Objective: There is a gap in research on gender-based discrimination (GBD) in medical education and practice in Germany. This study therefore examines the extent and forms of GBD among female medical students and physicians in Germany. Causes, consequences and possible interventions of GBD are discussed. Methods: Female medical students (n=235) and female physicians (n=157) from five university hospitals in northern Germany were asked about their personal experiences with GBD in an online survey on self-efficacy expectations and individual perceptions of the “glass ceiling effect” using an open-ended question regarding their own experiences with GBD. The answers were analyzed by content analysis using inductive category formation and relative category frequencies. Results: From both interviewed groups, approximately 75% of each reported having experienced GBD. Their experiences fell into five main categories: sexual harassment with subcategories of verbal and physical, discrimination based on existing/possible motherhood with subcategories of structural and verbal, direct preference for men, direct neglect of women, and derogatory treatment based on gender. Conclusion: The study contributes to filling the aforementioned research gap. At the hospitals studied, GBD is a common phenomenon among both female medical students and physicians, manifesting itself in multiple forms. Transferability of the results beyond the hospitals studied to all of Germany seems plausible. Much is known about the causes, consequences and effective countermeasures against GBD. Those responsible for training and employers in hospitals should fulfill their responsibility by implementing measures from the set of empirically evaluated interventions. Methods Female medical students and physicians from five university hospitals in northern Germany were given an online open question concerning their personal experiences with gernderbased discrimination. The answers were evaluated by qualitative content analysis (Mayring) and by relative frequencies.

This repository contains the raw data of Polish adaptation of Physician’s Trust in the Patient Scale (PTPS) – psychometric properties and validation. The purpose of the study was to adapt into Polish the Physician's Trust in the Patient Scale (PTPS) (Thom et al., 2011) and to determine its internal structure and psychometric properties: reliability and theoretical, criterion, convergent, and discriminant validity. The data was gathered by the survey in the form of a questionnaire conducted online with the use of Qualtrics platform. The method of recruiting the respondents: invitations were sent by email directly to medical facilities, hospitals, and outpatient clinics, as well as to medical universities in Poland. 307 medical doctors representing 51 various medical specialties participated in the study. This number included: 168 women, 138 men, and one person not identifying with any of the above - mentioned genders. Participants came from 26 various cities in Poland. In order to avoid the possibility of identifying the participants, we decided to remove from the dataset the following sociodemographic data: gender, residence, marital status, information about having children, workplace, employment duration and length of professional experience.

The dataset contains all the other data that allows to replicate the results and carry out all the calculations that we have implemented in our original research. This includes the results of the following measures: 1) Physician's Trust in the Patient Scale (referred to as PTPS) (Thom et al., 2011); 2) The Disposition to Trust & Trusting Beliefs Measure (referred to as DtT and TBM) (McKnight et al., 2002); 3) General Trust Scale (referred to as GTS) (Yamagishi & Yamagishi, 1994); 4) Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (referred to as OLBI) (Demerouti & Bakker, 2007); 5) Self-efficacy subscale from the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire COPSOQ II (referred to as S_E) (Pejtersen et al., 2010); 6) Job Satisfaction subscale from the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire COPSOQ II (referred to as JS) (Pejtersen et al., 2010); 7) Ten-Item Personality Inventory (referred to as TIPI) (Gosling et al., 2003). All measures used in the study were previously validated Polish versions with satisfying psychometric properties.

The variables signed with R in the end, means that they are reversed, accordingly to the appropriate measure key. The numbers of variables are in accordance with the number of questions in the given tools. The missing data is signed with the 9 (all items), 99 (for medical specialty), or 999 (for age).

The repository contains also the PDF file (Appendix A.) with the legend of the numbers representing particular medical specialties (the list is in accordance with the specialties currently operating in Poland).

The behaviour of U. capricornis is not well-known. Consequently, observations were made for approximately 1100 hours over 4 seasons to obtain a general picture of their social system and behaviour. The study was conducted on a large population of Uca capricornis in the vicinity of the mangrove boardwalk in the East Point Reserve, Darwin. Fieldwork was conducted yearly from November-January, 2002-2006.

