Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccination rates among adults who live in England, including estimates by socio-demographic characteristic and Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) 2020

As of January 18, 2023, Portugal had the highest COVID-19 vaccination rate in Europe having administered 272.78 doses per 100 people in the country, while Malta had administered 258.49 doses per 100. The UK was the first country in Europe to approve the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine for widespread use and began inoculations on December 8, 2020, and so far have administered 224.04 doses per 100. At the latest data, Belgium had carried out 253.89 doses of vaccines per 100 population. Russia became the first country in the world to authorize a vaccine - named Sputnik V - for use in the fight against COVID-19 in August 2020. As of August 4, 2022, Russia had administered 127.3 doses per 100 people in the country.

The seven-day rate of cases across Europe shows an ongoing perspective of which countries are worst affected by the virus relative to their population. For further information about the coronavirus pandemic, please visit our dedicated Facts and Figures page.

Age-standardised mortality rates for deaths involving coronavirus (COVID-19), non-COVID-19 deaths and all deaths by vaccination status, broken down by age group.

As of July 17, 2022, it was estimated that around every person aged 75 to 79 years of age in England had received at least two doses of a COVID-19 vaccine. Although the source does mention that this is likely to be an overestimation due to population figures taken from 2020. The data shows that at least a quarter of men under 30 years of age have not yet had two vaccine doses, with women more likely to be vaccinated among younger age groups.

As of July 13, 2022, approximately 53.7 million people in the United Kingdom had received the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccination. The UK was the first country in the world to approve the use of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, and began inoculations on December 8, 2020. Nearly all the vaccines currently being used in the UK require two doses for full efficacy to occur, and according to the latest data around 50.3 million people had received their second dose of the immunization. Furthermore, 40.1 million booster vaccinations had been administered.

The total number of cases in the UK can be found here. For further information about the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, please visit our dedicated Facts and Figures page.

Vaccination rates and odds ratios by socio-demographic group among people living in England.

This statistical report, co-authored with the UK Health Security Agency (UKSHA), reports childhood vaccination coverage statistics for England in 2023-24. Data relates to the routine vaccinations offered to all children up to the age of 5 years, derived from the Cover of Vaccination Evaluated Rapidly (COVER). Additional information on children aged 2 and 3 vaccinated against seasonal flu are collected from GPs through UKHSA's ImmForm system.

The MMR vaccine in the United Kingdom is a combined vaccine which immunizes against measles, mumps and rubella. In 2023/24, 85.6 percent of children in Scotland had received the second dose of the vaccine by their fifth birthday, compared to 83.9 percent of children in England. Rise of measles in recent years In 2018, there were 989 cases of measles in England and Wales, this was the highest number of annual recorded cases since 2013. From 2000 to 2019, cases of measles generally increased in England and Wales. Views towards vaccines in the UK In the UK most of the population believe in the safety and effectiveness of vaccines. A 2018 survey of British respondents showed that 89 percent of the population believed that vaccines are important for children to have. In the same survey question, sixteen other European countries had a higher belief in the importance of child vaccinations than the UK, compared to twenty-one other countries which scored lower than the UK.

Between January 1, 2021 and May 31, 2022, there were approximately 30.6 thousand deaths involving COVID-19 among 80 to 89 year olds in England, with over 14 thousand deaths occurring among unvaccinated people in this age group. Across all the age groups in the provided time interval, deaths involving COVID-19 among the unvaccinated population was around double the amount of people who received at least two doses of a vaccine. For further information about the COVID-19 pandemic, please visit our dedicated Facts and Figures page.

Figures on coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine uptake in school pupils aged 12 to 17 years attending state-funded secondary, sixth form and special schools, broken down by demographic and geographic characteristics, using a linked English Schools Census and National Immunisation Management System dataset. Experimental Statistics.

In December 2020, a survey carried out in the UK found that 61 percent of respondents who indicated they did not want to receive a vaccination against COVID-19 are unwilling to do so because they are worried about unknown side effects of the vaccine. Furthermore, 15 percent of those skeptical of receiving the vaccine don't believe it will be effective. For further information about the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, please visit our dedicated Facts and Figures page.

