over a billion individuals. This has led to most of the online information being created in English. Consequently, even those who are not native speakers may use it for convenience. Global internet usage by regions As of October 2024, the number of internet users worldwide was 5.52 billion. In the same period, Northern Europe and North America were leading in terms of internet penetration rates worldwide, with around 97 percent of its populations accessing the internet.

In 2023, the United Kingdom had the most students learning English as a foreign language and accounted for ** percent of the total worldwide. ****** in the list was Australia, where ** percent of students studying English as a foreign language were hosted.

Using data from reports such as the "English Proficiency Index" (EDU) from Education First, one can see the significant impact of culture, education and globalization on the ability of citizens of different countries to speak English.

As per Cognitive Market Research's latest published report, the Global English Language Learning market size will be $48,053.50 Million by 2028. English Language Learning Industry's Compound Annual Growth Rate will be 6.32% from 2023 to 2030. Key Dynamics of

English Language Learning Market

Key Drivers of

English Language Learning Market

The phenomenon of globalization and the prevalence of English in both business and academia: English continues to serve as the global lingua franca for commerce, higher education, aviation, and diplomatic relations. Both individuals and institutions are investing in English language acquisition to improve employability, gain access to international opportunities, and engage in the exchange of global knowledge.

The growing use of digital learning platforms and mobile applications: Language learning applications, virtual tutors, and AI-enhanced platforms are making the process of learning English more accessible, tailored, and engaging. This technology-driven approach is rapidly proliferating across educational institutions, workplaces, and households around the globe.

Government-supported language education policies and initiatives: Numerous governments are incorporating English as a second language into their national education systems and providing financial support or programs aimed at enhancing proficiency among students and civil servants, particularly in regions such as Asia, the Middle East, and Africa.

Key Restraints for

English Language Learning Market

The high expense associated with premium courses and certifications: High-quality English language programs, particularly those that feature native instructors or preparation for standardized tests (such as IELTS and TOEFL), can be costly, thereby restricting access for learners from lower-income backgrounds or public educational institutions in underprivileged areas.

The digital divide and inadequate infrastructure in remote locations: Access to online resources for learning English is limited in rural or low-connectivity areas. The absence of devices, reliable internet, or digital literacy skills obstructs the fair adoption of e-learning solutions.

The absence of standardized learning outcomes and quality assurance: With a multitude of providers and diverse curricula available, learners may encounter inconsistent quality, disorganized learning pathways, and challenges in measuring genuine proficiency improvements, particularly outside of formal educational frameworks.

Key Trends in English Language Learning Market

Gamification and AI personalization in language learning applications: Platforms are utilizing AI, speech recognition, and gamified elements to develop interactive and adaptive learning experiences that enhance motivation, retention, and learner engagement.

Increase in English for specific purposes (ESP) programs: Tailored English training for sectors such as medicine, engineering, law, and tourism is on the rise. These specialized programs align language competencies with professional requirements, providing greater ROI for both learners and employers.

Growth of hybrid learning models and virtual classrooms: Blended learning—integrating in-person sessions with digital resources—is gaining traction in educational institutions and corporate environments, allowing for flexibility while preserving the quality of teacher-led instruction. Introduction to English Language Learning

Language learning is a process which involves listening, speaking, reading, writing and other processes by which learners acquire the ability to learn another language. English language has become a necessity in order to sustain a competitive world. In today's globalized world there are many reasons to learn a foreign language and many several benefits to studying English specifically.

English language learning improves and widens employment prospects, improves confidents and person can start a life in English-speaking country and many other benefits. To learn English, a range of different programmes are employed to structure the English language education. These programme models differ depending on the goals of the program and available resources.

There are wide array of ways to learn English language including offline learning, online learning and blended learning. Nowadays studen...

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global English Proficiency Test market size is USD 2965.5 million in 2024. It will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.70% from 2024 to 2031.