To obtain a more detailed description of the relationship between males and females, the natural interactions between males and females living as nearest neighbours were recorded. Twenty-one pairs were filmed from overhead for a period of 30 minutes. Any activity was noted, as was any interactions with intruders.

Territoriality was also examined, providing the overall area covered by the crabs within the half hour. By aligning the male and female territories with their respective burrows it was possible to determine the area overlap between them.

Patient Identified Data is limited to prescriptions where an NHS number was captured during NHSBSA processing. The number of items where an NHS number was captured within the dataset, split by calendar year, is as follows: 2018 65.16% 2019 63.95% 2020 61.81% 2021 70.95% 2022 75.84% 2023 83.04% Suppressions Suppressions have been applied where patient counts are lower than five.

This study aimed to investigate physicians’ and nurses’ knowledge and attitudes toward advance directives (ADs) for cancer patients, which empower patients to take decisions on end-of-life needs if they lose their capacity to make medical decisions. A cross-sectional study was conducted using convenience sampling. The outcomes were responses to the knowledge and attitude questions, and the main outcome variables were the total scores for knowledge and attitudes toward ADs. This study included 281 physicians and nurses (60.5%). Most physicians were men (95, 80.5%), whereas most nurses were women (147, 86.5%). The mean (standard deviation; SD) total knowledge score was 6.8 (4.0) for physicians and 9.1 (3.0) for nurses (p < 0.001). There was a significant difference in the total knowledge score between nurses and physicians, with an adjusted mean difference of 1.54 (95% confidence interval [CI]; 0.08–2.97). Other significant independent predictors of knowledge of ADs were female sex (1.60, 95% CI; 0.27–3.13) and education level (master’s versus bachelor’s: 1.26, 95% CI; 0.30–2.33 and Ph.D. versus bachelor’s: 2.22, 95% CI; 0.16–4.52). Nurses’ attitudes appeared to be significantly more positive than those of physicians, and the mean total attitude score (SD) was 19.5 for nurses (6.2) and 15.1 (8.1) for physicians (p < 0.001). The adjusted mean difference (95% CI) for nurses versus physicians was 3.71 (0.57–6.98). All participants showed a high level of knowledge of ADs; however, nurses showed considerably more positive attitudes than physicians.

The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether females may be a limited resource within a population of Uca capricornis. The experiment was part of a larger study looking at the relationship between neighbouring males and females in this species. Experiments were conducted in the East Point Reserve, Darwin. Fieldwork was conducted yearly in 18 plots (4mx4m) from November-January in 2002-2006.

All individuals within the plots were caught and carapace widths measured. This allowed the sex ratio in relation to size to be determined. The location of burrows were also recorded to determine whether the males and females were distributed independently of each other. The distance to, and sex of, the nearest resident for each individual was also measured to compare mean distances between male-female neighbours and between male-male neighbours.

Results indicate that an average of 7 crabs per square metre were active on the surface at any time. The sex ratio was strongly male biased, with only 30% of crabs being female. The sex ratio also changed with size; females were significantly rarer in large size classes.

Although evidence suggests that a number of patient psychological factors may influence physicians’ decisions about prescribing opioid analgesics, few studies have sought to identify these factors. The current study aims to (1) identify the individual factors that discriminate between those patients with chronic pain who have from those who have not been prescribed opioid-pain medication for pain management in a sample of 675 patients from a primary care setting and then (2) determine which of these make significant and independent contributions to the prediction of opioid prescribing when controlling for the other factors. The variables examined in the current study were patient sex, age, pain intensity, depressive symptoms, pain catastrophizing and pain acceptance. Although no differences were found between men and women, individuals with chronic non-cancer pain who were given an opioid prescription were older, reported higher levels of pain intensity and depressive symptoms, and reported lower levels of pain-acceptance that individuals who were not given an opioid prescription. Pain intensity and depressive symptoms were independently associated with opioid prescribing when the other predictors were controlled. The findings suggest the possibility that patient factors– in particular their pain intensity and depressive symptom severity – influence physician prescribing, even when it might not be appropriate for these factors to play such a role. If the findings are replicated in other samples, they would suggest that it might be useful for primary care physicians to be aware of the potential biasing impact of these factors on their decisions about treatment.

