The Philippines Data Center Storage Market is Segmented Into Storage Technology (Network Attached Storage (NAS), Storage Area Network (SAN) and More), Storage Type (Traditional Storage, and More), and End-User (IT & Telecommunication, BFSI, Government, and More. Form Factor (Rack-Mounted and More), Interface (SAS / SATA and More). The Market Sizes and Forecasts are Provided in Terms of Value (USD) for all the Segments.

The size of the Philippines Data Center Storage market was valued at USD XXX Million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD XXX Million by 2032, with an expected CAGR of 10.31% during the forecast period.The Philippines data center storage market is one of the rapidly emerging sectors as a result of increased digitalization within the nation and high demand for cloud computing services. Data center storage involves special hardware and software systems developed for storing large volumes of data safely in a data center environment.These include SANs, NAS, object storage, and others critical for businesses to efficiently store, access, and protect critical data. With this, digital transformation in the various industries of finance, healthcare, and government sectors in the Philippines calls for large demand for scalable data center storage. Key drivers for this market are: Expansion of IT Infrastructure to Increase Market Growth, Increased Investments in Hyperscale Data Centers To Increase Market Growth. Potential restraints include: High Initial Investment Cost To Hinder Market Growth. Notable trends are: IT & Telecommunication Segment to Hold Major Share in the Market.

The Philippines data center storage market size reached around USD 559.44 Million in 2024. The market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 6.50% between 2025 and 2034 to reach nearly USD 1050.15 Million by 2034.

The Philippines Data Center Market report segments the industry into Hotspot (NCR (Metro Manila), Rest of Philippines), Data Center Size (Large, Massive, Medium, Mega, Small), Tier Type (Tier 1 and 2, Tier 3, Tier 4), and Absorption (Non-Utilized, Utilized). Get five years of historical data alongside five-year market forecasts.

Philippines Data Center Networking Market size was valued at USD 258.73 Million in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 663.37 Million by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 12.49% from 2026 to 2032. The Philippines data center networking market is driven by growing demand for cloud computing, digital transformation initiatives, and increased internet penetration across industries. The expansion of e-commerce, fintech, and online services is fueling investments in scalable, high-performance data center infrastructure. Additionally, government support for digitalization and rising adoption of technologies like AI, IoT, and big data analytics are boosting the need for robust networking solutions. Increased investments from hyperscale and colocation providers further accelerate market growth.

The report covers Philippines Data Center Industry Trends, Philippines Data Center Market Revenue, Philippines Data Center Market Growth, Philippines Data Center Market Players, Philippines Data Center Market Outlook.

The Philippines Data Center Server Market is Segmented by Form Factor (Blade Server, Rack Server, and Tower Server) and by End User (IT and Telecommunication, BFSI, Government, Media and Entertainment, and Other End Users). The Market Sizes and Forecasts are Provided in Terms of Value (USD) for all the Above Segments.

Philippines Data Centre Market was valued at USD 2.96 Billion in 2023 and is expected to reach USD 6.95 Billion by 2029 with a CAGR of 13.33% during the forecast period.

In Philippines Data Center Construction Market, Data centers are critical infrastructure for the digital economy, supporting services such as cloud computing, enterprise applications, and data storage.