Flu vaccine uptake (percent) in at risk individuals aged 6 months to 65 years (excluding pregnant women), who received the flu vaccination between 1st September to the end of February as recorded in the GP record. The February collection has been adopted for our end of season figures from 2017 to 2018. All previous data is the same definitions but until the end of January rather than February to consider data returning from outside the practice and later in practice vaccinations.RationaleInfluenza (also known as Flu) is a highly infectious viral illness spread by droplet infection. The flu vaccination is offered to people who are at greater risk of developing serious complications if they catch the flu. The seasonal influenza programme for England is set out in the Annual Flu Letter. Both the flu letter and the flu plan have the support of the Chief Medical Officer (CMO), Chief Pharmaceutical Officer (CPhO), and Director of Nursing.Vaccination coverage is the best indicator of the level of protection a population will have against vaccine-preventable communicable diseases. Immunisation is one of the most effective healthcare interventions available, and flu vaccines can prevent illness and hospital admissions among these groups of people. Increasing the uptake of the flu vaccine among these high-risk groups should also contribute to easing winter pressure on primary care services and hospital admissions. Coverage is closely related to levels of disease. Monitoring coverage identifies possible drops in immunity before levels of disease rise.The UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) will continue to provide expert advice and monitoring of public health, including immunisation. NHS England now has responsibility for commissioning the flu programme, and GPs continue to play a key role. NHS England teams will ensure that robust plans are in place locally and that high vaccination uptake levels are reached in the clinical risk groups. For more information, see the Green Book chapter 19 on Influenza.The Annual Flu Letter sets out the national vaccine uptake ambitions each year. In 2021 to 2022, the national ambition was to achieve at least 85 percent vaccine uptake in those aged 65 and over. Prior to this, the national vaccine uptake ambition was 75 percent, in line with WHO targets.Definition of numeratorNumerator is the number of vaccinations administered during the influenza season between 1st September and the end of February.Definition of denominatorDenominator is the GP registered population on the date of extraction including patients who have been offered the vaccine but refused it, as the uptake rate is measured against the overall eligible population. For more detailed information please see the user guide, available to view and download from https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/vaccine-uptake#seasonal-flu-vaccine-uptakeCaveatsRead codes are primarily used for data collection purposes to extract vaccine uptake data for patients who fall into one or more of the designated clinical risk groups. The codes identify individuals at risk, and therefore eligible for flu vaccination. However, it is important to note that there may be some individuals with conditions not specified in the recommended risk groups for vaccination, who may be offered influenza vaccine by their GP based on clinical judgement and according to advice contained in the flu letter and Green Book, and thus are likely to fall outside the listed Read codes. Therefore, this data should not be used for GP payment purposes.

