In 2023, approximately 59 percent of males and 55 percent of females that were aged 20 still lived with their parents in the United Kingdom. In the same year, 47 percent of males and 29 percent of females who were 25 lived with their parents, while for those aged 30, the percentage was 16 percent for males and just five percent for females.

This paper provides global evidence on the living arrangements of children, using harmonized census data from 95 countries, encompassing 85 percent of the world population. While residing with two parents is the most common living arrangement in nearly every country, there is substantial cross-country heterogeneity. When children do not live with two parents, they tend to live with their mother only or with no parent. Living with only one’s father remains rare. We document that countries with greater economic resources, lower income inequality, and higher human development scores consistently exhibit larger shares of children living with two parents.These data/code accompany this article.

In 2023, Croatia was the country where, on average, people left their parent's household the latest, at nearly 32 years old. Ranked second and third were Slovakia and Greece. Denmark, Sweden, and Finland were the countries where people became independent the youngest, with the average person in those countries leaving their parent's household before 22.

Among Central and Eastern European countries, young ********* were the latest to leave their family home in 2024 at nearly **** years old. Estonians and Lithuanians moved out of their parent's homes at an average age of **** and ****, respectively.

Key figures on fertility, live and stillborn children and multiple births among inhabitants of The Netherlands.

Available selections: - Live born children by sex; - Live born children by age of the mother (31 December), in groups; - Live born children by birth order from the mother; - Live born children by marital status of the mother; - Live born children by country of birth of the mother and origin country of the mother; - Stillborn children by duration of pregnancy; - Births: single and multiple; - Average number of children per female; - Average number of children per male; - Average age of the mother at childbirth by birth order from the mother; - Average age of the father at childbirth by birth order from the mother; - Net replacement factor.

CBS is in transition towards a new classification of the population by origin. Greater emphasis is now placed on where a person was born, aside from where that person’s parents were born. The term ‘migration background’ is no longer used in this regard. The main categories western/non-western are being replaced by categories based on continents and a few countries that share a specific migration history with the Netherlands. The new classification is being implemented gradually in tables and publications on population by origin.

Data available from: 1950 Most of the data is available as of 1950 with the exception of the live born children by country of birth of the mother and origin country of the mother (from 2021, previous periods will be added at a later time), stillborn children by duration of pregnancy (24+) (from 1991), average number of children per male (from 1996) and the average age of the father at childbirth (from 1996).

Status of the figures: The 2023 figures on stillbirths and (multiple) births are provisional, the other figures in the table are final.

Changes per 17 December 2024: Figures of 2023 have been added. The provisional figures on the number of live births and stillbirths for 2023 do not include children who were born at a gestational age that is unknown. These cases were included in the final figures for previous years. However, the provisional figures show a relatively larger number of children born at an unknown gestational age. Based on an internal analysis for 2022, it appears that in the majority of these cases, the child was born at less than 24 weeks. To ensure that the provisional 2023 figures do not overestimate the number of stillborn children born at a gestational age of over 24 weeks, children born at an unknown gestational age have now been excluded.

When will new figures be published? Final 2023 figures on the number of stillbirths and the number of births are expected to be added to the table in de third quarter of 2025. In the third quarter of 2025 final figures of 2024 will be published in this publication.

Résumé

At the World Summit for Children held in New York in 1990, the government of Popstan pledged itself to a Declaration and Plan of Action for Children. Subsequently, a National Programmed of Action for Children was developed and implemented. The Plan of Action also called for the establishment of mechanisms for monitoring progress toward the goals and objectives set for the year 2000. Toward this end, UNICEF has developed a core set of 75 indicators of specific aspects of the situation of children in coordination with other international organizations. A MICS survey was conducted in 1985 to measure progress at mid-decade. The 2000 Popstan MICS survey has been implemented to provide end-decade information on many of the indicators. Information on other indicators will be derived from the vital registration system and various disease monitoring systems.

The 2000 Popstan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) is a nationally representative survey of households, women, and children. The main objectives of the survey are to provide up-to-date information for assessing the situation of children and women in Popstan at the end of the decade and to furnish data needed for monitoring progress toward goals established at the World Summit for Children and as a basis for future action.

Infant and Under Five Mortality - Distortions in the MICS data on deaths among children preclude obtaining estimates of very recent mortality rates. The data suggest that the infant mortality rate was 45 per 1000 and the under five mortality rate was 52 per 1000 around 1993.

Education - Eighty nine percent of children of primary school age in Popstan are attending primary school. School attendance in the South is significantly lower than in the rest of the country at 52 percent. At the national level, there is virtually no difference between male and female primary school attendance. - More than two thirds of children who enter the first grade of primary school eventually reach grade five.
- The vast majority (88 percent) of the population over age 15 years is literate. The percentage literate declines from 93 percent among those aged 15-34 to 65 percent among the population aged 65 and older.

Water and Sanitation - Eighty nine percent of the population has access to safe drinking water - 98 percent in urban areas and 78 percent in rural areas. The situation in the South is considerably worse than in other regions; only 31 percent of the population in this region gets its drinking water from a safe source.
- Ninety two percent of the population of Popstan is living in households with sanitary means of excreta disposal.

Child Malnutrition - Nine percent of children under age five in Popstan are underweight or too thin for their age. Thirteen percent of children are stunted or too short for their age and three percent are wasted or too thin for their height.
- Children whose mothers have secondary or higher education are the least likely to be underweight and stunted compared to children of mothers with less education.

Breastfeeding Approximately 12 percent of children aged under four months are exclusively breastfed, a level considerably lower than recommended. At age 6-9 months, 25 percent of children are receiving breast milk and solid or semi-solid foods. By age 20-23 months, only 12 percent are continuing to breastfeed.

Salt Iodization - Seventy eight percent of households in Popstan have adequately iodized salt. The percentage of households with adequately iodized salt ranges from 57 percent in the South to 89 percent in the Central region.

