In 2022, about 70 percent of women in the United States were registered to vote. This is higher than the share of men who were registered to vote in that same year.

In U.S. presidential elections since 1964, voter turnout among male and female voters has changed gradually but significantly, with women consistently voting at a higher rate than men since the 1980 election. 67 percent of eligible female voters took part in the 1964 election, compared to 72 percent of male voters. This difference has been reversed in recent elections, where the share of women who voted has been larger than the share of men by around four percent since 2004.

In 2024, about 51 percent of eligible voters for the Dominican Republic general election of May 18th were women. The male population of the Caribbean country made up around 49 percent of the voters.

In the lead-up to the 2022 midterm election, an estimated 17 million people registered to vote in the last year. Of those, around 46.19 percent of registrants identified as female. The total number of new registrants since November 2021 can be found here.

As of April 2021, the number of registered voters for the General Elections of that same year was over 25.2 million. The number of female voters was slightly higher than their male counterparts, with 50.4 percent of the total. Voting in Peru is mandatory between the ages of 18 to 70.

As of 2023, approximately 52 percent of the registered voter that reside in Spain are women. However, the largest age group is men between the ages of 45 and 49 with about 1.76 million voters. This is also the age group with the largest number of female voters with approximately 1.75 million.

AP VoteCast is a survey of the American electorate conducted by NORC at the University of Chicago for Fox News, NPR, PBS NewsHour, Univision News, USA Today Network, The Wall Street Journal and The Associated Press.

AP VoteCast combines interviews with a random sample of registered voters drawn from state voter files with self-identified registered voters selected using nonprobability approaches. In general elections, it also includes interviews with self-identified registered voters conducted using NORC’s probability-based AmeriSpeak® panel, which is designed to be representative of the U.S. population.

Interviews are conducted in English and Spanish. Respondents may receive a small monetary incentive for completing the survey. Participants selected as part of the random sample can be contacted by phone and mail and can take the survey by phone or online. Participants selected as part of the nonprobability sample complete the survey online.

In the 2020 general election, the survey of 133,103 interviews with registered voters was conducted between Oct. 26 and Nov. 3, concluding as polls closed on Election Day. AP VoteCast delivered data about the presidential election in all 50 states as well as all Senate and governors’ races in 2020.

Using this Data - IMPORTANT

This is survey data and must be properly weighted during analysis: DO NOT REPORT THIS DATA AS RAW OR AGGREGATE NUMBERS!!

Instead, use statistical software such as R or SPSS to weight the data.

National Survey

The national AP VoteCast survey of voters and nonvoters in 2020 is based on the results of the 50 state-based surveys and a nationally representative survey of 4,141 registered voters conducted between Nov. 1 and Nov. 3 on the probability-based AmeriSpeak panel. It included 41,776 probability interviews completed online and via telephone, and 87,186 nonprobability interviews completed online. The margin of sampling error is plus or minus 0.4 percentage points for voters and 0.9 percentage points for nonvoters.

State Surveys

In 20 states in 2020, AP VoteCast is based on roughly 1,000 probability-based interviews conducted online and by phone, and roughly 3,000 nonprobability interviews conducted online. In these states, the margin of sampling error is about plus or minus 2.3 percentage points for voters and 5.5 percentage points for nonvoters.

In an additional 20 states, AP VoteCast is based on roughly 500 probability-based interviews conducted online and by phone, and roughly 2,000 nonprobability interviews conducted online. In these states, the margin of sampling error is about plus or minus 2.9 percentage points for voters and 6.9 percentage points for nonvoters.

In the remaining 10 states, AP VoteCast is based on about 1,000 nonprobability interviews conducted online. In these states, the margin of sampling error is about plus or minus 4.5 percentage points for voters and 11.0 percentage points for nonvoters.

Although there is no statistically agreed upon approach for calculating margins of error for nonprobability samples, these margins of error were estimated using a measure of uncertainty that incorporates the variability associated with the poll estimates, as well as the variability associated with the survey weights as a result of calibration. After calibration, the nonprobability sample yields approximately unbiased estimates.

