Portugal, Canada, and the United States were the countries with the highest house price to income ratio in 2024. In all three countries, the index exceeded 130 index points, while the average for all OECD countries stood at 116.2 index points. The index measures the development of housing affordability and is calculated by dividing nominal house price by nominal disposable income per head, with 2015 set as a base year when the index amounted to 100. An index value of 120, for example, would mean that house price growth has outpaced income growth by 20 percent since 2015. How have house prices worldwide changed since the COVID-19 pandemic? House prices started to rise gradually after the global financial crisis (2007–2008), but this trend accelerated with the pandemic. The countries with advanced economies, which usually have mature housing markets, experienced stronger growth than countries with emerging economies. Real house price growth (accounting for inflation) peaked in 2022 and has since lost some of the gain. Although, many countries experienced a decline in house prices, the global house price index shows that property prices in 2023 were still substantially higher than before COVID-19. Renting vs. buying In the past, house prices have grown faster than rents. However, the home affordability has been declining notably, with a direct impact on rental prices. As people struggle to buy a property of their own, they often turn to rental accommodation. This has resulted in a growing demand for rental apartments and soaring rental prices.

This service shows the proportion of average total income of households which is spent on shelter costs by census subdivision. The data is from the Census Profile, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Shelter-cost-to-income ratio is calculated for private households living in owned or rented dwellings who reported a total household income greater than zero. Private households living in band housing, located on an agricultural operation that is operated by a member of the household, and households who reported a zero or negative total household income are excluded. The relatively high shelter-costs-to-household income ratios for some households may have resulted from the difference in the reference period for shelter costs and household total income data. The reference period for shelter cost data is 2016, while household total income is reported for the year 2015. As well, for some households, the 2015 household total income may represent income for only part of a year. For additional information refer to the 2016 Census Dictionary for 'Total income' and 'Shelter cost'. To have a cartographic representation of the ecumene with this socio-economic indicator, it is recommended to add as the first layer, the “NRCan - 2016 population ecumene by census subdivision” web service, accessible in the data resources section below.

Housing is one of the basic needs for well-being. Poor quality of housing may have adverse effects on health and well-being. Housing is one of the basic needs of all individuals, and the standard of housing impacts on physical health and well-being. Housing requiring major repairs inversely affects housing quality, while a high number of people per room inversely affects liveability. The third indicator measures affordability: a higher percentage of household income spent on rent or a mortgage impacts inversely on affordability.

Housing is one of the basic needs for well-being. Poor quality of housing may have adverse effects on health and well-being. Housing is one of the basic needs of all individuals, and the standard of housing impacts on physical health and well-being. Housing requiring major repairs inversely affects housing quality, while a high number of people per room inversely affects liveability. The third indicator measures affordability: a higher percentage of household income spent on rent or a mortgage impacts inversely on affordability.

This service shows the proportion of average total income of households which is spent on shelter costs by census subdivision. The data is from the Census Profile, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Shelter-cost-to-income ratio is calculated for private households living in owned or rented dwellings who reported a total household income greater than zero. Private households living in band housing, located on an agricultural operation that is operated by a member of the household, and households who reported a zero or negative total household income are excluded. The relatively high shelter-costs-to-household income ratios for some households may have resulted from the difference in the reference period for shelter costs and household total income data. The reference period for shelter cost data is 2016, while household total income is reported for the year 2015. As well, for some households, the 2015 household total income may represent income for only part of a year. For additional information refer to the 2016 Census Dictionary for 'Total income' and 'Shelter cost'. To have a cartographic representation of the ecumene with this socio-economic indicator, it is recommended to add as the first layer, the “NRCan - 2016 population ecumene by census subdivision” web service, accessible in the data resources section below.