The Hong Kong data center storage market, while not explicitly detailed in the provided data, can be analyzed by extrapolating from the global trends. Given a global market size of $1.21 billion in 2025 and a CAGR of 9.09%, the market exhibits robust growth driven by increasing data volumes from cloud computing, the Internet of Things (IoT), and big data analytics. Hong Kong, as a major financial and technological hub in Asia, is expected to experience similar, if not higher, growth rates due to its strategic location and thriving digital economy. The market is segmented by storage technology (NAS, SAN, DAS), storage type (traditional, all-flash, hybrid), and end-user (IT & telecommunications, BFSI, government, media & entertainment). The high concentration of financial institutions and technology companies in Hong Kong suggests a strong demand for high-performance, reliable storage solutions, particularly all-flash storage and SAN technologies. Furthermore, stringent data security regulations and the growing adoption of cloud services will further drive market expansion. Competitive dynamics involve established players like Dell, HPE, NetApp, and Huawei, along with other significant regional vendors catering to specific market needs. While precise market sizing for Hong Kong requires specific regional data, a conservative estimate would place its 2025 market value at several hundred million dollars, given its economic significance and technological advancement within Asia. The forecast period (2025-2033) will likely see sustained high growth, potentially exceeding the global CAGR, fueled by ongoing digital transformation initiatives. The strong growth trajectory is projected to continue throughout the forecast period (2025-2033). Factors such as increasing government investment in digital infrastructure, the expanding e-commerce sector, and the growing adoption of AI and machine learning will all contribute to this growth. However, potential restraints could include infrastructure limitations, competition from cloud storage providers, and the need for robust cybersecurity measures. Nevertheless, the long-term outlook remains positive, with significant opportunities for both established players and emerging companies in the Hong Kong data center storage market. The strategic focus should be on offering customized solutions that cater to the specific needs of diverse end-users, alongside investments in cutting-edge technologies like AI-driven storage management and enhanced security features. Recent developments include: September 2023: Pure Storage appointed Westcon-Comstor as its latest distributor in Australia, expanding its existing agreements in New Zealand, Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, China, Hong Kong, and the Philippines. This strategic partnership aims to accelerate the adoption of FlashStack, a software-defined hybrid cloud infrastructure developed by Pure and Cisco. FlashStack seamlessly integrates compute, network, and storage components, enhancing the overall efficiency and capabilities of hybrid cloud environments., October 2023: Perifery and Seagate Technology forged a partnership to launch a new on-premises solution designed for scaling out object storage. This collaboration integrates Perifery Swarm with Seagate Exos CORVAULT, delivering a high-performance, scalable, and secure object storage solution. The targeted end-users, including those in high-growth edge markets such as media and entertainment, healthcare, retail, and manufacturing, will benefit from significantly lowered CPU requirements, reduced costs, and an improved end-user experience. This joint venture reflects a commitment to meeting the evolving storage needs of diverse industries and enhancing the accessibility of advanced storage solutions.. Key drivers for this market are: Expansion of IT Infrastructure to Increase Market Growth, Increased Investments in Hyperscale Data Centers To Increase Market Growth. Potential restraints include: Expansion of IT Infrastructure to Increase Market Growth, Increased Investments in Hyperscale Data Centers To Increase Market Growth. Notable trends are: IT & Telecommunication Segment to Hold Major Share in the Market.

As of April 2025, there were 449 data centers in China, the most of any country or territory in the Asia-Pacific region. China had the fourth-highest number of data centers worldwide. Data centers in China As the leading market in public cloud in the Asia-Pacific region and an aspiring global leader in artificial intelligence, China has placed considerable weight on data center infrastructure, which underlies most of the advances in internet technology. The country dominates the global data center market in terms of revenue, trailing only the United States. In addition, China accounted for around 16 percent of the worldwide hyperscale data center capacity in the 4th quarter of 2023. The data center segment revenue in China is expected to have an annual growth rate of around 8.3 percent between 2025 and 2029. The outlook of data centers in the Asia-Pacific region The pandemic has accelerated enterprise digitalization across the Asia-Pacific region, driving a surge in demand for computational power. This trend, coupled with advancements in artificial intelligence and the region's significant population growth, points to a promising future for data centers in the region. For instance, the revenue in the data center market in India was forecast to grow further and is set to reach about 11.85 billion U.S. dollars by 2029. Meanwhile, economic growth and increasing internet penetration rates in Southeast Asian countries have been the primary drivers for data center demand growth in the subregion.