Dataset used for publication 'Relationship between Trust and Patient Involvement in Medical Decision-Making: A Cross-Sectional Study'.Patients vary in their preferences regarding involvement in medical decision-making. Current research does not provide complete explanation for this observed variation. Patient involvement in medical decision-making has been found to be influenced by various mechanisms, one of which could be patients’ trust in physicians. The aim of this study was to examine whether trust in physicians fosters or impairs patient involvement in medical decision-making. This study also aimed to determine to what extent the relationship between trust and preferences regarding decision-making roles was influenced by the sociodemographic characteristics of the patients. We hypothesised that trust can both foster and impair patient involvement in medical decision-making. The results suggest that trust impairs involvement in medical decision-making for men but not for women. Further research could provide a more comprehensive explanation of the variation in patient preferences regarding involvement in medical decision-making to further elucidate which underlying mechanisms could enhance patient participation. Date Submitted: 2021-08-10

IntroductionDespite the improvements in European health systems, a large number of premature deaths are attributable to treatable mortality. Men make up the majority of these deaths, with a significant gap existing between women and men’s treatable mortality rate in the EU.AimThis study aims to identify the healthcare-related factors, including health expenditures, human and physical resources, and hospital services use associated with treatable mortality in women and men across European countries during the period 2011–2019.MethodsWe use Eurostat data for 28 EU countries in the period 2011–2019. We estimate a panel data linear regression with country fixed effects and quantile linear regression for men and women.ResultsThe results found (i) differences in drivers for male and female treatable mortality, but common drivers hold the same direction for both sexes; (ii) favorable drivers are GDP per capita, health expenditures, number of physicians per capita, and (only for men) the average length of a hospital stay, (iii) unfavorable drivers are nurses and beds per capita, although nurses are not significant for explaining female mortality.ConclusionPolicy recommendations may arise that involve an improvement in hospital bed management and the design of more specific policies aimed at healthcare professionals.

ObjectiveMany jurisdictions lack comprehensive population-based antibiotic use data and rely on third party companies, most commonly IQVIA. Our objective was to validate the accuracy of the IQVIA Xponent antibiotic database in identifying high prescribing physicians compared to the reference standard of a highly accurate population-wide database of outpatient antimicrobial dispensing for patients ≥65 years.MethodsWe conducted this study between 1 March 2016 and 28 February 2017 in Ontario, Canada. We evaluated the agreement and correlation between the databases using kappa statistics and Bland-Altman plots. We also assessed performance characteristics for Xponent to accurately identify high prescribing physicians with sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value.ResultsWe included 9,272 physicians. The Xponent database has a specificity of 92.4% (95%CI 92.0%-92.8%) and PPV of 77.2% (95%CI 76.0%-78.4%) for correctly identifying the top 25th percentile of physicians by antibiotic volume. In the sensitivity analysis, 94% of the top 25th percentile physicians in Xponent were within the top 40th percentile in the reference database. The mean number of antibiotic prescriptions per physician were similar with a relative difference of -0.4% and 2.7% for female and male patients, respectively. The error was greater in rural areas with a relative difference of -8.4% and -5.6% per physician for female and male patients, respectively. The weighted kappa for quartile agreement was 0.68 (95%CI 0.67–0.69).ConclusionWe validated the IQVIA Xponent antibiotic database to identify high prescribing physicians for patients ≥65 years, and identified some important limitations. Collecting accurate population-based antibiotic use data will remain vital to global antimicrobial stewardship efforts.

*WHO-5, World Health Organization-Five Well-being Index.†Fisher's exact test or trend test between any medical error and no error.