This dataset includes one dataset which was custom ordered from Statistics Canada.The table includes information on housing suitability and shelter-cost-to-income ratio by number of bedrooms, housing tenure, age of primary household maintainer, household type, and income quartile ranges for census subdivisions in British Columbia. The dataset is in Beyond 20/20 (.ivt) format. The Beyond 20/20 browser is required in order to open it. This software can be freely downloaded from the Statistics Canada website: https://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/public/beyond20-20 (Windows only). For information on how to use Beyond 20/20, please see: http://odesi2.scholarsportal.info/documentation/Beyond2020/beyond20-quickstart.pdf https://wiki.ubc.ca/Library:Beyond_20/20_Guide Custom order from Statistics Canada includes the following dimensions and variables: Geography: Non-reserve CSDs in British Columbia - 299 geographies The global non-response rate (GNR) is an important measure of census data quality. It combines total non-response (households) and partial non-response (questions). A lower GNR indicates a lower risk of non-response bias and, as a result, a lower risk of inaccuracy. The counts and estimates for geographic areas with a GNR equal to or greater than 50% are not published in the standard products. The counts and estimates for these areas have a high risk of non-response bias, and in most cases, should not be released. Housing Tenure Including Presence of Mortgage (5) 1. Total – Private non-band non-farm off-reserve households with an income greater than zero by housing tenure 2. Households who own 3. With a mortgage1 4. Without a mortgage 5. Households who rent Notes: 1) Presence of mortgage - Refers to whether the owner households reported mortgage or loan payments for their dwelling. 2015 Before-tax Household Income Quartile Ranges (5) 1. Total – Private households by quartile ranges1, 2, 3 2. Count of households under or at quartile 1 3. Count of households between quartile 1 and quartile 2 (median) (including at quartile 2) 4. Count of households between quartile 2 (median) and quartile 3 (including at quartile 3) 5. Count of households over quartile 3 Notes: 1) A private household will be assigned to a quartile range depending on its CSD-level location and depending on its tenure (owned and rented). Quartile ranges for owned households in a specific CSD are delimited by the 2015 before-tax income quartiles of owned households with an income greater than zero and residing in non-farm off-reserve dwellings in that CSD. Quartile ranges for rented households in a specific CSD are delimited by the 2015 before-tax income quartiles of rented households with an income greater than zero and residing in non-farm off-reserve dwellings in that CSD. 2) For the income quartiles dollar values (the delimiters) please refer to Table 1. 3) Quartiles 1 to 3 are suppressed if the number of actual records used in the calculation (not rounded or weighted) is less than 16. For cases in which the renters’ quartiles or the owners’ quartiles (figures from Table 1) of a CSD are suppressed the CSD is assigned to a quartile range depending on the provincial renters’ or owners’ quartile figures. Number of Bedrooms (Unit Size) (6) 1. Total – Private households by number of bedrooms1 2. 0 bedrooms (Bachelor/Studio) 3. 1 bedroom 4. 2 bedrooms 5. 3 bedrooms 6. 4 bedrooms Note: 1) Dwellings with 5 bedrooms or more included in the total count only. Housing Suitability (6) 1. Total - Housing suitability 2. Suitable 3. Not suitable 4. One bedroom shortfall 5. Two bedroom shortfall 6. Three or more bedroom shortfall Note: 1) 'Housing suitability' refers to whether a private household is living in suitable accommodations according to the National Occupancy Standard (NOS); that is, whether the dwelling has enough bedrooms for the size and composition of the household. A household is deemed to be living in suitable accommodations if its dwelling has enough bedrooms, as calculated using the NOS. 'Housing suitability' assesses the required number of bedrooms for a household based on the age, sex, and relationships among household members. An alternative variable, 'persons per room,' considers all rooms in a private dwelling and the number of household members. Housing suitability and the National Occupancy Standard (NOS) on which it is based were developed by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) through consultations with provincial housing agencies. Shelter-cost-to-income-ratio (4) 1. Total – Private non-band non-farm off-reserve households with an income greater than zero 2. Spending less than 30% of households total income on shelter costs 3. Spending 30% or more of households total income on shelter costs 4. Spending 50% or more of households total income on shelter costs Note: 'Shelter-cost-to-income ratio' refers to the proportion of average total income of household which is spent on shelter costs. Household Statistics (8) 1....

Survey of Household Spending (SHS), average household spending, Canada, regions and provinces.

