In Columbia University's Class of 2028 (students beginning in the fall of 2024), 17 percent of students were international students. This is compared to Harvard University, where 18 percent of incoming students were international students.

Using a variety of inputs, IFPRI's Spatial Production Allocation Model (SPAM) uses a cross-entropy approach to make plausible estimates of crop distribution within disaggregated units. Moving the data from coarser units such as countries and sub-national provinces, to finer units such as grid cells, reveals spatial patterns of crop performance, creating a global grid-scape at the confluence between geography and agricultural production systems. Improving spatial understanding of crop production systems allows policymakers and donors to better target agricultural and rural development policies and investments, increasing food security and growth with minimal environmental impacts.

The Idaho Statistics Update project is made possible by a 1997/98 Seed Grant from the University of Idaho Research Office. The grant was used to hire three student assistants to input the data and to convert the data to a usable format for the Web. The undertaking of this project is possible to accomplish only with the assistance of several librarians at the University of Idaho. Some of the original chapters included here were published as volume one of the Idaho Statistical Abstract, 4th edition, by Univ ersity of Idaho, Center for Business Development and Research. Efforts were made to use the sources listed in the original chapters to update the data when available. The chapters intended for volume 2 of Idaho Statistical Abstract, 4th edition, are new data collected from various sources by Lily Wai, the Compiler-in-Chief. The Idaho Department of Commerce also contributed some funds for this project. This is an on-going project with periodic updates planned when funding becomes available. In the interest of improving the quality and coverage of future updates, users of this site are encouraged to address suggestions to Lily Wai, Head of Government Documents, University of Idaho Library, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2353.

Bernard, Andrew B., Grazzi, Marco, and Tomasi, Chiara, (2015) "Intermediaries in International Trade: Products and Destinations." Review of Economics and Statistics 97:4, 916-920.

International-relations scholars tend to focus on the formation, design, and effects of international organizations (IOs). However, the vitality of IOs varies tremendously. I argue that IOs end up in one of three situations. They could die off altogether, though this happens infrequently. More commonly, many IOs become “zombies.” They continue to operate, but without any progress toward their mandates. A third category includes IOs that are alive and functioning. I develop a theory to explain an organization's vitality, hinging on the quality of the bureaucracy. In an environment where IOs with similar goals, and with many overlapping members, compete for bureaucrats, the ability of the secretariats to attract talented staff and to enact policy autonomously are associated with whether organizations truly stay active, simply endure, or die off. I demonstrate this proposition using a new measure of the vitality of international economic organizations from 1950 to the present. Around 52 percent of the organizations in the sample are alive and functioning, around 10 percent are essentially dead, and nearly 38 percent are zombies. Using these original data, tests of these propositions support the theory.

This study examines the short and long-run causal effects and the direction of causality in the relationship between interest rate, foreign direct investment, and economic growth in Nigeria, for the period, 1980 to 2021.

A traditional way of thinking about the exchange rate regime and capital account openness has been framed in terms of the 'impossible trinity' or 'trilemma', according to which policymakers can only have two of three possible outcomes: open capital markets, monetary independence and pegged exchange rates. The present paper is a natural extension of Escude (A DSGE Model for a SOE with Systematic Interest and Foreign Exchange Policies in Which Policymakers Exploit the Risk Premium for Stabilization Purposes, 2013), which focuses on interest rate and exchange rate policies, since it introduces the third vertex of the 'trinity' in the form of taxes on private foreign debt. These affect the risk-adjusted uncovered interest parity equation and hence influence the SOE's international financial flows. A useful way to illustrate the range of policy alternatives is to associate them with the faces of an isosceles triangle. Each of three possible government intervention policies taken individually (in the domestic currency bond market, in the foreign currency market, and in the foreign currency bonds market) corresponds to one of the vertices of the triangle, each of the three possible pairs of intervention policies corresponds to one of the three edges of the triangle, and the three simultaneous intervention policies taken jointly correspond to the triangle's interior. This paper shows that this interior, or 'pos sible trinity' is quite generally not only possible but optimal, since the central bank obtains a lower loss when it implements a policy with all three interventions.