The Philippines data center rack market is experiencing robust growth, fueled by the increasing adoption of cloud computing, big data analytics, and the expanding digital economy. The market, valued at an estimated ₱1.5 billion (assuming a conservative estimate based on average regional market sizes and the provided CAGR) in 2025, is projected to witness a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 19.90% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is driven primarily by the burgeoning IT and telecommunication sector, followed by significant contributions from the BFSI (Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance) and government sectors. The rising demand for high-capacity data storage and processing necessitates the deployment of a larger number of racks, further bolstering market growth. Trends such as edge computing and the increasing focus on data security are also influencing the market, encouraging the adoption of advanced and secure rack solutions. While specific restraints are not explicitly provided, potential challenges could include infrastructure limitations and the need for skilled professionals to manage and maintain these data center systems. The market segmentation highlights a preference for full-rack solutions, reflecting the need for higher storage and processing capabilities in modern data centers. The IT and telecommunication segment dominates market share, accounting for a significant portion of the demand. However, the BFSI and government sectors are also showing significant growth potential, driven by their increasing digitalization efforts and the need for secure data management. Key players like Schneider Electric SE, BTICINO PHILIPPINES INC, and Eaton Corporation are actively competing in this market, offering a diverse range of rack solutions to cater to the varying needs of different end-users. Future growth will depend on continued investment in digital infrastructure, government policies supporting technological advancements, and the ongoing expansion of the Philippines' digital economy. The forecast period of 2025-2033 presents a lucrative opportunity for data center rack providers in the Philippines. Recent developments include: June 2023: PLDT, the Philippines' prominent telecommunications firm, plans to build a 12th data center in the country and is currently working on its 11th Data Centre outside of Manila. This 100MW facility near Santa Rosa was initiated in March 2022. In early 2024, the first phase of 14 MW is scheduled to go into operation., October 2022: Zenlayer entered into a joint venture with Megaport to strengthen and expand its presence globally. The partnership is aimed at providing enhanced services such as improved network connectivity, real-time provisioning, and on-demand private connectivity for its clients around the globe.. Key drivers for this market are: Increasing Number of Smartpone Users, Fiber Connectivity Network Expansion in the Country. Potential restraints include: Increasing Number of Smartpone Users, Fiber Connectivity Network Expansion in the Country. Notable trends are: IT & Telecommunication holds the major share..

Philippines Data Center Server Market size was valued at USD 2.8 Billion in 2024 and is expected to reach USD 10.3 Billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 17.6% from 2026 to 2032.

Philippines Data Center Server Market Drivers

Rapid Digital Transformation: The rapid digital transformation is driving the Philippines data center server market. The Department of Information and Communications Technology (DICT), the country's digital adoption index has risen from 0.41 in 2016 to 0.57 in 2023. By 2024, 79.7% of government agencies have switched to cloud services, driving up demand for modern data center equipment. Businesses are also growing their digital operations, necessitating scalable and secure server solutions.

Increasing Adoption of Cloud Services: The increasing adoption of cloud services is propelling the Philippines data center server market. The Philippine Statistics Authority reports that cloud computing utilization among businesses climbed from 27% in 2019 to 46% in 2023. The Philippine Cloud Computing Association, 73% of firms aim to increase their cloud spending by 2025. As demand for cloud-based applications and storage grows, data centers are upgrading their infrastructure to enable them.

Growth in Internet Usage and Connectivity: The Growth in internet usage and connectivity boost the Philippines data center server market. According to the Digital 2024 Philippines report, internet users reached 85.5 million in 2023, accounting for 76% of the population, up 9.2% from the previous year. This increased digital activity is generating demand for improved data processing and storage technologies. Businesses and service providers are extending their data infrastructure to handle more traffic and online transactions. Improved connectivity accelerates cloud usage and digital services.

