In 2025, ** percent of adults in the United States invested in the stock market. This figure has remained steady over the last few years and is still below the levels before the Great Recession, when it peaked in 2007 at ** percent. What is the stock market? The stock market can be defined as a group of stock exchanges where investors can buy shares in a publicly traded company. In more recent years, it is estimated an increasing number of Americans are using neobrokers, making stock trading more accessible to investors. Other investments A significant number of people think stocks and bonds are the safest investments, while others point to real estate, gold, bonds, or a savings account. Since witnessing the significant one-day losses in the stock market during the financial crisis, many investors were turning towards these alternatives in hopes for more stability, particularly for investments with longer maturities. This could explain the decrease in this statistic since 2007. Nevertheless, some speculators enjoy chasing the short-run fluctuations, and others see value in choosing particular stocks.

In financial year 2024, ****************** unique investors were registered on the National Stock Exchange of India. It was a significant increase from the previous year.

Context:

The provided dataset is extracted from yahoo finance using pandas and yahoo finance library in python. This deals with stock market index of the world best economies. The code generated data from Jan 01, 2003 to Jun 30, 2023 that’s more than 20 years. There are 18 CSV files, dataset is generated for 16 different stock market indices comprising of 7 different countries. Below is the list of countries along with number of indices extracted through yahoo finance library, while two CSV files deals with annualized return and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) has been computed from the extracted data.

Number of Countries & Index:

https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F15657145%2F90ce8a986761636e3edbb49464b304d8%2FNumber%20of%20Index.JPG?generation=1688490342207096&alt=media" alt="">

Content:

Unit of analysis: Stock Market Index Analysis

This dataset is useful for research purposes, particularly for conducting comparative analyses involving capital market performance and could be used along with other economic indicators.

There are 18 distinct CSV files associated with this dataset. First 16 CSV files deals with number of indices and last two CSV file deals with annualized return of each year and CAGR of each index. If data in any column is blank, it portrays that index was launch in later years, for instance: Bse500 (India), this index launch in 2007, so earlier values are blank, similarly China_Top300 index launch in year 2021 so early fields are blank too.

The extraction process involves applying different criteria, like in 16 CSV files all columns are included, Adj Close is used to calculate annualized return. The algorithm extracts data based on index name (code given by the yahoo finance) according start and end date.

Annualized return and CAGR has been calculated and illustrated in below image along with machine readable file (CSV) attached to that.

To extract the data provided in the attachment, various criteria were applied:

1. Content Filtering: The data was filtered based on several attributes, including the index name, start and end date. This filtering process ensured that only relevant data meeting the specified criteria.

2. Collaborative Filtering: Another filtering technique used was collaborative filtering using yahoo finance, which relies on index similarity. This approach involves finding indices that are similar to other index or extended dataset scope to other countries or economies. By leveraging this method, the algorithm identifies and extracts data based on similarities between indices.

In the last two CSV files, one belongs to annualized return, that was calculated based on the Adj close column and new DataFrame created to store its outcome. Below is the image of annualized returns of all index (if unreadable, machine-readable or CSV format is attached with the dataset).

Annualized Return:

As far as annualised rate of return is concerned, most of the time India stock market indices leading, followed by USA, Canada and Japan stock market indices.

https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F15657145%2F37645bd90623ea79f3708a958013c098%2FAnnualized%20Return.JPG?generation=1688525901452892&alt=media" alt="">

Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR):

The best performing index based on compound growth is Sensex (India) that comprises of top 30 companies is 15.60%, followed by Nifty500 (India) that is 11.34% and Nasdaq (USA) all is 10.60%.

The worst performing index is China top300, however this is launch in 2021 (post pandemic), so would not possible to examine at that stage (due to less data availability). Furthermore, UK and Russia indices are also top 5 in the worst order.

https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F15657145%2F58ae33f60a8800749f802b46ec1e07e7%2FCAGR.JPG?generation=1688490409606631&alt=media" alt="">

Geography: Stock Market Index of the World Top Economies

Time period: Jan 01, 2003 – June 30, 2023

Variables: Stock Market Index Title, Open, High, Low, Close, Adj Close, Volume, Year, Month, Day, Yearly_Return and CAGR

File Type: CSV file

Inspiration:

• Time series prediction model
• Investment opportunities in world best economies
• Comparative Analysis of past data with other stock market indices or other indices

Disclaimer:

This is not a financial advice; due diligence is required in each investment decision.