These data describe pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) uptake for the survey year, for those aged 65 years and over.RationaleVaccination coverage is the best indicator of the level of protection a population will have against vaccine preventable communicable diseases. Coverage is closely related to levels of disease. Monitoring coverage identifies possible drops in immunity before levels of disease rise. Pneumococcal disease is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Certain groups are at risk for severe pneumococcal disease, these include young children, the elderly and people who are in clinical risk groups2. Pneumococcal infections can be non invasive such as bronchitis, otitis media or invasive such as septicaemia, pneumonia, meningitis. Cases of invasive pneumococcal infection usually peak in the winter during December and January. The pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) protects against 23 types of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacterium. It is thought that the PPV is around 50 percent to 70 percent effective at preventing more serious types of invasive pneumococcal infection2.Since 1992 the 23 valent PPV has been recommended for people in the clinical risk groups and since 2003, the PPV vaccination programme has expanded to include immunisation to all those aged 65 years and over in England1This indicator was judged to be a valid and an important measure of public health and was therefore included in the public health outcomes framework. Inclusion of these indicators will encourage the continued prioritisation and evaluation and the effectiveness of the PPV vaccination programme and give an indication of uptake at an upper tier Local Authority level. The vaccination surveys measure the proportion of eligible people that have received PPV at any time and the proportion that received PPV during the previous year, providing an opportunity to assess the delivery of the immunisation programme11 Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine (PPV) coverage report, England, April 2013 to March 2014 [online]. 2015 [cited 2015 Mar]. Available from URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pneumococcal-polysaccharide-vaccine-ppv-vaccine-coverage-estimates 2 Pneumococcal infections, NHS Choices [online]. 2013 [cited 2013 Dec]. Available from URL: http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/vaccinations/pages/pneumococcal-vaccination.aspxDefinition of numeratorUKHSA provided UTLA level data. Clinical commissioning group (CCG) data is available from https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/vaccine-uptake#ppv-vaccine-uptakeDefinition of denominatorNumber of adults aged 65 years and over. Data from 2013 to 2014 are now available at source at a local authority level. Data prior to 2013 to 2014 were collected at a PCT level and converted to LA level for inclusion in PHOF using the criteria as defined below:Denominators for local authorities are estimated from denominators for PCTs. Denominators for PCTs include all people registered with practices accountable to the PCT, and no data are available to provide resident-based figures. Denominators for local authorities are estimated as follows: (For local authorities that have exactly the same boundary as a PCT, the PCT figure is used as it is the only estimate available for the residents of the PCT and local authority. For local authorities whose boundary is contained wholly within a single PCT, but is not equal to the whole PCT, the LA denominator is estimated as a proportion of the PCT figure, with the exceptions of Isles of Scilly, City of London, Rutland, Cornwall, Hackney and Leicestershire (see below). For local authorities whose boundaries include all or part of more than one PCT, the local authority denominator is estimated by aggregating the appropriate proportions of the denominators for the PCTs whose boundaries include part of the local authority. The appropriate proportions in cases ii and iii are defined according to the resident population (in the appropriate age group) in the calendar year overlapping most of the period of the indicator value (or the most recent available): resident population by Lower Layer Super Output Area were extracted and used to calculate the population resident in every LA PCT overlapping block.To calculate the denominator, each LA PCT overlap is calculated as a proportion of the PCT resident population, and then multiplied by the denominator for the PCT. A LA may overlap several PCTs: the appropriate portions of all the PCTs’ denominators are aggregated to give the denominator estimate for the LA. Expressed as an equation the denominator is calculated as follows: DenominatorLA = ∑ (DenominatorPCT × n/N) summed over all PCTs overlapping the LA where: DenominatorLA = Estimated denominator in the LA n = Population resident in the LA-PCT overlapping block N = Population resident in the PCT DenominatorPCT = Denominator in the PCT For Isles of Scilly, City of London and Rutland, no indicator data are presented (prior to 2013 to 2014), as the local authority makes up a very small proportion of the PCT, and estimates for the LAs based on the PCT figures are unlikely to be representative as they are swamped by the much larger local authority within the same PCT. The estimates for Cornwall, Hackney and Leicestershire local authorities are combined data for Cornwall and Isles of Scilly, City of London and Hackney, and Leicestershire and Rutland respectively in order to ensure that all valid PCT data are included in the England total.Denominators for Cornwall and Isles of Scilly, City of London and Hackney, and Leicestershire and Rutland are not combined for the 2019 to 2020 annual local authority level data."CaveatsThe pneumococcal vaccine uptake collection is a snapshot of GP patients vaccinated currently registered at the time of data extraction. The proportion of GP practices who provided data for the surveys are available from the uptake reports. Data will exclude patients who have received the vaccine but have subsequently died, patients who have since moved, or patients that are vaccinated but have not had their electronic patient record updated by the time of data extraction. Data for local authorities prior to 2013 to 2014 have been estimated from registered PCT level indicators. While the majority of patients registered with practices accountable to a PCT tend to be resident within that PCT, there are, in some PCTs, significant differences between their resident and registered populations. Therefore the estimates for LAs may not always accurately reflect the resident population of the local authority (LA). Please note that the PCT response rate should be checked for data completeness as this will have a knock on effect to the LA values.