Vitamin A Supplementation - Within the six months prior to the MICS, 14 percent of children aged 6-59 months received a high dose Vitamin A supplement. Approximately 6 percent did not receive a supplement in the last 6 months but did receive one prior to that time. - The mother's level of education is related to the likelihood of Vitamin A supplementation. The percentage receiving a supplement in the last six months increases from six percent among children whose mothers have no education to 16 percent among children of mothers with secondary or higher education.
- Only about 12 percent of mothers with a birth in the year before the MICS received a Vitamin A supplement within eight weeks of the birth

Low Birth weight - Approximately 12 percent of infants are estimated to weigh less than 2500 grams at birth. This percentage is somewhat higher than the average for countries in the region.

Immunization Coverage - Eighty seven percent of children aged 12-23 months received a BCG vaccination by the age of 12 months and the first dose of DPT was given to 84 percent. The percentage declines for subsequent doses of DPT to 79 percent for the second dose, and 75 percent for the third dose. - Similarly, 87 percent of children received Polio 1 by age 12 months and this declines to 83 percent by the third dose.
- The coverage for measles vaccine is lower than for the other vaccines at 24 percent, primarily because only about 40 percent of children get the vaccine before their first birthday.
- Slightly over half of children had all eight recommended vaccinations in the first 12 months of life. - Male and female children are vaccinated at roughly the same rate. - Vaccination coverage is highest among children whose mothers have secondary or higher education. The education differences are greatest for the third doses of DPT and Polio, suggesting that drop out rates are higher among children with less educated mothers.

Diarrhea - Approximately six in ten children with diarrhea received one or more of the recommended home treatments (i.e., were treated with ORS or RHF). - Only 25 percent of children with diarrhea received increased fluids and continued eating as recommended.

Acute Respiratory Infection - Four percent of under five children had an acute respiratory infection in the two weeks prior to the survey. Approximately 56 percent of these children were taken to an appropriate health provider.

IMCI Initiative - Among under five children who were reported to have had diarrhea or some other illness in the two weeks preceding the MICS, 16 percent received increased fluids and continued eating as recommended under the IMCI programmed. - Seventeen percent of mothers know at least two of the signs that a child should be taken immediately to a health facility.

Malaria - In the areas of Popstan with the highest level of malaria risk, 72 percent of under five children slept under a bednet the night prior to the survey interview. However, only about five percent of the bednets used are impregnated with insecticide. - Approximately 56 percent of children with a fever in the two weeks prior to the MICS interview were given Paracetamol to treat the fever and 53 percent were given Chloroquine while less than 1 percent were given Fansidar. A relatively large percentage of children (25 percent) were given some other medicine.

HIV/AIDS - Thirty seven percent of women aged 15-49 know all three of the main ways to prevent HIV transmission - having only one uninfected sex partner, using a condom every time, and abstaining from sex. - Thirty nine percent of women correctly identified three misconceptions about HIV transmission - that HIV can be transmitted through supernatural means, that it can be transmitted through mosquito bites, and that a healthy looking person cannot be infected. - Sixty percent of women of reproductive age in [Country] know a place to get tested for AIDS and about 12 percent have been tested.
- The percentage of women who have sufficient knowledge of HIV transmission and the percentage who know where to get tested for HIV increases dramatically with the level of education.

Contraception - Current use of contraception was reported by 45 percent of married or in union women. The most popular method is the pill which is used by one in four married women followed by female sterilization, which accounts for 10 percent of married women.

Prenatal Care - Three out of four women with recent births in [Country] are protected against neonatal tetanus. The vast majority of these women received two or more doses of tetanus toxoid within the last three years. - Virtually all women in Popstan receive some type of prenatal care and 75 percent receive antenatal care from skilled personnel (doctor, nurse, midwife).

Assistance at Delivery - A doctor, nurse, or midwife delivered about 77 percent of births occurring in the year prior to the MICS survey. This percentage is highest in the South Central region at 99 percent and lowest in the South at 21 percent.

Birth Registration - The births of 94 percent of children under five years in Popstan have been registered. There are no significant variations in birth registration across sex, age, or education categories.

Orphanhood and Living Arrangements of Children - Overall, 64 percent of children aged 0-14 are living with both parents. Children who are not living with a biological parent comprise 7 percent and children who have one or both parents dead amount to 4 percent of all children aged 0-14. - The situation of children in the South differs from that of other children. In the South, less than half of children live with both parents. Thirty six percent live with their mother only although their father is alive and a relatively large proportion (10 percent) are living with neither parent.

Child Labor - About two percent of children aged 5-14 years engage in paid work. About twice as many - 4 percent - participate in unpaid work for someone other than a household member. - Slightly more than half of children engage in domestic tasks, such as cooking, fetching water, and caring for other children, for less than four hours a days while 25 percent spend more than four hours a day on such tasks.

Geographic coverage

The sample was

The study analyzes the forces leading to or impeding the assimilation of 18- to 32-year-olds from immigrant backgrounds that vary in terms of race, language, and the mix of skills and liabilities their parents brought to the United States. To make sure that what we find derives specifically from growing up in an immigrant family, rather than simply being a young person in New York, a comparison group of people from native born White, Black, and Puerto Rican backgrounds was also studied. The sample was drawn from New York City (except for Staten Island) and the surrounding counties in the inner part of the New York-New Jersey metropolitan region where the vast majority of immigrants and native born minority group members live and grow up. The study groups make possible a number of interesting comparisons. Unlike many other immigrant groups, the West Indian first generation speaks English, but the dominant society racially classifies them as Black. The study explored how their experiences resemble or differ from native born African Americans. Dominicans and the Colombian-Peruvian-Ecuadoran population both speak Spanish, but live in different parts of New York, have different class backgrounds prior to immigration, and, quite often, different skin tones. The study compared them to Puerto Rican young people, who, along with their parents, have the benefit of citizenship. Chinese immigrants from the mainland tend to have little education, while young people with overseas Chinese parents come from families with higher incomes, more education, and more English fluency. Respondents were divided into eight groups depending on their parents' origin. Those of immigrant ancestry include: Jewish immigrants from the former Soviet Union; Chinese immigrants from the mainland, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and the Chinese Diaspora; immigrants from the Dominican Republic; immigrants from the English-speaking countries of the West Indies (including Guyana but excluding Haiti and those of Indian origin); and immigrants from Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. These groups composed 44 percent of the 2000 second-generation population in the defined sample area. For comparative purposes, Whites, Blacks, and Puerto Ricans who were born in the United States and whose parents were born in the United States or Puerto Rico were also interviewed. To be eligible, a respondent had to have a parent from one of these groups. If the respondent was eligible for two groups, he or she was asked which designation he or she preferred. The ability to compare these groups with native born Whites, Blacks, and Puerto Ricans permits researchers to investigate the effects of nativity while controlling for race and language background. About two-thirds of second-generation respondents were born in the United States, mostly in New York City, while one-third were born abroad but arrived in the United States by age 12 and had lived in the country for at least 10 years, except for those from the former Soviet Union, some of whom arrived past the age of 12. The project began with a pilot study in July 1996. Survey data collection took place between November 1999 and December 1999. The study includes demographic variables such as race, ethnicity, language, age, education, income, family size, country of origin, and citizenship status.