As with all surveys, AP VoteCast is subject to multiple sources of error, including from sampling, question wording and order, and nonresponse.

Sampling Details

Probability-based Registered Voter Sample

In each of the 40 states in which AP VoteCast included a probability-based sample, NORC obtained a sample of registered voters from Catalist LLC’s registered voter database. This database includes demographic information, as well as addresses and phone numbers for registered voters, allowing potential respondents to be contacted via mail and telephone. The sample is stratified by state, partisanship, and a modeled likelihood to respond to the postcard based on factors such as age, race, gender, voting history, and census block group education. In addition, NORC attempted to match sampled records to a registered voter database maintained by L2, which provided additional phone numbers and demographic information.

Prior to dialing, all probability sample records were mailed a postcard inviting them to complete the survey either online using a unique PIN or via telephone by calling a toll-free number. Postcards were addressed by name to the sampled registered voter if that individual was under age 35; postcards were addressed to “registered voter” in all other cases. Telephone interviews were conducted with the adult that answered the phone following confirmation of registered voter status in the state.

Nonprobability Sample

Nonprobability participants include panelists from Dynata or Lucid, including members of its third-party panels. In addition, some registered voters were selected from the voter file, matched to email addresses by V12, and recruited via an email invitation to the survey. Digital fingerprint software and panel-level ID validation is used to prevent respondents from completing the AP VoteCast survey multiple times.

AmeriSpeak Sample

During the initial recruitment phase of the AmeriSpeak panel, randomly selected U.S. households were sampled with a known, non-zero probability of selection from the NORC National Sample Frame and then contacted by mail, email, telephone and field interviewers (face-to-face). The panel provides sample coverage of approximately 97% of the U.S. household population. Those excluded from the sample include people with P.O. Box-only addresses, some addresses not listed in the U.S. Postal Service Delivery Sequence File and some newly constructed dwellings. Registered voter status was confirmed in field for all sampled panelists.

Weighting Details

AP VoteCast employs a four-step weighting approach that combines the probability sample with the nonprobability sample and refines estimates at a subregional level within each state. In a general election, the 50 state surveys and the AmeriSpeak survey are weighted separately and then combined into a survey representative of voters in all 50 states.

State Surveys

First, weights are constructed separately for the probability sample (when available) and the nonprobability sample for each state survey. These weights are adjusted to population totals to correct for demographic imbalances in age, gender, education and race/ethnicity of the responding sample compared to the population of registered voters in each state. In 2020, the adjustment targets are derived from a combination of data from the U.S. Census Bureau’s November 2018 Current Population Survey Voting and Registration Supplement, Catalist’s voter file and the Census Bureau’s 2018 American Community Survey. Prior to adjusting to population totals, the probability-based registered voter list sample weights are adjusted for differential non-response related to factors such as availability of phone numbers, age, race and partisanship.

Second, all respondents receive a calibration weight. The calibration weight is designed to ensure the nonprobability sample is similar to the probability sample in regard to variables that are predictive of vote choice, such as partisanship or direction of the country, which cannot be fully captured through the prior demographic adjustments. The calibration benchmarks are based on regional level estimates from regression models that incorporate all probability and nonprobability cases nationwide.

Third, all respondents in each state are weighted to improve estimates for substate geographic regions. This weight combines the weighted probability (if available) and nonprobability samples, and then uses a small area model to improve the estimate within subregions of a state.

Fourth, the survey results are weighted to the actual vote count following the completion of the election. This weighting is done in 10–30 subregions within each state.

National Survey

In a general election, the national survey is weighted to combine the 50 state surveys with the nationwide AmeriSpeak survey. Each of the state surveys is weighted as described. The AmeriSpeak survey receives a nonresponse-adjusted weight that is then adjusted to national totals for registered voters that in 2020 were derived from the U.S. Census Bureau’s November 2018 Current Population Survey Voting and Registration Supplement, the Catalist voter file and the Census Bureau’s 2018 American Community Survey. The state surveys are further adjusted to represent their appropriate proportion of the registered voter population for the country and combined with the AmeriSpeak survey. After all votes are counted, the national data file is adjusted to match the national popular vote for president.