Following Edward Jenner's development of the smallpox vaccine in 1796, the death rate due to smallpox in England and Wales dropped significantly. Although Jenner's work was published in 1797, it would take over half a century for the British government to make vaccination compulsory for all infants. Between 1847 and 1853, when vaccination was optional, children under the age of five years had, by far, the largest number of deaths; the total death rate was 1.6 thousand deaths per million people, which was more than five times the overall death rate due to smallpox. When compulsory vaccination was introduced, this helped bring the smallpox death rate in this age group down by over fifty percent between 1854 and 1871. When compulsory vaccination was enforced with penalties in the wake of the Great Pandemic of the 1870s, the smallpox death rate among children under the age of five dropped to approximately fifteen percent of its optional vaccination level. Increase among adults Along with the youngest age group, children aged five to ten years also saw their death rates decrease by roughly two thirds, and the death rate among those aged ten to 15 declined by just under one third during this time. It was among adults, aged above 15 years, where the introduction of mandatory vaccination had an adverse effect on their death rates; increasing by fifty percent among young adults, and almost doubling among those aged 25 to 45. The reason for this was because, contrary to Jenner's theory, vaccination did not guarantee lifelong protection, and immunization gradually wore off making vaccinated people susceptible to the virus again in adulthood. There was some decline in the smallpox death rates among adults throughout the 1870s and 1880s, as revaccination became more common, and the enforced vaccination of children prevented smallpox from spreading as rapidly as in the pre-vaccination era. Overall trends While the introduction of mandatory vaccination saw the number of smallpox deaths increase for age groups above 15 years, the overall rate among all ages decreased, due to the huge drop in deaths among infants and children. The smallpox death rate dropped by over one quarter when compulsory vaccination was introduced, and it then fell to just over one third of it's optional-vaccination level when these measures were enforced. The development of the smallpox vaccine and the implementation of mandatory vaccination led to the eradication of the disease in Britain by 1934, and contributed greatly to the demographic developments of the twentieth century, such as the declines in fertility rate and birth rate, and the increase in life expectancy.

According to a survey conducted in the United Kingdom (UK) in April 2022, 4.13 percent of all people aged between 35 and 49 years reported to be suffering from long COVID symptoms, the highest share across all age groups. Furthermore, around 3.7 percent of the population aged 50 to 69 years were estimated to suffer from long COVID. Overall, around 863 thousand people in the UK reported their ability to undertake daily activities and routines was affected a little by long COVID symptoms.

Present state of COVID-19 As of May 2022, over 22 million COVID-19 cases had been reported in the UK. The largest surge of cases was noted over the winter period 2021/22. The incidence of cases in the county since the pandemic began stood at around 32,624 per 100,000 population. Cyprus had the highest incidence of COVID-19 cases among its population in Europe at 75,798 per 100,000 people, followed by a rate of 51,573 in Iceland. Over 175 thousand COVID-19 deaths have been reported in the UK. The deadliest day on record was January 20, 2021, when 1,820 deaths were recorded. In the UK, a COVID-19 death is defined as a person who died within 28 days of a positive test.

Preventing long COVID through vaccination According to the WHO, being fully vaccinated alongside a significant proportion of the population also vaccinated is the best way to avoid the spread of COVID-19 or serious symptoms associated with the virus. It is therefore regarded that receiving a vaccine course as well as subsequent booster vaccines limits the chance of developing long COVID symptoms. As of April 27, 2022, around 53.2 million first doses, 49.7 million second doses, and 39.2 booster doses had been administered in the UK.

The number and percentage of Covid-19 fully vaccinated people by age band. Population estimates are based on National Immunisation Management Service counts.This dataset has been updated to reflect new age bandings and population figures provided in July 2022.This dataset now includes details of the Autumn Booster programme.Note on analysis:This datasets presents the proportion of the eligible population who have received all vaccinations they are entitled to. This is terms as a "Complete Dose". The number of vaccinations required to qualify as a complete dose differs by the age of the individual. The following scale is used to determine this:- Aged 5 - 15 - Dose 1- Aged 16 - 24 - Dose 1 & Dose 2- Aged 35 - 50 - Dose 1, Dose 2 & Booster- Aged 50+ - Dose1, Dose2, Booster & Autumn BoosterData is updated weekly.

The development of vaccination by Edward Jenner in 1796 is seen by many as one of the most important and world-changing medical discoveries ever made. Throughout human history, smallpox was responsible for an untold and innumerable share of fatalities, with epidemics devastating countries (and even continents) in their wake; as of 1980, the World Health Organization declared smallpox to be eliminated in nature, making it the only human disease to have been successfully eradicated. If we look at the share of smallpox deaths in England over the nineteenth century, we can see the impact that vaccination had on society during this time. Decline in Britain Within this century, the number of people dying annually from smallpox dropped from 3,000 per million people in the 1700s, to just ten people per million in the 1890s (it is also worth noting that a smallpox pandemic swept across Britain between 1891 and 1893, which caused this number to be higher than it could have been). Mandatory vaccination was not introduced in England until 1853, but by this point the number of smallpox deaths per million people had already fallen to a fraction of its eighteenth century level, and compulsory vaccination reduced these numbers even further.

