In 2020, **** percent of full-time sworn officers in local police departments in the United States were white, followed by **** percent who were Hispanic.

The rate of fatal police shootings in the United States shows large differences based on ethnicity. Among Black Americans, the rate of fatal police shootings between 2015 and December 2024 stood at 6.1 per million of the population per year, while for white Americans, the rate stood at 2.4 fatal police shootings per million of the population per year. Police brutality in the United States Police brutality is a major issue in the United States, but recently saw a spike in online awareness and protests following the murder of George Floyd, an African American who was killed by a Minneapolis police officer. Just a few months before, Breonna Taylor was fatally shot in her apartment when Louisville police officers forced entry into her apartment. Despite the repeated fatal police shootings across the country, police accountability has not been adequate according to many Americans. A majority of Black Americans thought that police officers were not held accountable for their misconduct, while less than half of White Americans thought the same. Political opinions Not only are there differences in opinion between ethnicities on police brutality, but there are also major differences between political parties. A majority of Democrats in the United States thought that police officers were not held accountable for their misconduct, while a majority of Republicans that they were held accountable. Despite opposing views on police accountability, both Democrats and Republicans agree that police should be required to be trained in nonviolent alternatives to deadly force.

According to a survey conducted in 2020, ** percent of Black voters were in support of holding police officers legally accountable in the United States. A further ** percent supported requiring police officers to wear body cams.

How many police officers are there in the U.S.? In 2023, there were 720,652 full-time law enforcement officers employed in the United States, an increase from 708,001 the previous year. Within the provided time period, the number of full-time law enforcement officers was lowest in 2013, with 626,942 officers. Employment in law enforcement According to the source, law enforcement officers are defined as those individuals who regularly carry a firearm and an official badge on their person, have full powers of arrest, and whose salaries are paid from federal funds set aside specifically for sworn law enforcement. Law enforcement, particularly when it comes to officers, is a male-dominated field. Law enforcement employees can either be officers or civilians, and federal law enforcement agencies cover a wide area of jurisdictions -- from the National Park Service to the FBI.
Police in the United States The police in the United States have come under fire over the past few years for accusations of use of unnecessary force and for the number of people who are shot to death by police in the U.S. Police officers in the United States are regularly armed, and in comparison, 19 countries, including Iceland, New Zealand, and Ireland, do not regularly arm their police forces.

The study was a comprehensive analysis of felonious killings of officers. The purposes of the study were (1) to analyze the nature and circumstances of incidents of felonious police killings and (2) to analyze trends in the numbers and rates of killings across different types of agencies and to explain these differences. For Part 1, Incident-Level Data, an incident-level database was created to capture all incidents involving the death of a police officer from 1983 through 1992. Data on officers and incidents were collected from the Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted (LEOKA) data collection as coded by the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program. In addition to the UCR data, the Police Foundation also coded information from the LEOKA narratives that are not part of the computerized LEOKA database from the FBI. For Part 2, Agency-Level Data, the researchers created an agency-level database to research systematic differences among rates at which law enforcement officers had been feloniously killed from 1977 through 1992. The investigators focused on the 56 largest law enforcement agencies because of the availability of data for explanatory variables. Variables in Part 1 include year of killing, involvement of other officers, if the officer was killed with his/her own weapon, circumstances of the killing, location of fatal wounds, distance between officer and offender, if the victim was wearing body armor, if different officers were killed in the same incident, if the officer was in uniform, actions of the killer and of the officer at entry and final stage, if the killer was visible at first, if the officer thought the killer was a felon suspect, if the officer was shot at entry, and circumstances at anticipation, entry, and final stages. Demographic variables for Part 1 include victim's sex, age, race, type of assignment, rank, years of experience, agency, population group, and if the officer was working a security job. Part 2 contains variables describing the general municipal environment, such as whether the agency is located in the South, level of poverty according to a poverty index, population density, percent of population that was Hispanic or Black, and population aged 15-34 years old. Variables capturing the crime environment include the violent crime rate, property crime rate, and a gun-related crime index. Lastly, variables on the environment of the police agencies include violent and property crime arrests per 1,000 sworn officers, percentage of officers injured in assaults, and number of sworn officers.