North America held the major market share for more than 40% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 1186.20 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.9% from 2024 to 2031.
Europe accounted for a market share of over 30% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 889.65 million.
Asia Pacific held a market share of around 23% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 682.07 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.7% from 2024 to 2031.
Latin America had a market share for more than 5% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 148.28 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.1% from 2024 to 2031.
Middle East and Africa hada market share of around 2% of the global revenue and was estimated at a market size of USD 59.31 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.4% from 2024 to 2031.
Employers category is experiencing the fastest growth in the English Proficiency Test Market. The rising trend of multinational companies and the global nature of business operations necessitate a workforce proficient in English.

Market Dynamics of English Proficiency Test Market

Key Drivers for English Proficiency Test Market

Increasing Global Mobility of Students and Professionals to Increase the Demand Globally

The increasing global mobility of students and professionals is a significant driver in the English Proficiency Test Market. As educational institutions worldwide, particularly in English-speaking countries, attract a growing number of international students, the need for standardized English proficiency assessments becomes critical. Similarly, professionals seeking employment opportunities in multinational corporations or pursuing career advancements in global markets must demonstrate their English language capabilities. This trend is fueled by globalization and the widespread recognition of English as the lingua franca of business, academia, and technology, thereby boosting the demand for reliable and comprehensive English proficiency tests.

Rising Demand for English in Non-English Speaking Regions to Propel Market Growth

The rising demand for English language skills in non-English speaking regions is another crucial driver of the English Proficiency Test Market. As countries in Asia, Latin America, and Europe increasingly integrate into the global economy, proficiency in English becomes a valuable asset for individuals and businesses. Governments and educational systems in these regions are incorporating English language education into their curricula, and companies are investing in language training for their employees to enhance competitiveness. This growing emphasis on English proficiency is creating substantial opportunities for test providers to expand their offerings and cater to a broader audience, further propelling market growth.

Restraint Factor for the English Proficiency Test Market

High Cost of Test Preparation and Registration Fees to Limit the Sales

A significant restraint in the English Proficiency Test Market is the high cost of test preparation and registration fees. Many potential test-takers, especially students and professionals from developing countries, find these costs prohibitive. The expense of preparatory courses, study materials, and the tests themselves can deter individuals from taking the exams, limiting their opportunities for education and employment in English-speaking regions. This financial barrier not only affects individuals but also impacts the overall market growth, as it reduces the number of people who can afford to demonstrate their English proficiency through standardized tests.

Limited Accessibility in Rural and Remote Regions

One key restraint in the English proficiency test market is the limited availability of authorized test centers and digital infrastructure in rural and remote areas. Many prospective candidates, especially in developing countries, face challenges in reaching testing locations or accessing reliable internet for online examinations. This restricts participation and limits the market’s growth potential in under...

English Language Learning Market size was valued at USD 29.48 Billion in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 63.56 Billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 10.08% from 2026 to 2032.

Key Market Drivers:

Globalization and International Business Communication: The growing demand for English proficiency in worldwide business is a major driver of the English language learning market. According to a British Council report, 1.75 billion people worldwide speak English at a useful level, with that figure expected to rise to 2 billion by 2020. The expanding use of English in international business situations is driving up the demand for English language learning programs and services.

Growth in International Student Mobility: The growing number of students studying abroad, particularly in English-speaking nations, is driving up demand for English language learning. According to UNESCO, there were over 5.6 million international students worldwide in 2020, with English-speaking countries being popular destinations. This trend increases the need for English language preparatory courses and assessments.