The average mortgage payment in the large and mid-sized cities in Canada ranged between 1,300 Canadian dollars and 2,600 Canadian dollars. In the fourth quarter of the year, Vancouver topped the ranking, with homebuyers paying, on average, ***** Canadian dollars monthly. In Toronto, the average monthly scheduled mortgage payment was ***** Canadian dollars. Canada’s housing market House prices in Canada vary widely across the country. In 2023, the average sales price of detached single-family homes in Vancouver was nearly three times as expensive as the national average. Vancouver is undoubtedly considered the least affordable housing market: In 2023, the cost of buying a home with a **-year mortgage in Canada was approximately ** percent of the median household income, whereas in Vancouver, it was nearly *** percent. Development of house prices The development of house prices depends on multiple factors, such as availability on the market and demand. Since 2005, house prices in Canada have been continuously growing. According to the MSL composite house price index, 2021 measured the highest house price increase.

For more information, please visit HART.ubc.ca. Housing Assessment Resource Tools (HART) This dataset includes 18 tables which draw upon data from the 2016 Census of Canada. The tables are a custom order and contains data pertaining to core housing need and characteristics of households. 17 of the tables each cover a different geography in Canada: one for Canada as a whole, one for all Canadian census divisions (CD), and 15 for all census subdivisions (CSD) across Canada. The last table contains the median income for all geographies. Statistics Canada used these median incomes as the "area median household income (AMHI)," from which they derived some of the data fields within the Shelter Costs/Household Income dimension. Included alongside the data tables is a guide to HART's housing need assessment methodology. This guide is intended to support independent use of HART's custom data both to allow for transparent verification of our analysis, as well as supporting efforts to utilize the data for analysis beyond what HART did. There are many data fields in the data order that we did not use that may be of value for others. The dataset is in Beyond 20/20 (.ivt) format. The Beyond 20/20 browser is required in order to open it. This software can be freely downloaded from the Statistics Canada website: https://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/public/beyond20-20 (Windows only). For information on how to use Beyond 20/20, please see: http://odesi2.scholarsportal.info/documentation/Beyond2020/beyond20-quickstart.pdf https://wiki.ubc.ca/Library:Beyond_20/20_Guide Custom order from Statistics Canada includes the following dimensions and data fields: Geography: - Country of Canada, all CDs & Country as a whole - All 10 Provinces (Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island (PEI), Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia), all CSDs & each Province as a whole - All 3 Territories (Nunavut, Northwest Territories, Yukon), all CSDs & each Territory as a whole The global non-response rate (GNR) is an important measure of census data quality. It combines total non-response (households) and partial non-response (questions). A lower GNR indicates a lower risk of non-response bias and, as a result, a lower risk of inaccuracy. The counts and estimates for geographic areas with a GNR equal to or greater than 50% are not published in the standard products. The counts and estimates for these areas have a high risk of non-response bias, and in most cases, should not be released. Universe: Full Universe: Private Households in Non-farm Non-band Off-reserve Occupied Private Dwellings with Income Greater than zero. Households examined for Core Housing Need: Private, non-farm, non-reserve, owner- or renter-households with incomes greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratios less than 100% are assessed for 'Core Housing Need.' Non-family Households with at least one household maintainer aged 15 to 29 attending school are considered not to be in Core Housing Need, regardless of their housing circumstances. Data Fields: Note: Certain data fields from the original .ivt files were not included in the .csv extracts. Those data fields have been marked with an asterisk () below. Housing indicators in Core Housing Universe (12) 1. Total - Private Households by core housing need status 2. Households examined for core housing need 3. Households in core housing need 4. Below one standard only* 5. Below affordability standard only* 6. Below adequacy standard only* 7. Below suitability standard only* 8. Below 2 or more standards* 9. Below affordability and suitability* 10. Below affordability and adequacy* 11. Below suitability and adequacy* 12. Below affordability, suitability, and adequacy* Tenure Including Presence of Mortgage and Subsidized Housing; Household size (13) 1. Total - Private households by tenure including presence of mortgage payments and subsidized housing* 2. Owner* 3. With mortgage* 4. Without mortgage* 5. Renter* 6. Subsidized housing* 7. Not subsidized housing* 8. Total - Household size 9. 1 person 10. 2 persons 11. 3 persons 12. 4 persons 13. 5 or more persons household Shelter costs groups/statistics (20) 1. Total – Private households by household income proportion to AMHI_1 2. Households with income 20% or under of area median household income (AMHI) 3. Households with income 21% to 50% of AMHI 4. Households with income 51% to 80% of AMHI 5. Households with income 81% to 120% of AMHI 6. Households with income 121% or more of AMHI 7. Total – Private households by household income proportion to AMHI_2* 8. Households with income 30% and under of AMHI* 9. Households with income 31% to 60% of AMHI* 10. Households with income 61% or more of AMHI* 11. Total – Private households by shelter cost proportion to AMHI_1* 12. Households with s... Visit https://dataone.org/datasets/sha256%3A65417ca744895aa58fa4e6dbf1845a3a6052c5213f8f932f4041f2e9f3581b23 for complete metadata about this dataset.