In 2025, stock markets in the United States accounted for roughly ** percent of world stocks. The next largest country by stock market share was China, followed by the European Union as a whole. The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the NASDAQ are the largest stock exchange operators worldwide. What is a stock exchange? The first modern publicly traded company was the Dutch East Industry Company, which sold shares to the general public to fund expeditions to Asia. Since then, groups of companies have formed exchanges in which brokers and dealers can come together and make transactions in one space. Stock market indices group companies trading on a given exchange, giving an idea of how they evolve in real time. Appeal of stock ownership Over half of adults in the United States are investing money in the stock market. Stocks are an attractive investment because the possible return is higher than offered by other financial instruments.

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Personal Finance Management Tools Market size was USD XX million in 2024 and will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of XX% from 2024 to 2033. Market Dynamics Key Driver

Key Drivers for Personal finance management tools market

Increasing investments in the market: The key Driver of Personal Finance Management Tools 

Increasing investment in the market Is driving the growth of financial tools, enhancing accessibility and efficiency in financial planning. The increasing investment in the market especially after Covid-19 had a significant impact on the expansion of the PFM tools market. The pandemic had a positive impact on the increase in savings and investments in the market due to future uncertainties. For instance, the study conducted on U.S. investors who have personal experience with COVID-19, who are in a vulnerable health category, who tested positive, and who know someone in their close circle of friends or family who died because of COVID-19, increase their investments by 12%. The increase in investment in the market is leading to the rise in the demand for personal finance management tools. For instance, as of 2023 about 3% of the Indian population actively invest in the stock market. This number has gradually grown, prominent reason for growth is access to technology and, more people becoming financially aware. According to NSE, more than 120 million investors were registered between 2019 and 2023 indicating a significant rise in Indian Stock Market. In January 2024 alone over 5.4 million new investors joined.

Rising financial literacy fuels the Financial Management tools market 

Financial literacy empowers individuals to make informed financial choices. The financial literacy rate among its young and adult population has been growing due to various factors including the recent advancement in technology and media coverage. Additionally, the policies formed by the government globally are leading to improved literacy rates. • For instance, the expansion of digital financial services has helped decrease the number of adults without access to an account from 2.5 billion in 2011 to 1.4 billion in 2021, with 76% of the global adult population owning an account by 2021. Countries achieving significant progress have implemented large-scale policies, such as India's Aadhaar initiative, which has provided over 1.2 billion residents with universal digital identification, facilitating the opening of Jan Dhan Yojana (JDY) accounts. Leveraging government payments has also been instrumental; for instance, 35% of adults in low-income countries who received government payments opened their first financial account for this purpose.
• For instance, according to survey each person in China, on average, had 10 accounts and 7 cards at the end of 2023. The steps taken by the government had a significant impact on financial literacy leading to financial inclusion which has made people aware about the investment choices available in the market leading to the expansion in the PFM tools market.

Restraints

Security and compliance risks pose challenges for AI-powered financial tools, making data protection crucial to prevent cyber threats and frauds.

AI-powered financial tools can pose privacy and security risks. Personal financial information is sensitive data that can be vulnerable to cyberattacks and data breaches. It's important to use financial tools that have robust security features in place to protect your information and minimize the risk of unauthorized access. The most common scams in PFM tools include phishing, insider trading, money laundering and mortgage fraud. Phishing attacks are a significant threat to the financial sector, with attackers often targeting financial institutions and individuals to steal credentials or financial information. For instance, in 2024, India saw a 175% surge in phishing attacks targeting the financial sector, with over 135,000 incidents reported from January to June. According to SlashNext’s 2024 Phishing Intelligence Report, a substantial 703% surge in credential phishing attacks was also observed in the same period. AI in financial tools presents compliance challenges related to data privacy, security, algorithmic bias, transparency, and accountability, requiring ...