Source: Demographic and Health Survey (DHS)Note: The measures use household weights provided by the DHS as well as weights for household size.* The statistics for Kenya, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Mali, and Niger exclude children 15–17 because information on parental co-residence is not available for this age group.** Data from the Kenya 2003 survey are used because information on parental co-residence was not collected in the 2009 survey.Among Children 0–17* Living with HIV-infected Adults, Percent Living with HIV-infected Parents.

The Mission de l’adoption intercountry (MAI) is the central French authority for intercountry adoption, provided for in the 1993 Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Cooperation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption, to which France has been a party since 1998.

Created by a decree of 14 April 2009, the MAI is placed within the Directorate of French Abroad and Consular Administration (DFAE), at the Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs. Since 2001, it has published each year a comprehensive report containing all the figures relating to the adoption of foreign children by French or foreign nationals residing in France.

For the years after 1994, the collection of data is based on the extraction of statistics from the adoption file registration and monitoring software: — the census of long-stay adoption visas (VLSA) issued by French consular posts to children adopted abroad, on the advice of MAI, by French nationals or foreigners residing in France; — the information provided by authorised operators for adoptions carried out in countries of the European Union (Hungary, Bulgaria, etc.).

For the years 1979-1993, the compilation of statistics by country of origin contains the data published in the 1995 Mattei report (Annex 8: status of visas granted to children adopted by French), corrected by some inconsistencies.

Adoptions by French nationals whose habitual residence is abroad are not taken into account.

Statistics on the various countries of origin and host countries have been compiled by Professor Peter Selman and are available on the website of the Hague Conference on Private International Law (www.hcch.net).

The main features and developments of international adoption in France are published annually on the website of the Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs.

Abstract

Urban education is emerging as a significant topic of discussion in Tanzania and other Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, particularly focusing on the challenges faced by the population residing in impoverished urban areas. Learners from low-income households in urban settings encounter more difficulties in their educational journey compared to their more privileged counterparts. Tanzania, like many SSA nations, is undergoing substantial urbanization, marked by a notable rise in rural-to-urban migration, projected to reach approximately 55% of the country’s population by 2050. Understanding the current state of urban education is crucial for developing plans to address the escalating demands of urban education in the future. The study aimed to address these issues through the following research questions: 1. What are the schooling patterns among children living in urban poor households in Tanzania – including those with special needs? 2. How do urban poor communities perceive and understand education as a right in the context of urbanization in Tanzania? and, 3. What available education opportunities exist for children with special needs and living in poor urban households? In collaboration with HakiElimu and technical support from the National Bureau of Statistics, APHRC conducted a cross-sectional concurrent mixedmethods study. Quantitative data were gathered from 1,200 randomly selected low-income households in Dar es Salaam and Dodoma, along with input from 98 educational institutional heads from schools enrolling learners from the sampled households. Qualitative data were obtained through focus group discussions with caregivers/parents, in-depth interviews, and key informant interviews involving opinion leaders and policymakers. The study received ethical and administrative approvals from relevant authorities. Data analysis focused on 2,150 children aged 5-17, reflecting the basic education schooling age in Tanzania. A wealth score, derived from household belongings, was categorized into three equal tertiles for analysis purposes. The key results highlights have been presented below and thereafter a set of key study recommendations.

Schooling patterns: The findings indicate that 98.1% of children have attended school, with a slightly higher percentage among girls. Among learners with special needs (2.3% of the total), only 10% have received schooling, revealing an access gap for these vulnerable children. Six out of ten (60%) schools have provisions for learners with special needs, while those without reported inadequate facilities. In the academic year 2022, the majority of learners in pre-primary, primary, and ordinary level secondary education were enrolled in government schools (79.9%, 87.3%, and 90.6%, respectively). This underscores significant government control over enrollment spaces for learners from low-income urban households. The primary factor influencing school choice was the cost, suggesting the success of Tanzania’s free primary and secondary education initiatives. However, among the surveyed schools, the pupil-teacher ratio exceeded the government’s recommended number (40) across all levels. Additionally, the average class size surpassed 100 learners per class in primary school signaling quality issues.

Perceptions of Right to Education The right to education is categorized into three sub-themes: policy and strategies, law enforcement, and the school feeding program. 1. Policy and Strategies: Stakeholders acknowledged the state’s obligation to protect and promote the RTE. Examples cited included the Tanzania Education and Training Policy of 2014 (2023 edition) which cites the successes in the provision of the fee-free primary and secondary education, illustrating the government’s efforts to ensure universal access to education. 2. Law Enforcement: Local government authorities (LGAs) actively encourage parents to send their children to school. Those who fail to comply are presented to legal enforcement agencies, emphasizing the commitment to ensuring children’s attendance. However, implementation varies from one LGA to the other. 3. School Feeding Program (SFP): The government’s dedication to protecting the RTE is evident through the implementation of school feeding programs (SFPs).