Housing conditions of Canadian military families: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts Frequency: Occasional Table: 98-10-0145-01 Release date: 2023-11-15 Geography: Canada, Province or territory, Census metropolitan area, Census agglomeration, Census metropolitan area part, Census agglomeration part Universe: Population aged 17 and over in owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero in non-reserve, non-farm private households, 2021 Census — 25% Sample data Variable List: Housing indicators (6), Household type of person (10), Tenure including presence of mortgage payments and subsidized housing (7), Structural type of dwelling (10), Age (15D), Gender (3), Military service status (4A) Footnotes: 1 Household type Household type refers to the differentiation of households on the basis of whether they are census family households or non-census-family households. Census family households are those that contain at least one census family. Non-census-family households are either one person living alone or a group of two or more persons who live together but do not constitute a census family. Census family households may be differentiated based on the presence of additional persons (that is, persons not in a census family). 2 Structural type of dwelling 'Structural type' refers to the structural characteristics and/or dwelling configuration, that is, whether the dwelling is a single-detached house, an apartment in a high-rise building, a row house, a mobile home, etc. 3 Age 'Age' refers to the age of a person (or subject) of interest at last birthday (or relative to a specified, well-defined reference date). 4 Gender Gender refers to an individual's personal and social identity as a man, woman or non-binary person (a person who is not exclusively a man or a woman). Gender includes the following concepts: gender identity, which refers to the gender that a person feels internally and individually; gender expression, which refers to the way a person presents their gender, regardless of their gender identity, through body language, aesthetic choices or accessories (e.g., clothes, hairstyle and makeup), which may have traditionally been associated with a specific gender. A person's gender may differ from their sex at birth, and from what is indicated on their current identification or legal documents such as their birth certificate, passport or driver's licence. A person's gender may change over time. Some people may not identify with a specific gender. 5 Given that the non-binary population is small, data aggregation to a two-category gender variable is sometimes necessary to protect the confidentiality of responses provided. In these cases, individuals in the category “non-binary persons” are distributed into the other two gender categories and are denoted by the “+” symbol. 6 Dwelling condition 'Dwelling condition' refers to whether the dwelling is in need of repairs. This does not include desirable remodelling or additions. Housing suitability Housing suitability refers to whether a private household is living in suitable accommodations according to the National Occupancy Standard (NOS); that is, whether the dwelling has enough bedrooms for the size and composition of the household. A household is deemed to be living in suitable accommodations if its dwelling has enough bedrooms, as calculated using the NOS. 'Housing suitability' assesses the required number of bedrooms for a household based on the age, sex, and relationships among household members. An alternative variable, 'persons per room,' considers all rooms in a private dwelling and the number of household members. Housing suitability and the National Occupancy Standard (NOS) on which it is based were developed by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) through consultations with provincial housing agencies. Shelter-cost-to-income ratio 'Shelter-cost-to-income ratio' refers to the proportion of average total income of household which is spent on shelter costs. Core housing need Core housing need refers to whether a private household's housing falls below at least one of the indicator thresholds for housing adequacy, affordability or suitability, and would have to spend 30% or more of its total before-tax income to pay the median rent of alternative local housing that is acceptable (attains all three housing indicator thresholds). Housing indicator thresholds are defined as follows: Adequate housing is reported by their residents as not requiring any major repairs. Affordable housing has shelter costs equal to less than 30% of total before-tax household income. Suitable housing has enough bedrooms for the size and composition of resident households according to the National Occupancy Standard (NOS), conceived by the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation and provincial and territorial representatives. Only private, non-farm, non-reserve and owner- or renter-households with incomes greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratios less than 100% are assessed for 'core housing need.' Non-family households with at least one maintainer aged 15 to 29 attending school are considered not to be in 'core housing need' regardless of their housing circumstances. Attending school is considered a transitional phase, and low incomes earned by student households are viewed as being a temporary condition. 