https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F16731800%2F61dae0b2c572fb594f9100e71124cd9b%2FRplot.png?generation=1706476233155458&alt=media" alt="">

https://www.googleapis.com/download/storage/v1/b/kaggle-user-content/o/inbox%2F16731800%2F1c202260ec85a27eb9c2fc00260d0edb%2Ffile20a834a35dcd.gif?generation=1706476881533958&alt=media" alt=""> This dataset provides comprehensive insights into the top 100 companies in India, encompassing a diverse range of industries such as finance, manufacturing, telecommunications, and more. It includes essential attributes such as company rankings, market capitalization, share prices, revenue, and additional categorical information. The dataset offers a snapshot of the Indian business landscape, shedding light on key players, their financial standing, and their contributions to the country's economic growth.

With the growing importance of India in the global landscape, this dataset becomes a valuable tool for market analysis, industry comparisons, and understanding the economic dynamics of the Indian corporate sector. Let's explore some of the key aspects of this dataset in detail.

First and foremost, company rankings provide an immediate insight into which companies are at the top of the Indian market. This can be useful for investors, analysts, and researchers looking to identify market leaders and emerging trends. Additionally, the market capitalization of companies is a key indicator of their size and influence in the market. This can be used to assess the financial stability of companies and their ability to withstand economic challenges.

Share prices are another crucial aspect of the dataset. They can be used to track the performance of companies over time and identify investment opportunities. Company revenue provides insights into their financial health and their growth over time, which is vital for investors and analysts looking to make informed decisions.

Furthermore, the dataset includes categorized information that allows for sector-wise analysis. This is critical for understanding how different sectors are contributing to the Indian economy and how they compare to each other. For example, one can investigate how technology companies are performing compared to manufacturing or energy companies.

The analysis of this dataset can have various practical applications. Investors can use it to identify investment opportunities, while researchers can use it to study economic trends and assess the impact of companies on the country's growth. Additionally, regulators and policymakers can use this data to make informed decisions about the business environment in India.

In summary, this dataset is a valuable source of information about the Indian corporate landscape. It offers a comprehensive view of the top 100 companies in the country, their financial figures, and their impact on the economy. By exploring and analyzing this data, valuable insights can be gained for making informed decisions in investments, market research, and economic development. It is a valuable tool for anyone interested in the Indian market and its ongoing growth.

Snapshot img

Online Trading Platform Market Size 2025-2029

The online trading platform market size is forecast to increase by USD 3.14 billion at a CAGR of 8.4% between 2024 and 2029.

The market in APAC is experiencing significant growth, driven by increasing financial literacy and digitalization. With the region's large and growing population of tech-savvy investors, there is a surging demand for convenient and accessible trading solutions. Moreover, the adoption of advanced technologies such as machine learning and AI is revolutionizing the trading landscape, offering personalized investment recommendations and automated trading. However, this market is not without challenges. Security concerns, regulatory compliance, and the need for reliable internet connectivity remain significant barriers to entry.
The market's growth is further facilitated by cloud-based solutions, mobile apps, and commissions. Additionally, the high competition among established players and new entrants necessitates continuous innovation and differentiation to capture market share. Companies seeking to capitalize on this market's opportunities must navigate these challenges effectively by focusing on strong security measures, regulatory compliance, and user-friendly interfaces. By staying abreast of the latest technological trends and investor demands, they can position themselves as leaders in the evolving market.

What will be the Size of the Online Trading Platform Market during the forecast period?

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The market encompasses software solutions that enable users to buy and sell financial assets, including international currencies and stocks, via live market prices. These platforms offer a range of financial tools, often accessible through banks, smartphones, and nonprofit banks. Cloud-based solutions, powered by big data, machine learning, and predictive analytics, dominate the landscape. Commissions are typically charged based on transaction volume, attracting institutional investors and electronic trading platforms. Market abuse and trade surveillance systems ensure market stability and integrity, while high-frequency trading and real-time data cater to the needs of sophisticated investors. The market for trading platforms includes user-friendly interfaces, mobile trading apps, digital brokers, and automated trading systems for equity, options, and cryptocurrency trading.
Account security and transaction fees are crucial considerations for users, with market access and portfolio management features adding value. The global trading platform market continues to grow, driven by the increasing digitization of financial services and the demand for efficient, accessible investment tools.