Geographic coverage

Urban informal settlements of Tanzania, specifically in Dar es Salaam and Dodoma

Analysis unit

Households: The study analyzes household characteristics, such as size, head of household information, and wealth tertiles. Individuals (Children): The study focuses on children aged 3-19, specifically looking at their schooling patterns, participation, and characteristics. Schools: The study includes a school survey, analyzing school facilities, teacher qualifications, pupil-teacher ratios, and other school-level factors. Community: The study explores the perceptions and roles of community leaders and the community in relation to the right to education.

Universe

The survey covered households with school going children aged 3 to 19 years in selceted urban informal settlements in Dar esr Salaam and Dodoma

Sampling procedure

A sample of 1,200 households and 2,593 children aged 3 to 19 years was randomly selected through proportional allocation by region, ward, street, household head sex and age category.

The initial stage involved the listing of eligible households in the selected informal settlements. The initial criteria used was to ensure the household had at least one child who was aged 3-19 years. The listing exercise adopted a systematic approach: Starting from the furthest point of the enumeration areas, research assistants identified and listed the first eligible households. They would then skip to the fifth household. If the fifth household was not eligible, they would move to the next until they identified an eligible one. As a result, 3,567 households with 7,742 children aged 3-19 years were reached.

Using the data obtained from listing as a sampling frame, a sample of 1,200 households and 2,593 children aged 3 to 19 years was randomly selected through proportional allocation by region, ward, street, household head sex and age category. The household sample size was designed to allow estimation of key schooling indicators. The following indicators were considered in estimating the minimum sample size: enrollment, out of school, and attendance and primary and secondary school intake rates.

We utilised primary school net enrolment rate of 81.33%2 (World Bank 2018) for it gives the highest sample size.Besides, we made the following assumptions i) a design effect of 1.5 ii) average number of people aged between 3 and 19 years per household as two; iii) a 5% level of significance, which corresponds to 1.96 critical value for the standard normal distribution corresponding to a Type I error); and iv) a 5% margin of error respectively. The minimum estimated sample size was 2,389 children aged 3-19 years from 1,195 households after adjusting for a 90% response rate. The sample stratified proportionately between the two study sides based on their population and thereafter, randomly sampled households to participate in the study based on the listing.

Sampling deviation

The minimum estimated sample size was 2,389 children aged 3-19 years from 1,195 households after adjusting for a 90% response rate.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Household Questionnaire included household membership and their characteristics , social-economic characteristics, including food security, household shocks, household poverty well-being, and household schedule.

The individual schooling history questionnaire included detailed schooling information about individuals aged between 3 and 19 years, which consist of schooling information (enrolment, type of school enrolled, participation in preschool among others) for the year (2022), and 5 years retrospectively based on the age of the child.

The parental or guardian involment questionnaire helped sought information on parental involvement in their children's schooling including homework support, details of last schooling year(s), parental perception of student schooling experience, feeding and costs of schooling.

The institutional questionnaire contains information on institutional heads, staff and fees.

Cleaning operations

Data quality assessments continued during the data collection period by assessing for consistency of the responses as well as comparing data collected by field workers against spot check data collected by the senior research team and field supervisors.

Upon data collection completion, data were rigorously checked for consistency and outliers.

Data cleaning was carried out using Stata v.17.0.

Response rate

90%

Sampling error estimates

The following assumptions were made i) a design effect of 1.5 ii) average number of people aged between 3 and 19 years per household as two; iii) a 5% level of significance, which corresponds to 1.96 critical value for the standard normal distribution corresponding to a Type I error); and iv) a 5% margin of error respectively.

Therefore, the minimum estimated sample size was 2,389 children aged 3-19 years from 1,195 households after adjusting for a 90% response rate.

Abstract

The Ghana Child Labour Survey (GCLS) field data collection took place in January-February 2001, after two months of preparatory activities that included a pretest of instruments and methodology.

Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Household Population

The 9889 households interviewed contained 47,955 persons, with a sex ratio of 96.7. About one-fifth of the population is made up of household heads, while children constitute about a half (49.7%); children aged 5-17, in comparison, make up 35.5 percent of the population. The rural areas make up 60.3 percent of the population. Information collected on school attendance shows that nearly the same proportion of the sample population had never attended school (30.8%), as were those currently in school (34.4%) or had attended school in the past (34.8%). Marked disparities existed in school attendance at the regional level, with over 60 percent of the sample population in the three northern regions having never gone to school.

The economically active persons constituted 57.5 percent of the sample, the majority of whom were in agriculture/forestry/fishing (51.1%), followed by sales workers (16.9%). The pattern applied to all regions, except Greater Accra where sales workers predominated. Majority of the economically active population were self-employed, own account workers (54.7%), followed by unpaid family workers (29.8%). Over 90 percent of population worked in the informal sector.

Households in the country derive much of their income from self-employment in agricultural activities (49.1%); self-employment in non-agricultural activities accounts for 28.0 percent, while regular wage employment makes up 14.0 percent. With the exception of Greater Accra, agriculture is the major source of income for households in all the regions.

Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Children aged 5-17

The number of children aged 5-17 is estimated by the survey to be about 6.4 million (6,361,111). Children aged 5-9 years constitute 41.8 percent (2,657,258); the 10-14 age group is 39.5 percent (2,515,463) while the 15-17 age group is 18.7 percent (1,188,390). Males constitute 52.9 percent of the 5-17 age group; indeed, there are more boys than girls in each of the three age groups. Most of the children live in rural areas (62.3%).

Ashanti Region has the largest share (15.5%) of the children, followed by Northern (14.0%) and Greater Accra (11.7%). Variations in regional distribution of children (5-17) from the 2000 census are attributable mainly to differences in the average household sizes for the various regions. The predominant ethnic groups of the children are Akans (44.3%) and Mole-Dagbani (18.7%).

Over three quarters (76.5%) of the children are attending school, while 17.6 percent have never attended school. With the exception of the three northern regions, more than 80 percent of the children in all the other regions are attending school. Nearly half (46.5%) of the children in the Northern Region have never attended school. Slightly higher proportion of males in all regions are attending school, compared with females.

The three major reasons for children never attending school are affordability (44.2%), distance from school (18.4%) and lack of interest in schooling (17.1%). These reasons apply to both males and females.