The Statistics on Public Expenditures for Economic Development (SPEED) database is a resource of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) that contains information on agricultural and other sectoral public expenditures in 147 countries from 1980 to 2016. Policymakers, researchers, and other stakeholders can use this robust database to examine both historical trends and the allocation of government resources across sectors. It also allows for comparisons with other countries within a region or at a similar level of development. Because the SPEED database covers many countries for a long time period, it allows analysts of government spending to examine national policy priorities, as reflected in the allocation of public expenditures, and track development goals and the cost-effectiveness of public spending both within and across countries. Indicators reported in this data study include total agricultural expenditure, agricultural spending per capita, and the ratio of agricultural spending to the agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) for years 1995, 2000, and 2016. IFPRI researchers have compiled data from multiple sources, including the International Monetary Fund, World Bank, United Nations, and national governments, and conducted extensive data checks and adjustments to ensure consistent spending measurements over time that are free of exchange-rate fluctuations and currency denomination changes.

The dataset contains public expenditure data for 147 countries and 9 sectors: agriculture, communication, education, health, defense, mining, social protection, transport, transportation and communication (as a group) for the time period 1980-2010. IFPRI researchers have compiled data from multiple sources, including the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and national governments, and conducted extensive data checks and adjustments to ensure consistent spending measurements over time that are free of exchange-rate fluctuations and currency denomination changes. SPEED is a user friendly tool that could help governments to better allocate their resources to be consistent with their policy objectives, and citizens’ needs and priorities. Because of the wide coverage of time periods, countries, and sectors, it could help policy makers and researchers to better understand the linkages between different types of public expenditure and development. It could also help examine historical trends and compare those to other countries. SPEED is funded by the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM).

The Statistics on Public Expenditures for Economic Development (SPEED) database is a resource of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) that contains information on agricultural and other sectoral public expenditures in 147 countries from 1980 to 2014. Policy makers, researchers, and other stakeholders can use this robust database to examine both historical trends and the allocation of government resources across sectors. It also allows for comparisons with other countries within a region or at a similar level of development. Because the SPEED database covers many countries for a long time period, it allows analysts of government spending to examine national policy priorities, as reflected in the allocation of public expenditures, and track development goals and the cost-effectiveness of public spending both within and across countries. Indicators reported in this data study include total agricultural expenditure, agricultural spending per capita, and the ratio of agricultural spending to agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) for years 1980, 1995, and 2014. IFPRI researchers have compiled data from multiple sources, including the International Monetary Fund, World Bank, United Nations, and national governments, and conducted extensive data checks and adjustments to ensure consistent spending measurements over time that are free of exchange-rate fluctuations and currency denomination changes.

In a Cournot duopoly model in which exporters compete in a third market, this paper revisits the classical issue (dating back to the pioneering work of Brander and Spencer, Export Share and International Market Share Rivalry, 1985) of the strategic trade policy choice in the presence of the passive participation of one firm in the rival. Passive cross-ownership dramatically alters the participating and participated firms’ governments’ choice to apply the strategic trade policy instrument, the equilibria typology and their efficiency properties. In fact, if the share of cross-ownership is sufficiently large, the participated firm’s government finds optimal to tax export. Moreover, beyond an adequately high threshold, cross-ownership modifies the equilibrium from the activist regime for both countries to an asymmetric regime in which only the participating firm’s government intervenes. In addition, in the case of the traditional common activist regime equilibrium, the classical prisoner's dilemma game structure may disappear.

ABSTRACT: The October Household Survey is an annual survey, based on a probability sample of a large number of households (ranging from 16 000 to 30 000), covering a range of development indicators, including the detailed official measurement of the unemployment rate according to standard definitions of the International Labour Organisation (ILO).

The Gambia Social Accounting Matrix (SAM), 2009 was constructed following the top-down approach. First, aggregated SAM representing the macro features of the Gambian economy was constructed: the macro SAM. Then, industries, commodities, and institutional accounts are disaggregated with the macro SAM entries serving as control totals: the micro SAM. The country's national account, government financial statistics, balance of payments, and international trade statistics were utilized for constructing the SAM.