Children for whom the local authority is responsible who completed a booster course of diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio (DTaP and IPV) vaccine at any time by their fifth birthday as a percentage of all children whose fifith birthday falls within the time period.RationaleA booster vaccine for diphtheria, tetanus, pertusiss and polio disease has been in the routine childhood immunisation programme since late 2001. It is currently offered at 3 year and 4 months or soon after. Vaccination coverage is the best indicator of the level of protection a population will have against vaccine preventable communicable diseases. Coverage is closely correlated with levels of disease. Monitoring coverage identifies possible drops in immunity before levels of disease rise. Previous evidence shows that highlighting vaccination programmes encourages improvements in uptake levels. May also have relevance for NICE guidance PH21: Reducing differences in the uptake of immunisations (The guidance aims to increase immunisation uptake among those aged under 19 years from groups where uptake is low).Definition of numeratorNumber of children in LA responsible population whose fifth birthday falls within the time period who received a DTaP and IPV booster at any time before their fifth birthday.Definition of denominatorTotal number of children in LA responsible population whose fifth birthday falls within the time period. Coverage figures are supplied for patients registered with GPs based in that LA and for unregistered patients who were resident in that LA. The LA responsible population is therefore different from the estimated resident population figures produced by the Office of National Statistics (ONS) for each LA. For the COVER collection, the LA responsible population is usually derived from the population registers held on CHISs.CaveatsFull GP postcodes are used to aggregate data to ICB. The GP-level coverage data is collected by NHS Digital Strategic Data Collection Service (SDCS) and published by the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) COVER team. ICB data is experimental and should be treated with caution as it is not an official statistic.Information on childhood immunisation coverage at ages one, two, and five is collected through the UK COVER collection by UKHSA. These aggregated data are collected from CHISs, computerised systems storing clinical records that support health promotion and prevention activities for children, including immunisation. In England, COVER data are collected for Upper Tier Local Authorities (LAs) using the COVER data collection form. These are established collections based on total populations, not samples.The number of CHIS systems has decreased from over 100 in 2015 to around 70 by mid-2017. As different phases of the digital strategy are implemented across the country, it is anticipated that there may be further temporary local data quality issues associated with the transition. Temporary data quality issues in some London COVER returns during 2017 to 2018 were observed in the quarterly COVER reports as the new Hubs became responsible for generating coverage data. Changes in vaccine coverage within London should therefore be interpreted with caution for the time being.Data are extracted directly from local population registers, and data issues are generally related to underestimation of coverage. There may be some overestimation of denominators due to children who have moved away remaining on the area register, which can lead to underestimates of coverage. In some areas, it is known that a small number of GPs do not submit vaccination data to the local CHIS, also resulting in underestimation of coverage. Using non-standardised data extraction methods could result in overestimated coverage.Caution should be exercised when comparing coverage figures over time due to occasional data quality issues reported by some data suppliers. Apparent trends could reflect changes in the quality of data reported as well as real changes in vaccination coverage. While this issue will be more apparent at the local level, it may also impact national figures. Similarly, some caution should be exercised when comparing coverage between different areas where data quality issues have been reported.

The information in this bulletin about immunisation statistics in England comes from Public Health England (PHE). Information on childhood immunisation coverage at ages 1, 2 and 5 years is collected through the Cover of Vaccination Evaluated Rapidly (COVER) data collection for Upper Tier Local Authorities (LAs) and Primary Care Trusts (PCTs). Information on children aged 2, 3 and 4 and adults aged 65 and over immunised against seasonal flu are collected from GPs through PHE's ImmForm system. 14 January 2016:Please note that Table 14a: Percentage of persons aged 65 and over immunised against Influenza (seasonal flu) by Local Authority, 2014-15 has been updated to include revised figures for City of London/Hackney and Westminster.