In 2022, 77.9 percent of people aged between 65 and 74 years old were registered to vote in the United States - the highest share of any age group. In comparison, 49.1 percent of 18 to 24 year-olds were registered to vote in that year.

Electoral registrations for parliamentary and local government elections as recorded in electoral registers for England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

As of July 2024, the female population in Mexico accounted for a larger number of registered voters, with approximately 51.26 million voters, surpassing the male population, which registered around 47.46 million voters. Only 142 non-binary people were registered as that date.

As of April 2024, almost 28 million citizens registered to vote in the South African general elections. Of these, the majority were women, at 15.3 million, whereas men accounted for around 12 million of the registrations.

During the 2024 elections in Indonesia, the number of registered female voters was slightly higher than male. With over 204 million registered voters representing around 75 percent of its population, Indonesia held the world's largest single-day election to choose a new president, vice president, parliamentary and local representatives on February 14, 2024.

This statistic displays the number of people entitled to vote in the Finnish parliamentary elections in 2019, by gender. In total, nearly 4.3 million people had the right to vote in the parliamentary elections, approximately 2.2 million of them women. The official election day took place on April 14, 2019, resulting in a narrow victory of the Social Democratic Party (SDP).

As of March 2024, approximately 44.28 million people were registered to vote in the National Assembly election, which is scheduled to be held in South Korea on April 10, 2024. Out of the total registered voters, about 22.4 million were women and around 22 million were men.

As of July 2024, the male population had a higher number of registered voters from abroad in Mexico, with approximately 847,509 voters. In contrast, the female population accounted for around 675,466 registered voters.

Share (%) of Female Electors represents the percentage of total registered voters who are women. This metric provides a direct measurement of women’s representation in the electoral rolls and serves as an important indicator of gender inclusivity in the democratic process.

Recommended citation:Parker, D., Raile, E., Guenther, S., & Shanahan, E. (2019). 2018 Montana Election Surveys (MSU-MTN) [Data file]. Retrieved from https://www.openicpsr.org These polls were funded jointly by the Montana Television Network (MTN) and Montana State University (MSU).The MSU-MTN pre-election survey was conducted by the Human Ecology Learning & Problem Solving (HELPS) Lab of Montana State University-Bozeman between September 15 and October 6, 2018. The population for the poll was Montana voters who registered by August 14, 2018. The sample was stratified by state House districts, and then a random sample of 10,400 voters was drawn proportionally from these strata. Sampled individuals received a questionnaire by mail and were asked to return the questionnaire via a self-addressed stamped envelope. Respondents returned 2,079 surveys, a response rate of slightly over 20% based on 10,215 deliverable addresses.The population size was 686,791 registered voters. This resulted in a margin of error (MOE) of approximately +/- 2 percentage points. Please note that this figure is an overall approximation given sampling stratification and different response options and response patterns for specific questions. Using a raking method, the data were weighted by age, media market, marital status by gender, and education to match U.S. Census Bureau data on registered Montana voters. Data were also weighted on 2016 presidential vote choice to match vote returns reported by the Montana Secretary of State.The MSU-MTN post-election survey was similarly conducted by the HELPS Lab of Montana State University-Bozeman between November 8 and December 14, 2018. Researchers used a panel design, meaning they re-surveyed individuals who had completed the pre-election questionnaire. Respondents returned 1,424 completed questionnaires for a response rate of approximately 68%. The population of registered voters at the time of the election was 711, 844, which produced an overall MOE of approximately +/- 2.6 percentage points. The weights remained the same except for replacing 2016 presidential vote choice with 2018 Senate vote choice.