Arguably the most aggressive affirmative action program ever implemented in the United States was a series of court-ordered racial hiring quotas imposed on municipal police departments. My best estimate of the effect of court-ordered affirmative action on work-force composition is a 14-percentage-point gain in the fraction African American among newly hired officers. Evidence on police performance is mixed. Despite substantial black-white test score differences on police department entrance examinations, city crime rates appear unaffected by litigation. However, litigation lowers slightly both arrests per crime and the fraction black among serious arrestees. (JEL H76, J15, J78, K31)

In 2023, the majority of law enforcement officers that were killed in the United States were white. That year, ** white law enforcement officers as well as **** Black officers were killed. Overall, a total of ** law enforcement officers were killed in the United States in that year.

In 2023, 59.9 percent of full-time civilian law enforcement employees in the United States were female. Only 13.8 percent of full-time law enforcement officers were female, while 86.2 percent of law enforcement officers were male. The gender divide Law enforcement in the United States is an indisputably male-dominated profession, particularly in the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). However, research has shown that female officers can have a positive impact on communities and the overall performance of a law enforcement department. For example, female officers are less likely to have to face allegations of excessive force and can reduce the use of force among other officers in the department. Law enforcement in the U.S. The number of law enforcement officers in the United States has fluctuated over the years and, and hit a low in 2013. Despite the violent crime rate in the U.S. being much lower than its high point in the 1990s, the majority of Americans report being dissatisfied with national crime control and reduction policies.

Sadly, the trend of fatal police shootings in the United States seems to only be increasing, with a total 1,173 civilians having been shot, 248 of whom were Black, as of December 2024. In 2023, there were 1,164 fatal police shootings. Additionally, the rate of fatal police shootings among Black Americans was much higher than that for any other ethnicity, standing at 6.1 fatal shootings per million of the population per year between 2015 and 2024. Police brutality in the U.S. In recent years, particularly since the fatal shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri in 2014, police brutality has become a hot button issue in the United States. The number of homicides committed by police in the United States is often compared to those in countries such as England, where the number is significantly lower. Black Lives Matter The Black Lives Matter Movement, formed in 2013, has been a vocal part of the movement against police brutality in the U.S. by organizing “die-ins”, marches, and demonstrations in response to the killings of black men and women by police. While Black Lives Matter has become a controversial movement within the U.S., it has brought more attention to the number and frequency of police shootings of civilians.

This dataset was retrieved from the U.S. Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigation Criminal Justice Information Services Division website on February 29, 2008. "This table provides the total number of state law enforcement employees, the total number of male officers, the total number of female officers, the total number of male civilian employees, and the total number of female civilian employees". Values for individual agencies were aggregated for each state. Estimated population was added for each state for 2006 that appeared on Table 5 of the data from 2006. "The FBI collects these data through the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program". Please see the Data Declaration for further information on the data set. Values of -1 represent no value.

The Family Violence Prevention and Services Act of 1984 (FVPSA) provided funding, through the Office of Victims of Crime in the United States Department of Justice, for 23 law enforcement training projects across the nation from 1986 to 1992. FVPSA was enacted to assist states in (1) developing and maintaining programs for the prevention of family violence and for the provision of shelter to victims and their dependents and (2) providing training and technical assistance for personnel who provide services for victims of family violence. The National Institute of Justice awarded a grant to the Urban Institute in late 1992 to evaluate the police training projects. One of the program evaluation methods the Urban Institute used was to conduct surveys of victims in New York and Texas. The primary objectives of the survey were to find out, from victims who had contact with law enforcement officers in the pre-training period and/or in the post-training period, what their experiences and evaluations of law enforcement services were, how police interventions had changed over time, and how the quality of services and changes related to the police training funded under the FVPSA. Following the conclusion of training, victims of domestic assault in New York and Texas were surveyed through victim service programs across each state. Similar, but not identical, instruments were used at the two sites. Service providers were asked to distribute the questionnaires to victims of physical or sexual abuse who had contact with law enforcement officers. The survey instruments were developed to obtain information and victim perceptions of the following key subject areas: history of abuse, characteristics of the victim-abuser relationship, demographic characteristics of the abuser and the victim, history of law enforcement contacts, services received from law enforcement officers, and victims' evaluations of these services. Variables on history of abuse include types of abuse experienced, first and last time physically or sexually abused, and frequency of abuse. Characteristics of the victim-abuser relationship include length of involvement with the abuser, living arrangement and relationship status at time of last abuse, number of children the victim had, and number of children at home at the time of last abuse. Demographic variables provide age, race/ethnicity, employment status, and education level of the abuser and the victim. Variables on the history of law enforcement contacts and services received include number of times law enforcement officers were called because of assaults on the victim, number of times law enforcement officers actually came to the scene, first and last time officers came to the scene, number of times officers were involved because of assaults on the victim, number of times officers were involved in the last 12 months, and type of law enforcement agencies the officers were from. Data are also included on city size by population, city median household income, county population density, county crime rate, and region of state of the responding law enforcement agencies. Over 30 variables record the victims' evaluations of the officers' responsiveness, helpfulness, and attitudes.