How is this Online Trading Platform Industry segmented?

The online trading platform industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Type

  Commissions
  Transaction fees


Deployment

  Cloud
  On-premises


Application

  Institutional investors
  Retail investors


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada


  Europe

    France
    Germany
    Italy
    UK


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan


  Middle East and Africa



  South America

    Brazil

By Type Insights

The commissions segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period. The market is segmented into commissions and transaction fees based on payment structures. Commissions, the larger market shareholder, are fees charged by brokers or investment advisors for their services, including investment advice and securities transactions. Clients benefit from commissions as they only pay when executing trades. However, commissions serve as incentives for brokers to facilitate a high volume of transactions, leading to their regulation by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). This market encompasses various financial tools, individual brokers, and customized trading platforms, catering to retail investors, private banking institutions, and institutional investors. It includes cloud-based solutions, machine learning, predictive analytics, and market surveillance systems for market stability and integrity.

Additionally, the market incorporates non-profit banks, perpetual trading platforms, and the emerging digital asset ecosystem, including Bitcoin NFTs, Blockchain technology, decentralized finance protocols, and Artificial Intelligence applications such as generative AI, recurrent neural networks, and generative adversarial networks. Transaction fees, an alternative payment structure, are a flat rate or percentage of the trade value. Both commission and transaction fee structures cater to various market participants and trading scenarios.

Get a glance at the market rep

Fixed Income Asset Management Market Outlook

The global fixed income asset management market size was valued at approximately USD 5.7 trillion in 2023 and is projected to grow to USD 9.3 trillion by 2032, expanding at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.5% over the forecast period. The growth of this market is primarily driven by the increasing demand for stable and predictable returns in an uncertain economic environment.

One of the significant growth factors for the fixed income asset management market is the aging global population. As more individuals approach retirement age, the demand for fixed income investments that offer stable returns and lower risk compared to equities is increasing. Retirees and near-retirees often prioritize capital preservation and income generation, which fixed income products are well-suited to provide. This demographic trend is particularly prominent in developed countries but is also becoming more relevant in emerging markets as their populations age and accumulate wealth.

Another crucial growth driver is the rising interest rate environment. As central banks around the world shift towards tightening monetary policies to combat inflation, interest rates are gradually increasing. Higher interest rates make newly issued bonds more attractive to investors due to their higher yields. This situation creates opportunities for fixed income asset managers to attract new investments and cater to clients looking for better returns in a higher interest rate environment. Additionally, higher yields can enhance the overall performance of fixed income portfolios, making them more appealing to both institutional and retail investors.

The increasing complexity and diversity of fixed income products is also contributing to market growth. The fixed income market has evolved to include a wide range of instruments beyond traditional government and corporate bonds. Products such as mortgage-backed securities, municipal bonds, and various structured financial instruments offer different risk-return profiles and investment opportunities. This diversification allows asset managers to tailor portfolios to meet specific client needs and preferences, thereby attracting a broader investor base. The development of innovative fixed income products continues to drive growth in this market by expanding the range of investment options available.

In the realm of private equity, the PE Fund Management Fee plays a crucial role in shaping the investment landscape. These fees are typically charged by fund managers to cover the operational costs of managing the fund, including research, administration, and portfolio management. The structure of these fees can vary, often comprising a management fee based on the committed capital and a performance fee tied to the fund's returns. Understanding the intricacies of these fees is essential for investors, as they can significantly impact the net returns on their investments. As private equity continues to grow as an asset class, the transparency and justification of management fees are becoming increasingly important to investors seeking to maximize their returns while ensuring alignment of interests with fund managers.

From a regional perspective, North America remains the largest market for fixed income asset management, driven by the presence of a well-established financial industry, a large pool of institutional investors, and a high level of individual wealth. However, the Asia Pacific region is expected to exhibit the highest growth rate during the forecast period. Rapid economic growth, increasing financial literacy, and a burgeoning middle class are driving demand for fixed income investments in countries such as China and India. Additionally, regulatory reforms aimed at developing local bond markets and attracting foreign investment are further propelling the market in this region.