Mexico is the country with the largest number of native Spanish speakers in the world. As of 2024, 132.5 million people in Mexico spoke Spanish with a native command of the language. Colombia was the nation with the second-highest number of native Spanish speakers, at around 52.7 million. Spain came in third, with 48 million, and Argentina fourth, with 46 million. Spanish, a world language As of 2023, Spanish ranked as the fourth most spoken language in the world, only behind English, Chinese, and Hindi, with over half a billion speakers. Spanish is the official language of over 20 countries, the majority on the American continent, nonetheless, it's also one of the official languages of Equatorial Guinea in Africa. Other countries have a strong influence, like the United States, Morocco, or Brazil, countries included in the list of non-Hispanic countries with the highest number of Spanish speakers. The second most spoken language in the U.S. In the most recent data, Spanish ranked as the language, other than English, with the highest number of speakers, with 12 times more speakers as the second place. Which comes to no surprise following the long history of migrations from Latin American countries to the Northern country. Moreover, only during the fiscal year 2022. 5 out of the top 10 countries of origin of naturalized people in the U.S. came from Spanish-speaking countries.

English Language Learning For Kids Market size was valued at USD 18.75 Billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 88.1 Billion by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 11.1% during the forecast period 2024-2031.

Global English Language Learning For Kids Market Drivers

The market drivers for the English Language Learning For Kids Market can be influenced by various factors. These may include:

Globalization: The demand for English language skills is driven by the growing interconnectedness of the world, as English is a global lingua franca that is applied in international business, science, and technology.

Research has demonstrated that early language learning has a positive impact on cognitive development, academic performance, and problem-solving abilities. Consequently, parents are increasingly investing in English education for their children at a young age.

Global English Language Learning For Kids Market Restraints

Several factors can act as restraints or challenges for the English Language Learning For Kids Market. These may include:

Expensive: Comprehensive and interactive language learning programs, particularly those of high quality, can be costly. This can pose a challenge for families with limited financial resources and may restrict their ability to access high-quality English education.

Accessibility Issues: In certain regions, notably in rural or underdeveloped areas, access to English language learning resources, such as digital platforms and qualified teachers, may be restricted.

English Proficiency Test Market Outlook

The global market size for English proficiency tests was valued at approximately USD 2.8 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around USD 5.1 billion by 2032, registering a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.5% during the forecast period. The growth of the English Proficiency Test market is primarily driven by the increasing globalization of educational and professional opportunities, coupled with the rising importance of English as a global lingua franca.

One of the significant growth factors for the English Proficiency Test market is the burgeoning demand for higher education in English-speaking countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia. Students from non-English speaking countries are increasingly required to demonstrate their English language capabilities to gain admission into these institutions. This demand has led to the proliferation of various standardized English tests tailored to assess the language proficiency of non-native speakers. Additionally, the increasing number of international student exchange programs and scholarships further propels the demand for these tests.

Another key driver is the growing trend of global migration for employment purposes. Many multinational corporations and organizations require proof of English proficiency during the hiring process, especially for roles that necessitate extensive communication with international clients or teams. Governments in English-speaking nations have also established English language proficiency as a prerequisite for work visas and immigration, further bolstering the market. The globalization of the workforce and the rise of remote working models have added to the demand for standardized English tests.

Technological advancements in education and assessment systems have also significantly contributed to market growth. The advent of online testing platforms has made it easier for candidates to take English proficiency tests from any location, thereby increasing accessibility and convenience. Online platforms also enable advanced features like instant scoring, personalized feedback, and adaptive testing, making the assessment process more efficient and user-friendly. These technological innovations are expected to continue driving market expansion.

Regionally, the Asia-Pacific region exhibits the highest growth potential in the English Proficiency Test market. Countries like China, India, and South Korea are investing heavily in English education to enhance global competitiveness. The region's growing middle class and increasing emphasis on education and professional development contribute to the rising demand for English proficiency tests. Additionally, regional policies encouraging international education and employment opportunities further support market growth in this region.

Test Type Analysis

The English Proficiency Test market is segmented by test type, including IELTS, TOEFL, PTE, Cambridge English Exams, and others. IELTS (International English Language Testing System) holds a significant share due to its widespread acceptance by educational institutions, employers, and immigration authorities in English-speaking countries. The comprehensive nature of the IELTS test, which evaluates listening, reading, writing, and speaking skills, makes it a preferred choice for many candidates. Continuous updates to the test format and scoring mechanisms also keep it relevant and widely recognized.

The TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) is another dominant segment, particularly favored by academic institutions in the United States and Canada. TOEFL's focus on academic English makes it suitable for students aiming to pursue higher education in these countries. The test's integration with digital platforms for registration, preparation, and results distribution enhances its accessibility and appeal. The availability of various TOEFL test versions, including the internet-based test (iBT) and the paper-delivered test, caters to different candidate preferences and regional constraints.

The PTE (Pearson Test of English) Academic has been gaining traction due to its fully computerized format and quick result turnaround. Its algorithmic scoring system reduces human bias and provides a more objective assessment of English proficiency. The PTE Academic test is recognized by numerous universities and governments, particularly in Australia and New Zealand, making it a popular choice among students and immigrants. Continuous improvements in test delivery and scorin

The first public large-scale multilingual Twitter dataset related to the FIFA World Cup 2022, comprising over 28 million posts in 69 unique spoken languages, including Arabic, English, Spanish, French, and many others. This dataset aims to facilitate research in future sentiment analysis, cross-linguistic studies, event-based analytics, meme and hate speech detection, fake news detection, and social manipulation detection.

The file 🚨Qatar22WC.csv🚨 contains tweet-level and user-level metadata for our collected tweets. 🚀Codebook for FIFA World Cup 2022 Twitter Dataset🚀 | Column Name | Description| |-------------------------------- |----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | day, month, year | The date where the tweet posted | | hou, min, sec | Hour, minute, and second of tweet timestamp | | age_of_the_user_account | User Account age in days | | tweet_count | Total number of tweets posted by the user | | location | User-defined location field | | follower_count | Number of followers the user has | | following_count | Number of accounts the user is following | | follower_to_Following | Follower-following ratio | | favouite_count | Number of likes the user did| | verified | Boolean indicating if the user is verified (1 = Verified, 0 = Not Verified) | | Avg_tweet_count | Average tweets per day for the user activity| | list_count | Number of lists the user is a member | | Tweet_Id | Tweet ID | | is_reply_tweet | ID of the tweet being replied to (if applicable) | | is_quote | boolean representing if the tweet is a quote | | retid | Retweet ID if it's a retweet; NaN otherwise | | lang | Language of the tweet | | hashtags | The keyword or hashtag used to collect the tweet | | is_image, | Boolean indicating if the tweet associated with image| | is_video | Boolean indicating if the tweet associated with video | |-------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|

Examples of use case queries are described in the file 🚨fifa_wc_qatar22_examples_of_use_case_queries.ipynb🚨 and accessible via: https://github.com/khairied/Qata_FIFA_World_Cup_22

🚀 Please Cite This as: Daouadi, K. E., Boualleg, Y., Guehairia, O. & Taleb-Ahmed, A. (2025). Tracking the Global Pulse: The first public Twitter dataset from FIFA World Cup, Journal of Computational Social Science.

Language Learning Tool Market Outlook

The global language learning tool market size was valued at USD 12.5 billion in 2023 and is expected to reach USD 32.8 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 11.2% during the forecast period. The growth of this market is fueled by an increasing demand for multilingual proficiency in a globally interconnected world. Various factors contribute to this growth, including advancements in technology, a rise in the number of international students, and increasing globalization of businesses.

Advancements in technology have revolutionized the language learning landscape, making it more accessible, engaging, and effective. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in language learning tools has significantly enhanced personalized learning experiences. AI-driven platforms can adapt to the learner's pace and style, providing customized lessons and feedback that cater to individual needs. Moreover, the proliferation of smartphones and high-speed internet has enabled learners to access language learning tools anytime, anywhere, thus boosting market growth.

The rise in the number of international students and expatriates has also contributed to the growing demand for language learning tools. As more people travel abroad for education and work, the need to learn new languages becomes imperative. Educational institutions and corporate sectors are increasingly adopting language learning tools to facilitate better communication and integration among diverse groups. Additionally, the widespread use of English as a global lingua franca has further driven the demand for English language learning tools, particularly in non-English speaking countries.