The highest level of schooling attained by majority of the children is primary (56.1%), which is what is expected of the age group. The survey shows that only 2.0 percent of the children are receiving training, with males being in fitting/mechanics and carpentry and females in dress making, catering/bakery and hairdressing. About 20 percent of the children are neither schooling nor receiving any training.

Background information on parents indicates that neither death nor divorce/ separation of parents are significant factors for child labour. Virtually all the children (99.7%) reported that both parents were working. Majority of the parents were self-employed.

Activities of Children

Economic Activity

Information collected indicates that 2,474,545 children were engaged in usual economic activity, which is about 2 in every 5 children aged 5-17 years. Half of the rural children and about one fifth of the urban children were in economic activity. About 40 percent of working children (39.8%) worked for more than 6 months. More than a half of the children in Greater Accra, Central and Eastern regions worked for more than 6 months out of the year.

Estimates indicate that 1,590,765 children were attending school while working, which is 64.3 percent of children engaged in usual economic activity.

With respect to current economic activity, 31.3 percent (or 1,984,107) of the children aged 5-17 years were estimated to engage in economic activity during the 7 days preceding the interview; the proportion increased with age. A higher proportion of children in rural areas (39.7%) are more likely to engage in economic activity than urban children (17.6%).

About two-thirds of the children (68.7%) did no work; 80.5 percent of these were full-time students. Over 90 percent of children in urban areas did no work because they were attending school, compared to 71.7 percent in rural areas.

Nature and Conditions of Work

About 57 percent (1,128,072) of the working children were engaged in agriculture/forestry/fishing, while 21 percent worked as hawkers and street vendors, selling iced water, food and other items. Eleven percent engaged in general labourer work, such as washing of cars, fetching firewood and water, pushing trucks (males), and carrying goods as porters (mainly females). It is estimated that 1,338,794 of the working children were part-time workers. About a third were in full-time and permanent employment.

A significant proportion (88.0%) of the working children were unpaid family workers, and apprentices, while 5.9 percent were own-account workers (or self-employed). About 70 percent (68.7%) of the children worked between two and five hours a day.

Over a third of the children (36.7%) were paid daily, while 28.5 percent were on piece rate. Over 80 percent received payment themselves.

Most working children (60%) were satisfied with their jobs. Those who were not satisfied reported that their work was too tiring or wages and earnings were too low.

Non-economic activity

About 90 percent of the children engage in housekeeping activities on a regular basis. There are slight rural (92.0%) and urban (86%) and regional variations. On average, 73 percent of the children spend less than 3 hours a day on household chores. The older the child, the more time he/she spends on household chores. Only about one percent of the children spend more than 7 hours a day on household chores. Gender of the head of household does not affect children's involvement in household chores. Only about 5 percent of the children were reported by parents to have been idle, with the reason that either the child was too young to work or sick.

Health and Safety

According to parents, 29.4 percent of the children had suffered injuries, compared to 22.7 percent reported by the children themselves. More than half of the injuries occurred at home and were mostly cuts and wounds. About a quarter of the children who were injured at the work place worked in agriculture. The injuries, in a great number of cases (40.0%), were not serious and did not require any medical treatment, while 38.6 percent were treated and discharged.

Parents Perception and Preferences

According to parents of 93 percent of the children, child work is basically to contribute to the economic welfare of households; either to supplement household income (58.8%) or help in household enterprises (34.2%). Parents of 44 percent of the children reported that household living standards would fall and household enterprises could not operate in 21 percent of the cases, if the children did not work. About 30 percent of children did not need to work as household welfare would not be affected.

If parents had the choice they would prefer their children to be either schooling or in training and to complete their education. Most of the children themselves (70.3%) also preferred to go to school or complete their education before starting work. Parents' and children's preferences were thus different from what the children were actually doing. This suggests that some policy measure could help enroll and keep more children in the classroom as expected of their age group.

STREET CHILDREN SURVEY

Socio-Demographic Characteristics

Areas throughout the country, identified as sleeping places of street children, were purposely selected for the survey. A total of 2,314 street children were interviewed, out of whom 52.4 percent were females. The 15-17 age group constituted 50.1 percent of the total number. The highest proportion (56.6%) of the females was in the 10-14 age group, while that of the males (50.1%) was in the 15-17 age group. Greater Accra Region had the highest proportion (49.7%) of the street children, followed by Ashanti with 26.5 percent. Street children as a phenomenon, is virtually absent in the Upper West Region.

The street children were predominantly of Mole-Dagbani (40.2%) and Akan (32.2%) ethnic origins. Akans formed the greater proportion (53.4%) of male street children, while Mole-Dagbon made up 63.1 percent of the females. Only about 2 percent of the street children were married, with almost all of them being females.

School Attendance

A sizeable proportion of the street children (45.7%) had never attended school; only 11.2 percent (258) were attending school at the time of the survey. Of the 995 children who had attended school in the past, only 15.5 percent completed school. The rest had dropped out of school for one reason or the other, the major reason being the problem of affordability (60.9%). More than half

80% of parents say that their children under the age of 11 watch YouTube regularly.

General health care services and long-term care for elderly people. Undeclared work. EU relations with neighbouring countries. EU development aid. Attitude towards the design of the euro.