Asset Type Analysis

The fixed income asset management market can be categorized by asset type into government bonds, corporate bonds, municipal bonds, mortgage-backed securities, and others. Each of these asset types offers unique characteristics and appeals to different segments of investors, contributing to the overall growth and diversification of the market.

Government bonds are one of the most significant segments in the fixed income market. Issued by national governments, these bonds are considered low-risk investments due to the backing of the issuing g

The Indian Fintech industry, currently valued at $111.14 billion (2025 estimated value), is experiencing explosive growth, projected to expand at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 30.55% from 2025 to 2033. This rapid expansion is fueled by several key drivers: the increasing smartphone penetration and internet usage across India's vast population, a burgeoning young and tech-savvy demographic eager to embrace digital financial solutions, and a supportive government policy environment promoting digitalization. The market's segmentation reveals strong growth across various services, including money transfers and payments (dominating the market share due to high adoption of digital wallets and UPI), savings and investments (driven by the rise of robo-advisors and online investment platforms), and digital lending (facilitated by technological advancements and improved credit scoring models). The applications driving Fintech adoption encompass e-commerce, utilities, and travel, showcasing the sector's diverse integration into daily life. While regulatory hurdles and cybersecurity concerns pose some restraints, the overall growth trajectory remains remarkably positive. Competition among established players like Paytm, PhonePe, Policy Bazaar, and emerging fintech startups is fostering innovation and improving service offerings, further boosting market expansion. The geographical distribution shows strong concentration within India, although international expansion by Indian fintech companies is gaining momentum. This substantial growth makes India a prime investment destination for global players and indicates a significant shift in the Indian financial landscape towards digital solutions. The forecast period (2025-2033) anticipates a continuation of this rapid expansion, with money transfer and payment services likely maintaining their dominant position. Growth will be spurred by the increasing financial inclusion of underserved populations through accessible mobile-first financial products. Further development in AI-powered risk assessment and personalized financial products will be pivotal to sustaining the CAGR and driving innovation in the sector. The integration of blockchain technology and advanced data analytics will likely shape the future of the industry, leading to greater security, efficiency and transparency. Nevertheless, navigating evolving regulatory landscapes and managing cybersecurity risks will be crucial for sustained growth and maintaining consumer trust. The continued rise of super-apps and the expansion of open banking will shape the competitive dynamics further solidifying India's position as a global Fintech hub. Recent developments include: September 2023: PayU, an Indian payments company, partnered with WhatsApp to considerably improve Indians' purchasing experience., November 2022: The Hyderabad-based SaaS business CreditVidya was acquired by Bengaluru-based financial unicorn CRED in a deal that included cash and stock. The value of the agreement has not been made public by the companies.. Key drivers for this market are: Increasing Demand for Digital Services, Rapid Advancement in Technology is Driving the Market. Potential restraints include: Increasing Demand for Digital Services, Rapid Advancement in Technology is Driving the Market. Notable trends are: Increase in Mobile Banking Payments is Surging the Growth of the Market.

Digital Banking Platform and Services Market Outlook

The global digital banking platform and services market size was valued at approximately $8.5 billion in 2023 and is forecasted to reach around $21.4 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10.8%. This impressive growth trajectory can be attributed to the increasing adoption of digital technologies in banking, a greater emphasis on customer experience, and a sharp rise in mobile banking and online transactions. The pressure on banks and financial institutions to modernize their core operations and provide seamless digital services has never been more pronounced, driven by both customer demand and competitive pressures.

One of the primary growth factors bolstering the digital banking platform and services market is the rapid digital transformation across the banking sector. Banks are increasingly investing in digital platforms to streamline operations, reduce costs, and enhance customer satisfaction. The transition from traditional banking methods to digital platforms helps in achieving operational efficiency, reducing human errors, and offering personalized banking experiences. Moreover, the rise of fintech companies has disrupted conventional banking models, forcing traditional banks to innovate and digitize their services to stay competitive.

Another significant growth factor is the increasing penetration of smartphones and the internet, which has driven the demand for mobile banking services. With the proliferation of mobile devices, customers now expect to conduct their banking activities at their convenience, anytime and anywhere. Mobile banking applications provide functionalities such as fund transfers, bill payments, loan applications, and investment services, all accessible via a few taps on a smartphone. Consequently, banks are focusing on developing robust mobile banking platforms to cater to the tech-savvy customer base, thereby propelling market growth.