Abstract

The World Values Survey (www.worldvaluessurvey.org) is a global network of social scientists studying changing values and their impact on social and political life, led by an international team of scholars, with the WVS association and secretariat headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden. The survey, which started in 1981, seeks to use the most rigorous, high-quality research designs in each country. The WVS consists of nationally representative surveys conducted in almost 100 countries which contain almost 90 percent of the world’s population, using a common questionnaire. The WVS is the largest non-commercial, cross-national, time series investigation of human beliefs and values ever executed, currently including interviews with almost 400,000 respondents. Moreover the WVS is the only academic study covering the full range of global variations, from very poor to very rich countries, in all of the world’s major cultural zones. The WVS seeks to help scientists and policy makers understand changes in the beliefs, values and motivations of people throughout the world. Thousands of political scientists, sociologists, social psychologists, anthropologists and economists have used these data to analyze such topics as economic development, democratization, religion, gender equality, social capital, and subjective well-being. These data have also been widely used by government officials, journalists and students, and groups at the World Bank have analyzed the linkages between cultural factors and economic development.

Geographic coverage

The survey covers Mexico.

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual

Universe

The WVS for Mexico covers national population aged 18 years and over for both sexes.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The Mexico 2005 survey used a multi-stage sampling procedure. Interviewers selected an adult using a random selection method. However, we also employed control quotas according to sex and age this practice was more common in rural areas, where the male population is more difficult to find at home during interviewing hours. Interviewers made sure that respondents were at least 18 years old, that they lived in the selected household. Interviews were all conducted in-home.

Remarks about sampling: The first stage was the selection of polling points based on the list of electoral sections defined by the Federal Elections Institute. The sections were previously stratified as urban (70 percent), and rural and mixed (30 percent). Each section is relatively homogeneous in size, with about 1,092 registered voters in 63,810 sections that cover all the countrys adult population. Respondents included, of course, also adults nonregistered as voters. We selected 130 electoral sections in a systematically random fashion in each stratum, based on the list arranged proportionally to size of population. In the second stage we selected the household with a systematic random selection, based on a standard strategy of walking around the housing districts selected in the sample. In the third stage, interviewers selected an adult respondent in each household. We used control quotas based on sex and age in districts where random selection of interviewers was disproportionately leaning towards a specific group. Each polling point represents 12 interviews, and quota control established that 6 were male respondents and 6 women respondents, to ensure an appropriate distribution, especially in areas where some specific group is difficult to reach during the hours of interviewing (i.e. rural towns and communities). The Mexican countryside presents problems, for example, to reach male populations during the day in their households. In terms of age, the following quotas were employed where needed: 4 out of 12 were 18 to 29 years old; 5 out of 12 were 30 to 49 years old, and 3 out of 12 were 50 years old or older. We substituted four of the originally selected addresses; three in rural areas and one in an urban area. In the rural cases, the interviewers were not able to get to them because of the absence of roads and transportation. In the urban case, the polling point was substituted because the neighborhood represented serious safety problems at the time of the survey. All the polling points were substituted with addresses with the same socioeconomic level, in the same region, state and electoral district. Substitution of households and respondents were also employed, in the cases where either one of them was registered as a no contact or a refusal and remained under those categories after call backs or returns. Interviewers kept record of non response items (no contact, refusals, suspension) at every time.

The sample size for Mexico is N=1560 and includes the national population aged 18 years and over for both sexes.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

English and Spanish Questionnaires. The Mexico 2005 questionnaire includes these additional questions:

• Main television news broadcast R watches: v229a (placed between v229 Rs information sources and v230 how often R uses a personal computer).
• Voting intentions for President: v233b to v233c (placed between v233 party R would never vote for and v234 party R voted for federal deputy in 2003). In this question, interviewers used a secret-ballot method with the names of the candidates and the party logos.
• Party identification: v233a (placed between v222 party R would never vote for and v223 party R voted for federal deputy in 2003)
• Items on Mexicos economic relationships: v234a to v234d (placed between v234 party R voted for federal deputy in 2003 and v235 gender.
• Items on the relationship between Mexico and United States: v234a to v234d (placed between v234 party R voted for federal deputy in 2003 and v235 gender) -Items on underground economy: v247a to v247c (placed between v247 Does R supervise people in his job and v248 Is R the chief wage earner) v248 Is R the chief wage earner)