In 2023, ** offenders who killed law enforcement officers in the United States were of an unknown race or their race was not reported to the FBI. ** white offenders and ** Black offenders also killed law enforcement officers in that year. From the total of known offenders that year, ** were male.

This dataset was retrieved from the U.S. Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigation Criminal Justice Information Services Division website on February 29, 2008. "This table provides the estimated number of offenses and the actual number of offenses reported in the Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA), cities outside metropolitan areas, and nonmetropolitan counties, and the rate (per 100,000 inhabitants) for each grouping, and the estimated population for each state" however to simplify the dataset, I only included the state total and the rate for each state. Data for Puerto Rico was not included. "The FBI collects these data through the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program". Please see the Data Declaration for further information on the data set. Values of -1 represent no value.

This dataset explores Percentage of eighth-grade public school students and average scores in NAEP writing by race and state, USA, 2007 Notes: Not available. The state/jurisdiction did not participate. # Rounds to zero. Reporting standards not met. Sample size is insufficient to permit a reliable estimate. NOTE: Black includes African American, Hispanic includes Latino, and Pacifi c Islander includes Native Hawaiian. Race categories exclude Hispanic origin. Results are not shown for students whose race/ethnicity was unclassified Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 2007 Writing Assessment.

UPDATE 1/7/2025: On June 28th 2023, the San Francisco Police Department (SFPD) changed its Stops Data Collection System (SDCS). As a result of this change, record identifiers have changed from the Department of Justice (DOJ) identifier to an internal record numbering system (referred to as "LEA Record ID"). The data that SFPD uploads to the DOJ system will contain the internal record number which can be used for joins with the data available on DataSF. A. SUMMARY The San Francisco Police Department (SFPD) Stop Data was designed to capture information to comply with the Racial and Identity Profiling Act (RIPA), or California Assembly Bill (AB)953. SFPD officers collect specific information on each stop, including elements of the stop, circumstances and the perceived identity characteristics of the individual(s) stopped. The information obtained by officers is reported to the California Department of Justice. This dataset includes data on stops starting on July 1st, 2018, which is when the data collection program went into effect. Read the detailed overview for this dataset here. B. HOW THE DATASET IS CREATED By the end of each shift, officers enter all stop data into the Stop Data Collection System, which is automatically submitted to the California Department of Justice (CA DOJ). Once a quarter the Department receives a stops data file from CA DOJ. The SFPD conducts several transformations of this data to ensure privacy, accuracy and compliance with State law and regulation. For increased usability, text descriptions have also been added for several data fields which include numeric codes (including traffic, suspicion, citation, and custodial arrest offense codes, and actions taken as a result of a stop). See the data dictionaries below for explanations of all coded data fields. Read more about the data collection, and transformation, including geocoding and PII cleaning processes, in the detailed overview of this dataset. C. UPDATE PROCESS Information is updated on a quarterly basis. D. HOW TO USE THIS DATASET This dataset includes information about police stops that occurred, including some details about the person(s) stopped, and what happened during the stop. Each row is a person stopped with a record identifier for the stop and a unique identifier for the person. A single stop may involve multiple people and may produce more than one associated unique identifier for the same record identifier. A certain percentage of stops have stop information that can’t be geocoded. This may be due to errors in data input at the officer level (typos in entry or providing an address that doesn't exist). More often, this is due to officers providing a level of detail that isn't codable to a geographic coordinate - most often at the Airport (ie: Terminal 3, door 22.) In these cases, the location of the stops is coded as unknown. E. DATA DICTIONARIES CJIS Offense Codes data look up table Look up table for other coded data fields

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Policing Technologies market size will be USD 3,142.5 million in 2025. It will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.00% from 2025 to 2033.