7 Military service status Military service status refers to whether or not the person is currently serving or has previously served in the Canadian military. Military service status is asked of all Canadians aged 17 and older. For the purposes of the 2021 Census, Canadian military service includes service with the Regular Force or Primary Reserve Force as an Officer or Non-Commissioned Member. It does not include service with the Cadets, Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service (COATS) instructors or the Canadian Rangers. 8 Tenure refers to whether the household owns or rents their private dwelling. The private dwelling may be situated on rented or leased land or be part of a condominium. A household is considered to own their dwelling if some member of the household owns the dwelling even if it is not fully paid for, for example if there is a mortgage or some other claim on it. A household is considered to rent their dwelling if no member of the household owns the dwelling. A household is considered to rent that dwelling even if the dwelling is provided without cash rent or at a reduced rent, or if the dwelling is part of a cooperative. For historical and statutory reasons, shelter occupancy on Indian reserves or settlements does not lend itself to the usual classification by standard tenure categories. Therefore, a special category, 'dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band,' has been created for census purposes. Presence of mortgage payments refers to whether an owner household makes regular mortgage or loan payments for their dwelling. Subsidized housing refers to whether a renter household lives in a dwelling that is subsidized. Subsidized housing includes rent geared to income, social housing, public housing, government-assisted housing, non-profit housing, rent supplements and housing allowances. 9 For more information on the military service status variable, including data quality and comparability with other sources of data, please refer to the Canadian Military Experience Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2021. 10 Adequacy, suitability, affordability and core housing need are four housing indicators. The indicator for housing adequacy is the dwelling condition. The indicator for housing suitability (a topic often referred to as crowding) is whether the dwelling has enough bedrooms for the size and composition of the household. The indicator of housing affordability is the proportion of household total income that is spent on shelter costs, also referred to as shelter-cost-to-income ratio. Core housing need refers to whether a private household's housing falls below at least one of the indicator thresholds for housing adequacy, affordability or suitability, and would have to spend 30% or more of its total before-tax income to pay the median rent of alternative local housing that is acceptable (attains all three housing indicator thresholds). 'Dwelling condition' refers to whether the dwelling is in need of repairs. This does not include desirable remodelling or additions. The category 'major repairs needed' includes dwellings needing major repairs such as dwellings with defective plumbing or electrical wiring and dwellings needing structural repairs to walls, floors or ceilings. 'Housing suitability' refers to whether a private household is living in suitable accommodations according to the National Occupancy Standard (NOS); that is, whether the dwelling has enough bedrooms for the size and composition of the household. A household is deemed to be living in suitable accommodations if its dwelling has enough bedrooms, as calculated using the NOS. Housing suitability and the National Occupancy Standard (NOS) on which it is based were developed by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) through consultations with provincial housing agencies. The category 'not suitable' includes households where the required number of bedrooms based on the NOS exceeds the reported number of bedrooms in the dwelling. 'Shelter-cost-to-income ratio' refers to the proportion of average total income of household which is spent on shelter costs. The category '30% or more of household income is spent on shelter costs' includes households who spend 30% or more of their average monthly total income on shelter costs. For more information, refer to the Census Dictionary: Dwelling condition; Housing suitability; Shelter-cost-to-income ratio; Core