The demand for English Language Learning tools has seen a remarkable surge, particularly in regions where English is not the native language. This trend is largely driven by the global status of English as a lingua franca, essential for international business, travel, and academia. As non-English speaking countries strive to enhance their global competitiveness, proficiency in English is increasingly viewed as a gateway to better career opportunities and higher education. Consequently, educational institutions and corporate sectors in these regions are investing heavily in English language learning programs to equip their students and employees with the necessary skills to thrive in a globalized world.

Globalization has led businesses to expand their operations across borders, necessitating the need for employees to be proficient in multiple languages. Companies are investing in language training programs to enhance their employees' communication skills, improve customer service, and build stronger international relationships. Corporate learners represent a significant segment of the language learning tool market, and this trend is expected to continue as businesses increasingly recognize the strategic importance of multilingual proficiency.

Regionally, the Asia Pacific region is anticipated to exhibit the highest growth rate during the forecast period. This can be attributed to the region's large population, increasing internet penetration, and a strong emphasis on education. Countries such as China, India, and Japan are witnessing a surge in demand for language learning tools, driven by the need to learn English and other foreign languages for better career opportunities and global competitiveness.

The emergence of Intelligent Language Assistants has further transformed the landscape of language learning tools. These AI-powered assistants offer real-time feedback, conversational practice, and personalized learning paths, making language acquisition more interactive and efficient. By leveraging natural language processing and machine learning algorithms, intelligent language assistants can understand and respond to user queries in a conversational manner, providing a more engaging learning experience. This innovation not only enhances the effectiveness of language learning but also makes it more accessible to a wider audience, including those with limited time or resources for traditional learning methods.

Product Type Analysis

The language learning tool market can be segmented based on product type into software, apps, online courses, and offline co

Financial overview and grant giving statistics of International Research Foundation for English Language Education

This Dataset, in 29 files of xlsx format, contains the data of all metrics and accumulated information as they are described in the methodology, results and discussion section of the research article "Exploring the Dominance of the English Language on the Websites of EU Countries".

Singapore scored 631 out of a maximum of 800 points in the English Proficiency Index 2022, the highest score across the selected Asian countries and territories. In contrast, Thailand reached an English Proficiency Index score of 416 that year.

LY: Population: Male: Ages 70-74: % of Male Population data was reported at 1.104 % in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1.138 % for 2016. LY: Population: Male: Ages 70-74: % of Male Population data is updated yearly, averaging 1.000 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2017, with 58 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.259 % in 1960 and a record low of 0.746 % in 1984. LY: Population: Male: Ages 70-74: % of Male Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Libya – Table LY.World Bank: Population and Urbanization Statistics. Male population between the ages 70 to 74 as a percentage of the total male population.; ; World Bank staff estimates based on age/sex distributions of United Nations Population Division's World Population Prospects: 2017 Revision.; ;