The Philippines data center rack market is experiencing robust growth, fueled by increasing digitalization, cloud adoption, and the expansion of e-commerce and other data-intensive industries. The market's Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 19.90% from 2019-2024 indicates significant potential. Key drivers include the rising need for reliable IT infrastructure to support businesses and government initiatives, as well as the growing demand for high-capacity data storage and processing. The IT & Telecommunication sector is expected to dominate the market, followed by the BFSI (Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance) sector, reflecting these industries' high reliance on secure and efficient data center operations. Market segmentation by rack size (quarter, half, full) reveals a preference for full-rack solutions, driven by the need for scalability and optimized space utilization in data centers. While the market faces challenges such as high initial investment costs and potential power outages, the long-term outlook remains positive due to continuous technological advancements, government support for digital infrastructure development, and increasing foreign investment. This expansion is likely to create opportunities for established players like Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Schneider Electric SE, and Dell Inc, alongside local companies like BTICINO PHILIPPINES INC, to capitalize on the growing demand for data center solutions. The market's growth will likely be influenced by factors like increasing government regulations regarding data security and privacy, as well as the growing adoption of edge computing technologies. Based on the provided 19.90% CAGR from 2019-2024 and considering typical market maturation, a conservative estimation suggests a continued, albeit slightly moderated, growth rate for the forecast period (2025-2033). The diverse end-user segments and evolving technological landscape in the Philippines offer ample opportunities for both established multinational corporations and local players to thrive. The market's trajectory is expected to be largely influenced by the nation's economic growth, ongoing government investments in digital infrastructure, and the continued penetration of cloud computing services. Competition will likely intensify, necessitating strategic partnerships and investments in research and development to maintain a competitive edge. Recent developments include: June 2023: PLDT, the Philippines' prominent telecommunications firm, plans to build a 12th data center in the country and is currently working on its 11th Data Centre outside of Manila. This 100MW facility near Santa Rosa was initiated in March 2022. In early 2024, the first phase of 14 MW is scheduled to go into operation., October 2022: Zenlayer entered into a joint venture with Megaport to strengthen and expand its presence globally. The partnership is aimed at providing enhanced services such as improved network connectivity, real-time provisioning, and on-demand private connectivity for its clients around the globe.. Key drivers for this market are: Increasing Number of Smartpone Users, Fiber Connectivity Network Expansion in the Country. Potential restraints include: Increasing Cybersecurity Threats and Ransomware Attacks, Low Availability of Resources. Notable trends are: IT & Telecommunication holds the major share..

The Philippines data center server market is experiencing robust growth, projected to reach $2.70 billion in 2025 and maintain a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 19.90% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is driven by several key factors. Firstly, the increasing adoption of cloud computing and digital transformation initiatives across various sectors, including IT & Telecommunications, BFSI (Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance), Government, and Media & Entertainment, fuels the demand for high-performance servers. Secondly, the growing need for enhanced data storage and processing capabilities to support the expanding digital economy in the Philippines is a significant driver. Finally, government initiatives aimed at improving digital infrastructure and promoting technological advancements further stimulate market growth. The market is segmented by form factor (blade, rack, and tower servers) and end-user, reflecting diverse application needs and varying server deployment strategies. Leading vendors like HP Enterprise, Dell Inc., IBM, and others are actively competing in this market, offering a range of server solutions tailored to specific customer requirements. While challenges like initial infrastructure investment costs and cybersecurity concerns exist, the overall positive economic outlook and the government's push for digitalization are likely to mitigate these restraints in the long term. The forecast period of 2025-2033 presents significant opportunities for data center server vendors in the Philippines. The sustained high CAGR suggests strong market potential for both established players and new entrants. Growth will be particularly pronounced in segments leveraging advanced technologies, such as AI and big data analytics, which require specialized server infrastructure. The competitive landscape will likely intensify, with companies focusing on providing innovative solutions, enhancing customer service, and establishing strategic partnerships to capture market share. Understanding the specific needs of different end-user segments will be critical for success. Future market analysis should consider factors like evolving data privacy regulations, the increasing importance of sustainability in data center operations, and the impact of geopolitical events on technology investments. Recent developments include: August 2023 - Hewlett Packard Enterprise announced that phoenixNAP is expanding its Bare Metal Cloud platform with cloud-native HPE ProLiant RL300 Gen11 servers, using energy-efficient processors from AmpereComputing. The expanded services support AI inferencing, cloud gaming, and other cloud-native workloads with improved performance and energy efficiency., June 2023 - Kingston Technology announced the release of its 32 GB and 16 GB Server Premier DDR5 5600 MT/s and 5200 MT/s ECC Unbuffered DIMMs and ECC SODIMMs. Server Premier is Kingston's industry-standard server class memory solution sold by the specification for use in white-box systems and is the Intel platform validated and qualified by leading motherboard/system manufacturers.. Key drivers for this market are: Government Rollout Towards Fiber Connectivity and 5G Deployment, Demand for Cloud Computing Among Enterprises. Potential restraints include: Government Rollout Towards Fiber Connectivity and 5G Deployment, Demand for Cloud Computing Among Enterprises. Notable trends are: IT and Telecom to Hold Significant Growth.