Housing Assessment Resource Tools (HART) This dataset contains 2 tables and 5 files which draw upon data from the 2021 Census of Canada. The tables are a custom order and contain data pertaining to older adults and housing need. The 2 tables have 6 dimensions in common and 1 dimension that is unique to each table. Table 1's unique dimension is the "Ethnicity / Indigeneity status" dimension which contains data fields related to visible minority and Indigenous identity within the population in private households. Table 2's unique dimension is "Structural type of dwelling and Period of Construction" which contains data fields relating to the structural type and period of construction of the dwelling. Each of the two tables is then split into multiple files based on geography. Table 1 has two files: Table 1.1 includes Canada, Provinces and Territories (14 geographies), CDs of NWT (6), CDs of Yukon (1) and CDs of Nunavut (3); and Table 1.2 includes Canada and the CMAs of Canada (44). Table 2 has three files: Table 2.1 includes Canada, Provinces and Territories (14), CDs of NWT (6), CDs of Yukon (1) and CDs of Nunavut (3); Table 2.2 includes Canada and the CMAs of Canada excluding Ontario and Quebec (20 geographies); and Table 2.3 includes Canada and the CMAs of Canada that are in Ontario and Quebec (25 geographies). The dataset is in Beyond 20/20 (.ivt) format. The Beyond 20/20 browser is required in order to open it. This software can be freely downloaded from the Statistics Canada website: https://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/public/beyond20-20 (Windows only). For information on how to use Beyond 20/20, please see: http://odesi2.scholarsportal.info/documentation/Beyond2020/beyond20-quickstart.pdf https://wiki.ubc.ca/Library:Beyond_20/20_Guide Custom order from Statistics Canada includes the following dimensions and data fields: Geography: - Country of Canada as a whole - All 10 Provinces (Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island (PEI), Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia) as a whole - All 3 Territories (Nunavut, Northwest Territories, Yukon), as a whole as well as all census divisions (CDs) within the 3 territories - All 43 census metropolitan areas (CMAs) in Canada Data Quality and Suppression: - The global non-response rate (GNR) is an important measure of census data quality. It combines total non-response (households) and partial non-response (questions). A lower GNR indicates a lower risk of non-response bias and, as a result, a lower risk of inaccuracy. The counts and estimates for geographic areas with a GNR equal to or greater than 50% are not published in the standard products. The counts and estimates for these areas have a high risk of non-response bias, and in most cases, should not be released. - Area suppression is used to replace all income characteristic data with an 'x' for geographic areas with populations and/or number of households below a specific threshold. If a tabulation contains quantitative income data (e.g., total income, wages), qualitative data based on income concepts (e.g., low income before tax status) or derived data based on quantitative income variables (e.g., indexes) for individuals, families or households, then the following rule applies: income characteristic data are replaced with an 'x' for areas where the population is less than 250 or where the number of private households is less than 40. Source: Statistics Canada - When showing count data, Statistics Canada employs random rounding in order to reduce the possibility of identifying individuals within the tabulations. Random rounding transforms all raw counts to random rounded counts. Reducing the possibility of identifying individuals within the tabulations becomes pertinent for very small (sub)populations. All counts are rounded to a base of 5, meaning they will end in either 0 or 5. The random rounding algorithm controls the results and rounds the unit value of the count according to a predetermined frequency. Counts ending in 0 or 5 are not changed. Universe: Full Universe: Population aged 55 years and over in owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero in non-reserve non-farm private dwellings. Definition of Households examined for Core Housing Need: Private, non-farm, non-reserve, owner- or renter-households with incomes greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratios less than 100% are assessed for 'Core Housing Need.' Non-family Households with at least one household maintainer aged 15 to 29 attending school are considered not to be in Core Housing Need, regardless of their housing circumstances. Data Fields: Table 1: Age / Gender (12) 1. Total – Population 55 years and over 2. Men+ 3. Women+ 4. 55 to 64 years 5. Men+ 6. Women+ 7. 65+ years 8. Men+ 9. Women+ 10. 85+ 11. Men+ 12. Women+ Housing indicators (13) 1. Total – Private Households by core housing need status 2. Households below one standard only...