Local ecological evidence is key to informing conservation. However, many global biodiversity indicators often neglect local ecological evidence published in languages other than English, potentially biassing our understanding of biodiversity trends in areas where English is not the dominant language. Brazil is a megadiverse country with a thriving national scientific publishing landscape. Here, using Brazil and a species abundance indicator as examples, we assess how well bilingual literature searches can both improve data coverage for a country where English is not the primary language and help tackle biases in biodiversity datasets. We conducted a comprehensive screening of articles containing abundance data for vertebrates published in 59 Brazilian journals (articles in Portuguese or English) and 79 international English-only journals. These were grouped into three datasets according to journal origin and article language (Brazilian-Portuguese, Brazilian-English and International). We analysed the taxonomic, spatial and temporal coverage of the datasets, compared their average abundance trends and investigated predictors of such trends with a modelling approach. Our results showed that including data published in Brazilian journals, especially those in Portuguese, strongly increased representation of Brazilian vertebrate species (by 10.1 times) and populations (by 7.6 times) in the dataset. Meanwhile, international journals featured a higher proportion of threatened species. There were no marked differences in spatial or temporal coverage between datasets, in spite of different bias towards infrastructures. Overall, while country-level trends in relative abundance did not substantially change with the addition of data from Brazilian journals, uncertainty considerably decreased. We found that population trends in international journals showed stronger and more frequent decreases in average abundance than those in national journals, regardless of whether the latter were published in Portuguese or English. Policy implications. Collecting data from local sources markedly further strengthens global biodiversity databases by adding species not previously included in international datasets. Furthermore, the addition of these data helps to understand spatial and temporal biases that potentially influence abundance trends at both national and global level. We show how incorporating non-English-language studies in global databases and indicators could provide a more complete understanding of biodiversity trends and therefore better inform global conservation policy. Methods Data collection We collected time-series of vertebrate population abundance suitable for entry into the LPD (livingplanetindex.org), which provides the repository for one of the indicators in the GBF, the Living Planet Index (LPI, Ledger et al., 2023). Despite the continuous addition of new data, LPI coverage remains incomplete for some regions (Living Planet Report 2024 – A System in Peril, 2024). We collected data from three sets of sources: a) Portuguese-language articles from Brazilian journals (hereafter “Brazilian-Portuguese” dataset), b) English-language articles from Brazilian journals (“Brazilian-English” dataset) and c) English-language articles from non-Brazilian journals (“International” dataset). For a) and b), we first compiled a list of Brazilian biodiversity-related journals using the list of non-English-language journals in ecology and conservation published by the translatE project (www.translatesciences.com) as a starting point. The International dataset was obtained from the LPD team and sourced from the 78 journals they routinely monitor as part of their ongoing data searches. We excluded journals whose scope was not relevant to our work (e.g. those focusing on agroforestry or crop science), and taxon-specific journals (e.g. South American Journal of Herpetology) since they could introduce taxonomic bias to the data collection process. We considered only articles published between 1990 and 2015, and thus further excluded journals that published articles exclusively outside of this timeframe. We chose this period because of higher data availability (Deinet et al., 2024), since less monitoring took place in earlier decades, and data availability for the last decade is also not as high as there is a lag between data being collected and trends becoming available in the literature. Finally, we excluded any journals that had inactive links or that were no longer available online. While we acknowledge that biodiversity data are available from a wider range of sources (grey literature, online databases, university theses etc.), here we limited our searches to peer-reviewed journals and articles published within a specific timeframe to standardise data collection and allow for comparison between datasets. We screened a total of 59 Brazilian journals; of these, nine accept articles only in English, 13 only in Portuguese and 37 in both languages. We systematically checked all articles of all issues published between 1990 and 2015. Articles that appeared to contain abundance data for vertebrate species based on title and/or abstract were further evaluated by reading the material and methods section. For an article to be included in our dataset, we followed the criteria applied for inclusion into the LPD (livingplanetindex.org/about_index#data): a) data must have been collected using comparable methods for at least two years for the same population, and b) units must be of population size, either a direct measure such as population counts or densities, or indices, or a reliable proxy such as breeding pairs, capture per unit effort or measures of biomass for a single species (e.g. fish data are often available in one of the latter two formats). Assessing search effectiveness and dataset representation We calculated the encounter rate of relevant articles (i.e. those that satisfied the criteria for inclusion in our datasets) for each journal as the proportion of such articles relative to the total number of articles screened for that journal. We assessed the taxonomic representation of each dataset by calculating the percentage of species of each vertebrate group (all fishes combined, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) with relevant abundance data in relation to the number of species of these groups known to occur in Brazil. The total number of known species for each taxon was compiled from national-level sources (amphibians, Segalla et al. 2021; birds, (Pacheco et al., 2021); mammals, Abreu et al. 2022; reptiles, Costa, Guedes and Bérnils, 2022) or through online databases (Fishbase, Froese and Pauly, 2024). We calculated accumulation curves using 1,000 permutations and applying the rarefaction method, using the vegan package (Jari Oksanen et al., 2024). These represent the cumulative number of new species added with each article containing relevant data, allowing us to assess how additional data collection could increase coverage of abundance data across datasets. To compare species threat status among datasets, we used the category for each species available in the Brazilian (‘Sistema de Avaliação do Risco de Extinção da Biodiversidade – SALVE’, 2024) and IUCN Red List (IUCN, 2024), and calculated the percentage of species in each category per dataset. To assess and compare the temporal coverage of the different datasets, we calculated the number of populations and species across time. To assess geographic gaps, we mapped the locations of each population using QGIS version 3.6 (QGIS Development Team, 2019). We then quantified the bias of terrestrial records towards proximity to infrastructures (airports, cities, roads and waterbodies) at a 0.5º resolution (circa 55.5 km x 55.5 km at the equator) and a 2º buffer using posterior weights from the R package sampbias (Zizka, Antonelli and Silvestro, 2021). Higher posterior weights indicate stronger bias effect. Generalised linear mixed models and population abundance trends We used the rlpi R package (Freeman et al., 2017) to calculate trends in relative abundance. We calculated the average lambda (logged annual rate of change) for each time-series by averaging the lambda values across all years between the start and the end year of the time-series. We then built generalised linear mixed models (GLMM) to test how average lambdas changed across language (Portuguese vs English), journal origin (national vs international), and taxonomic group, using location, journal name, and species as random intercepts (Table 1). We offset these by the number of sampled years to adjust summed lambda to a standardised measure, to allow comparison across different observations with different length of time series and plotted the beta coefficients (effect sizes) of all factors. Finally, we performed a post-hoc test to check pairwise differences between taxonomic groups (Table S2). To assess the influence of national-level data on global trends in relative abundance, we calculated the trends for both the International dataset and the two combined Brazilian datasets (Brazilian-Portuguese and Brazilian-English), using only years for which data were available for more than one species, to be able to estimate trend variation. We also plotted the trends for the Brazilian datasets separately. All analyses were performed in R 4.4.1 (R Core Team, 2024).