Topics: 1. General health care services and long-term care for elderly people (only in EU27, HR, TR): limited activities due to physical or mental handicap in the last six months; significant permanent difficulty with regard to doing selected activities; assessment of the quality of the following health care services in the own country: hospitals, dental care, medical or surgical specialists, family doctors or general practitioners, care services for dependent people, nursing homes; availability and accessibility of the aforementioned services; affordability of the aforementioned services; no use of the aforementioned services due to lack of access or availability or due to costs; best options for elderly parents who can no longer live alone; attitude towards the following statements on the care of elderly: public authorities should provide appropriate services, general insurance scheme to finance care, use proceeds from sale or borrowing own house or flat to finance care, obligation of children to pay for parents, obligation of close relatives to care, income for people who care for relatives, possibility of support from professional carers on special occasions; personal experience with long-term care in the last ten years; appropriateness of long-term care; kind of personal involvement; place of residence of person in need; payments for care of own parents; percentage of household income already paid or expected to be paid for parents’ care; already given up work or expected to do so to care for parents; expectation to become dependent oneself; concern about becoming dependent; expected appropriateness of help; expected and preferred way of help; most likely source of payment for personal care; reasons for not receiving appropriate help; recommended frequency of medical check-ups and personal frequency; applicability of the following characteristics to the respondent: smoker, overweight, no exercise, unhealthy food, too much alcohol, living in noisy environment, heavily polluted environment, stress at work, stress in personal relations; assumed extension of life expectancy by avoiding some of the aforementioned criteria; assumed personal life expectancy; discussions with selected kinds of people about personal care preferences: partner, children, parents, other relatives, family doctor or general practitioner, social worker or care provider; personal measures already taken or planning to take: save money or take out insurance, adapt own home or move to a suitable home, visit care institutions or professional carers, speak to doctor or social services, speak to partner or other close persons; attitude towards the following statements on the care of dependent elderly people: have to rely too much on relatives, professional care at home is available at affordable cost, institutions offer insufficient standards of care, professional care staff is doing excellent job, many dependent people become victims of abuse; assessment of the extent of care deficiency with regard to elderly people in the own country; assessment of the risk for elderly people in the own country to become exposed to: poor living conditions, insufficient attention to physical needs, inadequate care, psychological abuse, abuse of property, physical abuse, sexual abuse; most likely kind of person to carry out poor treatment; most important ways with regard to prevent neglect; number of own children; child who lives nearest to respondent and distance; age of mother and father; place of residence of mother and father.

1. Undeclared work (only in EU27): estimated share of the population in the own country doing undeclared work; acquaintance doing undeclared work; estimated risk of detection; sanctions to be expected; most likely gender to carry out undeclared work; most likely groups of persons to carry out undeclared work: unemployed, self-employed, pensioners, full-time employees, part-time employees, students, illegal immigrants; general reasons for doing undeclared work; service or goods acquired in the last twelve months assumed to be undeclared; kind of acquired services or goods; value of the most important acquired service or good coming from undeclared work in the last twelve months; seller of good or service; reasons for buying undeclared; assumed purchase of...

In 2022, there were about 25.8 million children between the ages of 12 and 17 years old living in the United States. On the other hand, there were about 22.4 million children between the ages of zero and five years old in the country.

Abstract

The Uganda Government is faced with the challenge of elimination of child Labour in the Country. Child Labour contributes to a violation of the rights of Children to education and protection and it is putting at risk the country's progress by limiting the potential of its workforce. The Child Labour Baseline Survey exercise was carried out in three districts of Rakai, Mbale, and Wakiso districts. Lessons learnt will help to re-design Child Labour intervention programmes for the rest of the districts. In Uganda, a child is defined as someone below the age of 18 years. Generally speaking the term child Labour refers to involvement of children in the kind of work that is not allowed for them. When measuring Statistics on Child Labour two issues are considered, i.e;

(i) Age of the child;

(ii) The productive activities in which the child is involved, the nature and conditions in which activities are performed including the time spent in the activity.

The main objective of the 2009 child labour baseline Survey was to facilitate the measurement of the levels and nature of child labour in the focus districts. More than half of the population of surveyed districts is below 15 years of age. The proportion of child headship is low in all the districts. The proportion of paid employees and self employed is highest in Wakiso and lowest in Rakai district. Agriculture is the most dominant sector in which people are engaged followed by the trade sector. The purpose of the 2009 child labour Baseline Survey was to facilitate the measurement of the levels and nature of child labour in the focus districts of Rakai, Mbale and Wakiso. The specific objectives were:

(i) To collect information on the main characteristics of working children and those of the households they live in ( i.e. their demographic composition and details by age/ sex/ ethnicity/ marital status/disability status/orphan hood/ literacy and educational status/ classification by industry occupation and status in employment/ earnings and weekly hours of work/ location of work place/ reasons for not attending school/ reasons for working/ types of unpaid household services done and weekly hours performed/ etc);

(ii) To obtain information to support the analysis of the causes and consequences of children engaged in work, including household earnings and debt, perceptions of parents/ guardians/ children, and the hazards and abuses faced by children at their work;

(iii) To obtain (through FGDs and KIIs) information on

(a) the various forms of child labour prevailing in the districts, particularly on WFCL such as CSEC, street children, children engaged for illicit activities, and forced work by children (b) the underlying forces leading to the persistence of child labour especially the impact of HIV/AIDS, poverty, adult unemployment, OVC issue, and lack of proper schooling facilities; (c) Child trafficking (v) To provide policy makers, researchers and other stakeholders with a comprehensive information and a set of indicators on child labour to guide interventions;

(vi) To act as a basis for the creation of a long -term database on child labour in Uganda.

Geographic coverage

The Child Labour Baseline Survey (2009) was carried out in the districts of Rakai, Wakiso and Mbale.

Analysis unit

The Child Labour Baseline Survey 2009 had the following units of analysis: individuals, and households.

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members aged 5 years and above resident in the household, and all children aged 5 - 17 years resident in the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

In order to achieve the objectives of the Child Labour Baseline Survey, the study targeted all households with children and communities in the focus districts. The Enumeration Areas (EAs) from the 2002 Population and Housing Census household counts were used as the sampling frame for each of the districts. Each EA was accurately and uniquely identified together with the number of households in it. Independent representative samples were selected from each of the districts using Population proportional to Size (PPS) with the number of households in the EA with children taken as a measure of size. A representative sample was selected from each of these focus districts. In order to ensure that reliable estimates are got for each district, EAs were distributed among the districts according to the measures of size. Allocation of EAs and households per district was as indicated below:

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Cleaning operations

Due to the need to have the child labour baseline survey records processed fast enough, this exercise started shortly after the commencement of fieldwork. The office editing/coding and data capture process for the survey took approximately 2 weeks. It involved double data entry which ensured that the accuracy of the captured data was checked in the second data capture routine hence increasing on its accuracy. After the data capture machine editing involving structural and consistency edits was carried out before data analysis. The data capture screen was developed using the CSPro (Census and Survey Processing) software.