Proportion of the population living: in a dwelling owned by some members of the household; in core housing need and; in suitable dwelling, proportion of the population living alone, poverty rate (MBM), prevalence of low income (LIM-AT) and (LIM-BT), knowledge of official languages, by visible minority and selected characteristics (gender, age group, first official language spoken, immigrant status, period of immigration, generation status and highest certificate, degree or diploma).

The Ministry of Education (MEQ) annually calculates two deprivation indices for the 69 school service centers and linguistic school boards: • the Socio-economic Environment Index (IMSE), which consists of the proportion of families with children whose mothers do not have a diploma, certificate or degree (which represents two thirds of the weight of the index) and the proportion of households whose parents were not employed during the week of reference of the Canadian census (which represents a third of the weight of the index). • The Low Income Threshold Index (LFS) corresponds to the proportion of families with children whose income is close to or below the low income threshold. The low-income cut-off is defined as the income level at which families are estimated to spend 20% more than the overall average on food, housing, and clothing. It provides information that is used to estimate the proportion of families whose incomes can be considered low, taking into account the size of the family and the environment of residence (rural region, small urban area, large agglomeration, etc.). For the 2024-2025 school year, the socio-economic data used are extracted from the 2016 Canadian census and relate to the situation of Quebec families with at least one child aged 0 to 18. Depending on their geographical position, these families are grouped together in one of the 3,680 settlement units established by the Ministry. The annual school indices are grouped in decimal rank in order to locate the relative position of the school among all public schools, for primary and secondary education. Note that schools may include more than one school building, that no index is calculated for school boards with special status (Cree, Kativik and Littoral) and that only schools with 30 students or more are selected (without an MEQ-MSSS agreement). For the school year 2024-2025, 689 primary schools and 194 secondary schools are in deciles 8, 9 or 10 according to the IMSE index and make up the group of schools said to be in more disadvantaged areas. These schools respectively welcome a total of 158,176 and 116,843 students, representing 30% of the public network for each of these two levels of education.This third party metadata element was translated using an automated translation tool (Amazon Translate).

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Residential Furnace market size will be USD 28524.6 million in 2025. It will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.0% from 2025 to 2033.

North America held the major market share for more than 40% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 11409.84 million in 2025 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.2% from 2025 to 2033.
Europe accounted for a market share of over 30% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 8557.38 million.
Asia Pacific held a market share of around 23% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 6560.66 million in 2025 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.0% from 2025 to 2033.
Latin America had a market share of more than 5% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 1426.23 million in 2025 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.4% from 2025 to 2033.
Middle East and Africa had a market share of around 2% of the global revenue and was estimated at a market size of USD 570.49 million in 2025 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.7% from 2025 to 2033.
The Gas Furnace category led the Residential Furnace Market.

Market Dynamics of Residential Furnace Market

Key Drivers for Residential Furnace Market

Growing Residential Sector to Boost Market Growth

As a result of population growth, residential construction is increasing in both the United States and Canada. The use of domestic furnaces is anticipated to increase during the forecast period due to an increase in residential construction activity. This is propelling North American market growth. It is anticipated that in the near future, the Liberal Party of Canada, which was re-elected, will increase its investments in housing and renewable energy projects. The party stated in its election manifesto that it will spend CAD 2.7 billion (US$2.1 billion) during the following four years (2021–2025) to construct or renovate 1.4 million units of affordable housing. By the end of this decade, it also hopes to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 40% to 45% from 2005 levels. The Canadian financial services company BMO Financial Group declared that it would invest CAD 12 billion (US$ 9.4 billion) until 2030 to promote the development of affordable homes throughout the nation.

(Source: https://newsroom.bmo.com/2023-08-29-BMO-Financial-Group-Declares-Dividends)

An Increase in Disposable Income to Drive Market Growth

North American living standards have improved as a result of rising disposable income. Consequently, individuals are willing to embrace new items that improve living conditions in their homes. The region's need for home furnaces is therefore growing. This is anticipated to have a favourable effect on the residential furnace market share in North America in the near future. Furnaces are the most popular heating option among all HVAC systems because of their great comfort, affordability, efficiency, and clean burning. Market figures are expected to be fueled in the near future by a sharp decline in temperatures and an increase in the use of heating equipment.

Restraint Factor for the Residential Furnace Market

High Initial Costs Will Limit Market Growth

There are a number of obstacles facing the residential furnace market despite the promising development prognosis. The high initial cost of sophisticated furnace systems is one significant barrier. Even though contemporary furnaces perform better and are more efficient, some homeowners may find their higher initial costs prohibitive. Price-conscious buyers may be turned off by the upfront costs associated with buying and installing sophisticated furnace systems, especially in areas with lower average incomes.

Market Trends in Residential Furnace Market

Growing Adoption of Intelligent Home Technology

The growing use of smart home technology is benefiting the residential furnace market industry as a whole. Because smart furnaces can be operated from a distance, homeowners can better regulate how much energy they use. Other smart home appliances like speakers and thermostats can also be connected to smart furnaces. This enables homeowners to design a more pleasant and effective living space.

Government Policies and Rewards

The rise of the residential furnace market industry is also being fueled by government incentives and restrictions. Numerous governments are impl...

Debt service ratios, interest and obligated principal payments on debt, and related statistics for households, Canada.