The Philippines data center power market is poised for significant growth in the coming years, driven by the increasing demand for data storage and processing services. The market is projected to reach a value of 411.5 million by 2033, expanding at a CAGR of 12.49% during the forecast period (2025-2033). Key drivers of the market growth include the proliferation of cloud computing, the adoption of big data and analytics solutions, and the expansion of the IT and telecommunication sector. Additionally, the government's initiatives to promote the digital economy and the growing number of data-intensive applications are further contributing to the market's growth. The market is segmented into power infrastructure, service, and end user. The power infrastructure segment is expected to dominate the market, owing to the growing demand for UPS systems, generators, and power distribution solutions. Recent developments include: April 2024: Vertiv, a significant provider of critical digital infrastructure and continuity solutions, introduced the extension of the Vertiv Liebert GXT5 Lithium-Ion double-conversion, with an online uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system for 5kVA-10kVA Global Voltage (GV) (200 V-240 V; default 230 V) applications., January 2024: Caterpillar Inc. partnered with Microsoft and Ballard Power Systems to test the use of large-format hydrogen fuel cells as a reliable and eco-friendly backup power source for multi-megawatt data centers. Hydrogen fuel cells are seen as a possible low-carbon alternative to diesel backup generators, which is expected to drive the growth of DC generators.. Key drivers for this market are: Rising Adoption of Mega Data Centers and Cloud Computing, Increasing Demand to Reduce Operational Costs. Potential restraints include: High Cost of Installation and Maintenance. Notable trends are: The IT & Telecom Segment is Expected to Hold a Significant Market Share.

Philippines Data Center Rack Market size was valued at USD 150 Million in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 630 Million by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 19.9% during the forecast period 2026-2032.

Philippines Data Center Rack Market Drivers

Surge in Cloud Computing and Digital Transformation: The widespread adoption of cloud services among Philippine enterprises is a primary catalyst. Approximately 88% of companies have integrated cloud-based solutions, necessitating enhanced data center infrastructures to support hybrid and multi-cloud environments. This shift is further amplified by the growing reliance on AI, big data analytics, and IoT applications, all of which demand scalable and efficient data storage and processing capabilities. ​

Expansion of Hyperscale Data Centers: The rise of hyperscale data centers is reshaping the rack market landscape. These facilities require high-density, modular racks capable of supporting substantial power loads. For instance, PLDT's VITRO Sta. Rosa data center, launched in December 2024, is designed to handle AI workloads with capacities up to 50 kW per cabinet, setting new standards for rack performance and scalability. ​

Government Initiatives and Policy Support: The Philippine government's proactive stance, exemplified by the Philippine Data Center Industry Roadmap, aims to position the country as a regional data center hub. Incentives such as tax breaks, streamlined permitting processes, and investments in renewable energy infrastructure are attracting both local and international players to invest in state-of-the-art data center facilities.

The Philippines data center rack market is experiencing robust growth, projected to reach a market size of $XX million in 2025 and maintain a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 19.90% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is driven by the increasing adoption of cloud computing, the surge in digital transformation initiatives across various sectors, and the growing demand for high-speed internet and reliable data storage solutions within the Philippines. Key players such as Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Schneider Electric SE, Dell Inc, Black Box Corporation, BTICINO PHILIPPINES INC, Vertic Group Corp, and Eaton Corporation are actively shaping the market landscape through innovative product offerings and strategic partnerships. The market is segmented by type (e.g., 19-inch racks, 23-inch racks), by application (e.g., IT infrastructure, cloud services), and geographic location, with significant growth anticipated across major metropolitan areas experiencing rapid digital infrastructure development. Government initiatives promoting digitalization and increased foreign investments in the IT sector further contribute to this positive market outlook. The growth trajectory is expected to be influenced by factors such as increasing energy costs, potential regulatory changes, and the ongoing global chip shortage, which may impact supply chains and pricing. However, the strong underlying demand for data center infrastructure, driven by the evolving digital economy, is expected to mitigate these challenges. Continued innovation in rack technology, including advancements in cooling and power efficiency, will be critical in sustaining the market's momentum. The competitive landscape remains dynamic, with existing players consolidating their positions and new entrants emerging, resulting in continuous pressure to enhance product offerings and provide comprehensive support services. The long-term forecast suggests continued substantial growth, making the Philippines data center rack market an attractive investment opportunity. Key drivers for this market are: Increasing Number of Smartpone Users, Fiber Connectivity Network Expansion in the Country. Potential restraints include: Increasing Cybersecurity Threats and Ransomware Attacks, Low Availability of Resources. Notable trends are: IT & Telecommunication holds the major share..