North America held the major market share for more than 37% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 1162.73 million in 2025 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.8% from 2025 to 2033.
Europe accounted for a market share of over 29% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 911.33 million.
APAC held a market share of around 24% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 754.20 million in 2025 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.0% from 2025 to 2033.
South America has a market share of more than 3.8% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 119.42 million in 2025 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.0% from 2025 to 2033.
Middle East had a market share of around 4% of the global revenue and was estimated at a market size of USD 125.70 million in 2025 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.3% from 2025 to 2033.
Africa had a market share of around 2.2% of the global revenue and was estimated at a market size of USD 69.14 million in 2025 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.7% from 2025 to 2033.
Access Control Systems is the fastest growing segment of the Policing Technologies industry

Market Dynamics of Policing Technologies Market

Key Drivers for Policing Technologies Market

Increasing Adoption of Predictive Policing Is Expected To Boost Market Growth

The increasing adoption of predictive policing is emerging as a pivotal driver for the policing technologies market. Predictive policing leverages data analytics, artificial intelligence (AI), and machine learning algorithms to forecast potential criminal activity based on historical crime data, socio-demographic information, and real-time inputs from surveillance systems. This technology allows law enforcement agencies to allocate resources more efficiently, enhance situational awareness, and proactively prevent crime rather than merely reacting to incidents. In August 2024, in India, the state of Maharashtra launched the Maharashtra Advanced Research and Vigilance for Enhanced Law Enforcement (MARVEL) in 2024. This AI-driven system, headquartered in Nagpur, aims to enhance crime-solving capabilities through predictive analytics. Developed in collaboration with the Indian Institute of Management Nagpur and Pinaka Technologies, MARVEL represents India's first state-level police AI system, with an initial budget allocation of ?23 crore.

Growing Demand for Body-Worn Cameras To Boost Market Growth

The demand for body-worn cameras (BWCs) has surged globally, driven by the growing emphasis on police accountability, transparency, and public trust. These compact, wearable devices are increasingly being integrated into routine law enforcement practices to record interactions between officers and civilians. The footage captured serves as an objective record that can be used to investigate incidents, resolve complaints, and deter both officer misconduct and aggressive behavior from the public. Inn December 2024, NIH Police began implementing BWCs on their campuses, aiming to enhance public trust and accountability in law enforcement activities. The program includes comprehensive guidelines on usage, storage, and data sharing to ensure transparency.

Restraint Factor for the Policing Technologies Market

Privacy Concerns and Public Opposition, Will Limit Market Growth

Privacy concerns and public opposition are significant restraints impacting the adoption of policing technologies. As law enforcement agencies increasingly deploy surveillance tools such as facial recognition, license plate readers, and predictive policing algorithms, many citizens and advocacy groups have raised alarm over potential misuse and overreach. These technologies often collect and analyze vast amounts of personal data, sometimes without clear consent or transparency. This raises fears of mass surveillance, erosion of civil liberties, and potential discrimination against minority communities. Public opposition is further intensified by incidents where policing technologies have been used unethically or ineffectively. For example, cases of misidentification by facial recognition systems or biased AI algorithms have led to ...

This dataset provides information about duly sworn city, university and college, county, state, tribal, and federal law enforcement officers who were accidentally killed in the line of duty from 1997-2006 in the USA. More non-geographic statistics about these fatalities can be found at http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/killed/2006/accidentallykilled.html http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/killed/2006/table46.html

As of November 17, 277 Black people were killed by the police in the United States in 2024. This compares to 201 Hispanic people and 445 white people. The rate of police shootings of Black Americans is much higher than any other ethnicity, at 6.2 per million people. This rate stands at 2.8 per million for Hispanic people and 2.4 per million for white people.

This dataset provides information about duly sworn city, university and college, county, state, tribal, and federal law enforcement officers who were feloniously killed in the line of duty from 1997-2006 in the entire United States. More non-geographic statistics about these fatalities can be found at http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/killed/2006/feloniouslykilled.html note: Data from the past 10 years do not include the officers who died as a result of the events of September 11, 2001. http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/killed/2006/table1.html

As of 2020, the majority of chiefs, intermediate supervisors, and sergeants in local police departments in the United States were white. **** percent of chiefs were white while *** percent of chiefs were black and *** percent were Hispanic.