Response rate

Total number of starting names/addresses (electoral sections) 130 No contact at selected address (households) 1759 No contact with selected person 1084 Refusal at selected address 667 Personal refusal by selected respondent 824 Full productive interview 1560 Break Off 52 No elegible respondent 357 Quota filled 999

Remarks about non-response: Electoral sections are a reliable sampling unit in Mexico. Between 95 and 97 percent of all adult population is reachable using the electoral sections as sampling frame. The sample distribution in Mexico does not appear to have any known limitations. Non response rate is 70%, including no contacts and refusals.

The 2008 National Asian American Survey (NAAS) contains 5,159 completed telephone interviews of self-identified Asian/Asian American residents of the United States. Interviewing began on August 12, 2008, and ended on October 29, 2008. The survey instrument included questions about political behavior and attitudes as well as personal experiences in immigration to the United States. Topics include attitudes toward government, politics and political issues, extent of political involvement, party affiliation, sources of political information, voting behavior, health and financial status, racial and ethnic identification, linked fate and discrimination, and religious and ethnic social networks. The overall length of the interview was approximately 29 minutes. The NAAS includes adults in the United States who identify any family background from countries in Asia, exclusive of countries classified as the Middle East. Survey interviews were conducted in eight languages (English, Cantonese, Mandarin, Korean, Vietnamese, Tagalog, Japanese, and Hindi) -- chosen according to the interviewee's preference -- and yielded sample sizes of at least 500 adult Asian American residents in the six largest national-origin groups. The final breakdown was 1,350 Chinese, 1,150 Asian Indian, 719 Vietnamese, 614 Korean, 603 Filipino, and 541 Japanese origin respondents, with 182 additional respondents who are either from other countries in Asia, or who identify as multi-racial or multi-ethnic. Overall, 40 percent of the sample chose English as their preferred language for the interview. The sample is weighted, using a raking procedure, to reflect the balance of gender, nativity, citizenship status, and educational attainment of the six largest national-origin groups in the United States, as well as the proportion of these national-origin groups within each state. Demographic information includes age, race, language, gender, country of birth, religion, marital status, educational level, employment status, citizenship status, household income, and size of household. Several strategies of sampling were used to collect the data. The largest number of cases were completed interviews drawn from a random selection of respondents in a listed sample of high-probability Asian Americans. This listed sample was drawn from a commercial database of voter registration and marketing, with ethnic propensity classifications based on ethnic names, surnames, and geographic density. Two additional strategies of RDD were used to select respondents, the first from a set of telephone numbers generated to maximize the probability of Filipino Americans, and a second set of telephone numbers generated for the population in general. The general population RDD yielded a very small number of completed interviews relative to contacts made by interviewers (8 out of 1,028 attempts) primarily as a result of the low incidence of the Asian American population in the United States. The sampling design was stratified to collect a disproportionately high number of respondents from "new immigrant destinations" as defined by Audrey Singer of the Brookings Institution. In their raw format, 22 percent of the cases were selected from counties in new destinations while the remaining 78 percent were representative of the United States population. Cases were weighted to account for this stratified sampling design. Additional details about sampling and weighting can be found in the book "Asian American Political Participation: Emerging Constituents and their Political Identities" (Wong, Ramakrishnan, Lee, and Junn. 2011, Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation). Post-stratification weights (NWEIGHTNATYRS) were created using a raking procedure to reflect the balance of gender, nativity, citizenship status, and educational attainment of the six largest national-origin groups in the United States, as well as the proportion of these national-origin groups within each state. More details about the weighting procedure can be found in the book "Asian American Political Participation: Emerging Constituents and their Political Identities" (Wong, Ramakrishnan, Lee, and Junn. 2011, Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation). The universe of analysis contains 5,159 completed telephone interviews of self-identified Asian/Asian American residents of the United States. This is approximately 88 percent of the United States Asian/Asian American adult population. The final breakdown was 1,350 Chinese, 1,150 Asian Indian, 719 Vietnamese, 614 Korean, 603 Filipino, and 541 Japanese origin respondents, with 182 additional respondents who are either from other countries in Asia, or who identify as multi-racial or multi-ethnic. Smallest Geographic Unit: county ICPSR data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. ICPSR also routinely creates ready-to-go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accom...