Regulatory support and government initiatives aimed at promoting digital payments and financial inclusion are also crucial drivers of market growth. Many governments worldwide are encouraging digital banking and cashless transactions to enhance financial transparency and reduce fraud. For instance, initiatives such as India's Digital India campaign and the European Union's Payment Services Directive (PSD2) have significantly boosted the adoption of digital banking platforms. These regulatory frameworks not only streamline digital transactions but also foster innovation in financial services, further accelerating market expansion.

Regionally, North America holds a significant share of the digital banking platform and services market, driven by the early adoption of advanced technologies and the presence of major market players. However, the Asia Pacific region is expected to witness the highest growth rate during the forecast period. The rapid economic development, growing middle-class population, and increasing smartphone penetration in countries like China, India, and Southeast Asia are key factors driving market growth in this region. Moreover, the expanding fintech ecosystem and supportive government policies in these countries are fostering the adoption of digital banking platforms.

Component Analysis

The digital banking platform and services market is segmented into platforms and services. The platform segment primarily includes software solutions that enable digital banking operations, while the services segment encompasses various support services such as consulting, integration, and maintenance. The platform segment is expected to dominate the market due to the growing demand for advanced software solutions that facilitate seamless digital transactions and enhance customer engagement. Banks are increasingly investing in robust digital platforms that offer a wide range of functionalities, from basic banking operations to complex financial services.

Within the platform segment, there is a growing emphasis on open banking platforms that allow third-party developers to build applications and services around the financial institution. Open banking platforms enable banks to offer more personalized and innovative services, thereby improving customer experience and loyalty. Additionally, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies into digital banking platforms is gaining traction. These technologies help in automatin

As of July 18, 2025, the major economy with the highest yield on 10-year government bonds was Turkey, with a yield of ** percent. This is due to the risks investors take when investing in Turkey, notably due to high inflation rates potentially eradicating any profits made when using a foreign currency to investing in securities denominated in Turkish lira. Of the major developed economies, United Kingdom had one the highest yield on 10-year government bonds at this time with **** percent, while Switzerland had the lowest at **** percent. How does inflation influence the yields of government bonds? Inflation reduces purchasing power over time. Due to this, investors seek higher returns to offset the anticipated decrease in purchasing power resulting from rapid price rises. In countries with high inflation, government bond yields often incorporate investor expectations and risk premiums, resulting in comparatively higher rates offered by these bonds. Why are government bond rates significant? Government bond rates are an important indicator of financial markets, serving as a benchmark for borrowing costs, interest rates, and investor sentiment. They affect the cost of government borrowing, influence the price of various financial instruments, and serve as a reflection of expectations regarding inflation and economic growth. For instance, in financial analysis and investing, people often use the 10-year U.S. government bond rates as a proxy for the longer-term risk-free rate.

As of September 2023, NBFCs dominated the gold loan market with a ** percent market share. Banks, on the other hand, held only ** percent of market share. Indian population has traditionally relied on gold as a means of investment. The country is the second-largest importer of gold in the world. Banks and non-banking financial companies are currently the major players in offering secured loans with gold as collateral. Process of taking a gold loan To apply for a gold loan, a borrower usually approaches these institutions, which is followed by a purity check of gold to evaluate its market value. A borrower usually keeps their gold ranging from 18 to 24 carats with the lender for getting credit. The interest rates on gold loans can range between 7.35 percent to 29 percent per annum, depending on the bank. Gold’s present market value called the loan-to-value (LTV) ratio, usually fixed by the Reserve bank of India determines the amount a consumer is eligible to get against gold. New digital players Online gold loan options are increasingly being offered; however, a customer is still required to visit the bank or NBFC branch for depositing the gold and its purity check. But a large part of the gold loan market is still unorganized, leaving customers exposed to high-interest rates. Certain fintech startups are now entering the market space offering services with lower interest, flexible EMIs, and door-to-door delivery and pickup. The entry of new players in this traditional marketplace is expected to increase the penetration rate of the gold loan market.