Response rate

A total of 1,617 households were selected for the Child Labour Baseline Survey (CLBS) Sample. Out of these, 1,585 households were successfully interviewed, yielding a household response rate of 98 percent. A total of 4,431 children aged 5-17 years were listed from the selected households in the household schedule, of which 4,306 children successfully responded to questions about activity status. This gave a children response rate of 97.2 percent

Sampling error estimates

The CLBS 2009 was a sample survey and hence likely to be affected by sampling and non-sampling errors. The following was carrying out to minimize on errors at different stages of implementation: Using a standard child labour questionnaire adjusted to national requirements; Ensuring effective supervision during data collection and use of experienced interviewers; Supervising experienced staff used in the data capture process in addition to carrying out double data entry; Drawing the sample from complete frame of EAs with their corresponding number of households ( as distributed by district); Carrying on edits on the captured data before data analysis.

Annex 3 of the final report presents the standard errors, CVs and confidence intervals for selected indicators.

Differences between adolescents’ and parents’ domains in Hungary.

Key figures on fertility, live and stillborn children and multiple births among inhabitants of The Netherlands.

Available selections: - Live born children by sex; - Live born children by age of the mother (31 December), in groups; - Live born children by birth order from the mother; - Live born children by marital status of the mother; - Live born children by migration background of the mother; - Stillborn children by duration of pregnancy; - Births: single and multiple; - Average number of children per female; - Average number of children per male; - Average age of the mother at childbirth by birth order from the mother; - Average age of the father at childbirth by birth order from the mother.

CBS is in transition towards a new classification of the population by origin. Greater emphasis is now placed on where a person was born, aside from where that person’s parents were born. The term ‘migration background’ is no longer used in this regard. The main categories western/non-western are being replaced by categories based on continents and a few countries that share a specific migration history with the Netherlands. The new classification is being implemented gradually in tables and publications on population by origin.

Data available from: 1950 Most of the data is available as of 1950 with the exception of the live born children by migration background of the mother (from 1996), stillborn children by duration of pregnancy (24+) (from 1991), average number of children per male (from 1996) and the average age of the father at childbirth (from 1996).

Status of the figures: All data recorded in this publication are final data.

Changes per 6 November 2023: None, this table was discontinued.

When will new figures be published? No longer applicable. This table is succeeded by the table 'Births; key figures'. See section 3.

Abstract

The 2006 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS) is a nationally representative survey of 8,531 women age 15-49 and 2,503 men age 15-54. The UDHS is the fourth comprehensive survey conducted in Uganda as part of the worldwide Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) project. The primary purpose of the UDHS is to furnish policymakers and planners with detailed information on fertility; family planning; infant, child, adult, and maternal mortality; maternal and child health; nutrition; and knowledge of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections. In addition, in one in three households selected for the survey, women age 15-49, men age 15-54, and children under age 5 years were weighed and their height was measured. Women, men, and children age 6-59 months in this subset of households were tested for anaemia, and women and children were tested for vitamin A deficiency. The 2006 UDHS is the first DHS survey in Uganda to cover the entire country.

The 2006 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS) was designed to provide information on demographic, health, and family planning status and trends in the country. Specifically, the UDHS collected information on fertility levels, marriage, sexual activity, fertility preferences, awareness and use of family planning methods, and breastfeeding practices. In addition, data were collected on the nutritional status of mothers and young children; infant, child, adult, and maternal mortality; maternal and child health; awareness and behaviour regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections; and levels of anaemia and vitamin A deficiency.

The 2006 UDHS is a follow-up to the 1988-1989, 1995, and 2000-2001 UDHS surveys, which were also implemented by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS). The specific objectives of the 2006 UDHS are as follows:

• To collect data at the national level that will allow the calculation of demographic rates, particularly the fertility and infant mortality rates
• To analyse the direct and indirect factors that determine the level and trends in fertility and mortality
• To measure the level of contraceptive knowledge and practice of women and men by method, by urban-rural residence, and by region
• To collect data on knowledge and attitudes of women and men about sexually transmitted infections and HIV/AIDS, and to evaluate patterns of recent behaviour regarding condom use
• To assess the nutritional status of children under age five and women by means of anthropometric measurements (weight and height), and to assess child feeding practices
• To collect data on family health, including immunizations, prevalence and treatment of diarrhoea and other diseases among children under five, antenatal visits, assistance at delivery, and breastfeeding
• To measure vitamin A deficiency in women and children, and to measure anaemia in women, men, and children
• To measure key education indicators including school attendance ratios and primary school grade repetition and dropout rates
• To collect information on the extent of disability
• To collect information on the extent of gender-based violence.

MAIN RESULTS

• Fertility : Survey results indicate that the total fertility rate (TFR) for the country is 6.7 births per woman. The TFR in urban areas is much lower than in the rural areas (4.4 and 7.1 children, respectively). Kampala, whose TFR is 3.7, has the lowest fertility. Fertility rates in Central 1, Central 2, and Southwest regions are also lower than the national level. Removing four districts from the 2006 data that were not covered in the 20002001 UDHS, the 2006 TFR is 6.5 births per woman, compared with 6.9 from the 2000-2001 UDHS. Education and wealth have a marked effect on fertility, with uneducated mothers having about three more children on average than women with at least some secondary education and women in the lowest wealth quintile having almost twice as many children as women in the highest wealth quintile.

• Family planning : Overall, knowledge of family planning has remained consistently high in Uganda over the past five years, with 97 percent of all women and 98 percent of all men age 15-49 having heard of at least one method of contraception. Pills, injectables, and condoms are the most widely known modern methods among both women and men.

• Maternal health : Ninety-four percent of women who had a live birth in the five years preceding the survey received antenatal care from a skilled health professional for their last birth. These results are comparable to the 2000-2001 UDHS. Only 47 percent of women make four or more antenatal care visits during their entire pregnancy, an improvement from 42 percent in the 2000-2001 UDHS. The median duration of pregnancy for the first antenatal visit is 5.5 months, indicating that Ugandan women start antenatal care at a relatively late stage in pregnancy.