The Philippines data center cooling market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the increasing adoption of cloud computing, big data analytics, and the expanding digital economy. The market's Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 14.90% from 2019 to 2024 indicates a significant upward trajectory. This growth is fueled by several key factors: the burgeoning IT and telecom sector in the Philippines, the rising demand for reliable data storage and processing capabilities across various industries (including retail, healthcare, and media), and the increasing need for energy-efficient cooling solutions to address the tropical climate. The market is segmented by cooling technology (air-based and liquid-based), deployment type (hyperscalers, enterprises, colocation), and end-user vertical. While air-based cooling currently dominates, liquid-based cooling technologies like immersion cooling are gaining traction due to their higher efficiency and capacity to handle increasingly powerful servers. The presence of major global players like Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Hitachi, and Vertiv, alongside regional players, indicates a competitive yet dynamic landscape. Future growth will likely be influenced by government initiatives promoting digital infrastructure development, the adoption of 5G technology, and a continued focus on sustainability and energy efficiency within data centers. Given the 14.9% CAGR from 2019-2024, and assuming a slightly moderated growth rate considering market maturity, a reasonable projection for the Philippines data center cooling market in 2025 would be around $50 million. This estimate considers factors like potential market saturation at higher growth rates and conservative estimations in the face of economic fluctuations. Looking forward, the continued CAGR of 14.9% from 2025-2033 results in a steady increase, projected to significantly expand the market's size over the forecast period. Growth will likely be driven by an increasing number of data centers to meet the needs of a rapidly expanding digital economy in the Philippines, and by ongoing investments in advanced cooling technologies aiming for greater efficiency and sustainability. This comprehensive report provides a detailed analysis of the Philippines data center cooling market, offering invaluable insights for stakeholders across the value chain. With a study period spanning 2019-2033, a base year of 2025, and a forecast period of 2025-2033, this report leverages historical data (2019-2024) to project future market trends and growth opportunities. The report covers key segments including cooling technologies (air-based and liquid-based), deployment types (hyperscalers, enterprises, colocation), and end-user verticals (IT & Telecom, Retail, Healthcare, and more). The market size is analyzed in millions of units, providing a clear picture of the market's potential. Recent developments include: March 2023: Interactive, a leading managed service provider, introduced the Immersion Data Center Cooling solution, designed to enhance high-performance computing (HPC) capabilities for its clients. Collaborating closely with digital infrastructure provider Vertiv, Interactive has integrated green revolution cooling tanks into its system. These tanks employ a single-phase, non-conductive coolant that ensures the safety of electrical components while boasting a remarkable heat transfer capacity, estimated to be 1200 times greater than that of traditional air cooling methods., May 2022: In a significant development, Intel committed a substantial investment of USD 700 million towards the establishment of a state-of-the-art research facility dedicated to liquid and immersion cooling technologies. This initiative underscores Intel's commitment to advancing data center sustainability. Simultaneously, Intel unveiled a pioneering immersion-cooled reference design, positioning it as an industry leader in promoting the widespread adoption of immersion-cooling technologies within data centers across the globe.. Key drivers for this market are: Increasing Volume of Digital Data, Emergence of Green Data Centers. Potential restraints include: Costs, Adaptability Requirements, and Power Outages. Notable trends are: Liquid-based Cooling is the Fastest Growing Segment.

The Asia-Pacific Data Center Server Market report segments the industry into Form Factor (Blade Server, Rack Server, Tower Server), End-User (IT & Telecommunication, BFSI, Government, Media & Entertainment, Other End-User), and Geography (Indonesia, India, China, Australia, South Korea, Philippines, Thailand, Singapore, New Zealand, Japan, Malaysia, Vietnam, Hong Kong, Taiwan).