Abstract

The World Values Survey (www.worldvaluessurvey.org) is a global network of social scientists studying changing values and their impact on social and political life, led by an international team of scholars, with the WVS association and secretariat headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden. The survey, which started in 1981, seeks to use the most rigorous, high-quality research designs in each country. The WVS consists of nationally representative surveys conducted in almost 100 countries which contain almost 90 percent of the world’s population, using a common questionnaire. The WVS is the largest non-commercial, cross-national, time series investigation of human beliefs and values ever executed, currently including interviews with almost 400,000 respondents. Moreover the WVS is the only academic study covering the full range of global variations, from very poor to very rich countries, in all of the world’s major cultural zones. The WVS seeks to help scientists and policy makers understand changes in the beliefs, values and motivations of people throughout the world. Thousands of political scientists, sociologists, social psychologists, anthropologists and economists have used these data to analyze such topics as economic development, democratization, religion, gender equality, social capital, and subjective well-being. These data have also been widely used by government officials, journalists and students, and groups at the World Bank have analyzed the linkages between cultural factors and economic development.

Geographic coverage

The survey covers Australia.

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual

Universe

The WVS for Australia covers population aged 18 years and over, for both sexes.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sample was stratified by Australian states and territories using population counts based on Australian Electoral Commission (AEC) statistics as at 29th July 2005. The selection of individuals within the stratified sample was random using the Electoral Roll for Australia produced by the AEC. This frame includes all registered voters who must be citizens of Australia (or a British subject on a Commonwealth electoral roll as at 25 January 1984). Since voting in Australia is compulsory, there is a very high proportion of the adult Australia population covered by this frameapproximately 92 percent in 2003. A systematic random sample from each state and territory list was drawn by taking every nth name starting with a random start point of size proportional to the population of registered voters. The sampled units were named individuals.

Gross sample Using a sampling frame derived from the AEC Electoral Roll (2005) excludes permanent and temporary residents of Australia (who are not citizens) and any other adults in Australia who are non-citizens except for British subjects on a Commonwealth electoral roll as at 25 January 1984. These exclusions amount to approximately 8 percent of the adult population. Net sample The sample demographics were compared with statistics available from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) including the 2001 Census. The major biases are: age (median age is older than the Census population), education (over-representation of persons with post-secondary school qualifications), and gender (slight over-representation of women). Non-citizens of Australia were not included in the sample. The sample size for Australia is N=1421.

Mode of data collection

Mail Questionnaire [mail]

Research instrument

For each wave, suggestions for questions are solicited by social scientists from all over the world and a final master questionnaire is developed in English. Since the start in 1981 each successive wave has covered a broader range of societies than the previous one. Analysis of the data from each wave has indicated that certain questions tapped interesting and important concepts while others were of little value. This has led to the more useful questions or themes being replicated in future waves while the less useful ones have been dropped making room for new questions. The questionnaire is translated into the various national languages and in many cases independently translated back to English to check the accuracy of the translation. In most countries, the translated questionnaire is pre-tested to help identify questions for which the translation is problematic. In some cases certain problematic questions are omitted from the national questionnaire. WVS requires implementation of the common questionnaire fully and faithfully, in all countries included into one wave. Any alteration to the original questionnaire has to be approved by the EC. Omission of no more than a maximum of 12 questions in any given country can be allowed.

Response rate

3500 A Total issued 227 B Not eligible (ill, dead, non-English speaking, not at this address ) 3273 C Total eligible 1421 D Total questionnaires received 1852 E - non-responses (including non-contact; see note above under sample type) 183 F Refusals (including questionnaires less than half filled in) 1669 G Non-contact (included in E) 0 H Other non-response (included in E)