• Child health : Forty-six percent of children age 12-23 months have been fully vaccinated. Over nine in ten (91 percent) have received the BCG vaccination, and 68 percent have been vaccinated against measles. The coverage for the first doses of DPT and polio is relatively high (90 percent for each). However, only 64 percent go on to receive the third dose of DPT, and only 59 percent receive their third dose of polio vaccine. There are notable improvements in vaccination coverage since the 2000-2001 UDHS. The percentage of children age 12-23 months fully vaccinated at the time of the survey increased from 37 percent in 2000-2001 to 44 percent in 2006. The percentage who had received none of the six basic vaccinations decreased from 13 percent in 2000-2001 to 8 percent in 2006.

• Malaria : The 2006 UDHS gathered information on the use of mosquito nets, both treated and untreated. The data show that only 34 percent of households in Uganda own a mosquito net, with 16 percent of households owning an insecticide-treated net (ITN). Only 22 percent of children under five slept under a mosquito net on the night before the interview, while a mere 10 percent slept under an ITN.

• Breastfeeding and nutrition : In Uganda, almost all children are breastfed at some point. However, only six in ten children under the age of 6 months are exclusively breast-fed.

• HIV/AIDS AND stis : Knowledge of AIDS is very high and widespread in Uganda. In terms of HIV prevention strategies, women and men are most aware that the chances of getting the AIDS virus can be reduced by limiting sex to one uninfected partner who has no other partners (89 percent of women and 95 percent of men) or by abstaining from sexual intercourse (86 percent of women and 93 percent of men). Knowledge of condoms and the role they can play in preventing transmission of the AIDS virus is not quite as high (70 percent of women and 84 percent of men).

• Orphanhood and vulnerability : Almost one in seven children under age 18 is orphaned (15 percent), that is, one or both parents are dead. Only 3 percent of children under the age of 18 have lost both biological parents.

• Women's status and gender violence : Data for the 2006 UDHS show that women in Uganda are generally less educated than men. Although the gender gap has narrowed in recent years, 19 percent of women age 15-49 have never been to school, compared with only 5 percent of men in the same age group.

• Mortality : At current mortality levels, one in every 13 Ugandan children dies before reaching age one, while one in every seven does not survive to the fifth birthday. After removing districts not covered in the 2000-2001 UDHS from the 2006 data, findings show that infant mortality has declined from 89 deaths per 1,000 live births in the 2000-2001 UDHS to 75 in the 2006 UDHS. Under-five mortality has declined from 158 deaths per 1,000 live births to 137.

Geographic coverage

The sample of the 2006 UDHS was designed to allow separate estimates at the national level and for urban and rural areas of the country. The sample design also allowed for specific indicators, such as contraceptive use, to be calculated for each of nine sub-national regions. Portions of the northern region were oversampled in order to provide estimates for two special areas of interest: Karamoja and internally displaced persons (IDP) camps. At the time of the survey there were 56 districts. This number later increased to 80. The following shows the 80 districts divided into the regional sampling strata:

• Central 1: Kalangala, Masaka, Mpigi, Rakai, Lyantonde, Sembabule, and Wakiso
• Central 2: Kayunga, Kiboga, Luwero, Nakaseke, Mubende, Mityana, Mukono, and Nakasongola
• Kampala: Kampala
• East Central: Bugiri, Busia, Iganga, Namutumba, Jinja, Kamuli, Kaliro, and Mayuge
• Eastern: Kaberamaido, Kapchorwa, Bukwa, Katakwi, Amuria, Kumi, Bukedea, Mbale, Bududa, Manafwa, Pallisa, Budaka, Sironko, Soroti, Tororo, and Butaleja
• North: Apac, Oyam, Gulu, Amuru, Kitgum, Lira, Amolatar, Dokolo, Pader, Kotido, Abim, Kaabong, Moroto, and Nakapiripirit (Estimates for this region include both settled and IDP populations.) Karamoja area: Kotido, Abim, Kaabong, Moroto, and Nakapiripirit IDP: IDP camps in Apac, Oyam, Gulu, Amuru, Kitgum, Lira, Amolatar, Dokolo and Pader districts
• West Nile: Adjumani, Arua, Koboko, Nyadri, Nebbi, and Yumbe
• Western: Bundibugyo, Hoima, Kabarole, Kamwenge, Kasese, Kibaale, Kyenjojo, Masindi, and Buliisa
• Southwest: Bushenyi, Kabale, Kanungu, Kisoro, Mbarara, Ibanda, Isingiro, Kiruhura, Ntungamo, and Rukungiri

Analysis unit

• Household
• Women age 15-49
• Men age 15-54
• Children under five

Universe

The population covered by the 2006 UDHS is defined as the universe of alll women age 15-49 who were either permanent residents of the households in the 2006 UDHS sample or visitors present in the household on the night

In 2022, about 60 percent of Hispanic origin children lived with two married parents in the United States. On the other hand, about 4.3 percent of Hispanic origin children in the country lived with their father only.

This graph shows the Percentage of households led by a female householder with no spouse present with own children under 18 years living in the household in the U.S. in 2021, by state. In 2021, about 4.24 percent of Californian households were single mother households with at least one child.

Additional information on single mother households and poverty in the United States

For most single mothers a constant battle persists between finding the time and energy to raise their children and the demands of working to supply an income to house and feed their families. The pressures of a single income and the high costs of childcare mean that the risk of poverty for these families is a tragic reality. Comparison of the overall United States poverty rate since 1990 with that of the poverty rate for families with a female householder shows that poverty is much more prevalent in the latter. In 2021, while the overall rate was at 11.6 percent, the rate of poverty for single mother families was 23 percent. Moreover, the degree of fluctuation tends to be lower for single female household families, suggesting the rate of poverty for these groups is less affected by economic conditions.

The sharp rise in the number of children living with a single mother or single father in the United States from 1970 to 2022 suggests more must be done to ensure that families in such situations are able to avoid poverty. Moreover, attention should also be placed on overall racial income inequality given the higher rate of poverty for Hispanic single mother families than their white or Asian counterparts.