US: People Using Safely Managed Sanitation Services: % of Population data was reported at 89.499 % in 2015. This records an increase from the previous number of 89.448 % for 2014. US: People Using Safely Managed Sanitation Services: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 89.281 % from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2015, with 16 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 89.499 % in 2015 and a record low of 89.074 % in 2000. US: People Using Safely Managed Sanitation Services: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.World Bank: Health Statistics. The percentage of people using improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households and where excreta are safely disposed of in situ or transported and treated offsite. Improved sanitation facilities include flush/pour flush to piped sewer systems, septic tanks or pit latrines: ventilated improved pit latrines, compositing toilets or pit latrines with slabs.; ; WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (washdata.org).; Weighted Average;

US: People Using Basic Sanitation Services: Urban: % of Urban Population data was reported at 99.989 % in 2015. This stayed constant from the previous number of 99.989 % for 2014. US: People Using Basic Sanitation Services: Urban: % of Urban Population data is updated yearly, averaging 99.989 % from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2015, with 16 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 99.989 % in 2015 and a record low of 99.989 % in 2015. US: People Using Basic Sanitation Services: Urban: % of Urban Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.World Bank: Health Statistics. The percentage of people using at least basic sanitation services, that is, improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other households. This indicator encompasses both people using basic sanitation services as well as those using safely managed sanitation services. Improved sanitation facilities include flush/pour flush to piped sewer systems, septic tanks or pit latrines; ventilated improved pit latrines, compositing toilets or pit latrines with slabs.; ; WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (washdata.org).; Weighted Average;

Access Europe K 12 International Schools Industry Overview which includes Europe country analysis of (United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Denmark, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Rest of Europe), market split by Type, Application, Curriculum, Ownership, Mode of Learning, Offering