Comoros KM: Labour Force Participation Rate: Modeled ILO Estimate: Ratio of Female to Male data was reported at 69.274 % in 2024. This records an increase from the previous number of 68.905 % for 2023. Comoros KM: Labour Force Participation Rate: Modeled ILO Estimate: Ratio of Female to Male data is updated yearly, averaging 62.115 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2024, with 35 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 69.307 % in 2021 and a record low of 57.944 % in 2014. Comoros KM: Labour Force Participation Rate: Modeled ILO Estimate: Ratio of Female to Male data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Comoros – Table KM.World Bank.WDI: Labour Force. Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period. Ratio of female to male labor force participation rate is calculated by dividing female labor force participation rate by male labor force participation rate and multiplying by 100.;World Bank, World Development Indicators database. Estimates are based on data obtained from International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT at https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/.;Weighted average;National estimates are also available in the WDI database. Caution should be used when comparing ILO estimates with national estimates.

Bosnia and Herzegovina BA: Labour Force Participation Rate: National Estimate: Ratio of Female to Male data was reported at 67.942 % in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 66.530 % for 2022. Bosnia and Herzegovina BA: Labour Force Participation Rate: National Estimate: Ratio of Female to Male data is updated yearly, averaging 59.100 % from Dec 2001 (Median) to 2023, with 19 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 67.942 % in 2023 and a record low of 51.643 % in 2001. Bosnia and Herzegovina BA: Labour Force Participation Rate: National Estimate: Ratio of Female to Male data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Bosnia and Herzegovina – Table BA.World Bank.WDI: Labour Force. Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period. Ratio of female to male labor force participation rate is calculated by dividing female labor force participation rate by male labor force participation rate and multiplying by 100.;World Bank, World Development Indicators database. Estimates are based on data obtained from International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT at https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/.;Weighted average;The series for ILO estimates is also available in the WDI database. Caution should be used when comparing ILO estimates with national estimates.

BackgroundNutritional status plays a crucial role in the progression of diabetes complications. This study assessed sex differences in Controlled Nutritional Status (CONUT) score and diabetic retinopathy (DR).MethodsClinical data between 2003 and 2018 were retrieved from the National Health Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) database. The association of CONUT score with DR was analyzed by multivariate weighted logistic regression with restricted cubic splines (RCS). The impact of CONUT scores on DR outcomes in male and female patients was evaluated by subgroup analyses and interaction tests.ResultsA total of 3,762 participants were included in this study. After adjusting for all covariates, a higher CONUT score was positively associated with DR risk in women (OR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.13–3.15), while no significant association between CONUT score and DR was observed in male participants and the overall participant population. In addition, RCS regression showed a linear positive correlation between CONUT score and DR risk in women (P-Nonlinear: 0.722). Subgroup analyses revealed a significant positive association of higher CONUT scores with DR risk in older female patients with diabetes, alcohol use, smoking history, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia.ConclusionThere is a sex difference in the link between higher CONUT scores and the prevalence of DR. Specifically, these findings highlight the importance of personalized nutritional intervention in women at high risk for DR.

BackgroundAndrogenetic alopecia (AGA) is extremely prevalent with a multifactorial etiology.MaterialsWe conducted a cross-sectional study using the All of US (AoU) dataset Sept 2024 to better understand the epidemiology, social determinants and management of AGA.ResultsMost males were 20–39 years old and females 60–69 years old. Men typically have an earlier onset of AGA than females. Male AGA is generally managed with finasteride; oral minoxidil is prescribed in younger males. Females are prescribed spironolactone and oral minoxidil with finasteride in post-menopausal females. There was very little dutasteride prescribed. Topical minoxidil is available over the counter and was not evaluated. Early in 2011 there were reports of the Post-Finasteride Syndrome (PFS); subsequently, the finasteride prescription rate fell to about 10–20% of the pre-PFS prescription rate. There was increased reporting for AGA in those who drink, have an annual household income ≥$75,000, and those with a higher level of education. There was also higher reporting of female AGA in those with anxiety and depression. Patients with higher income and education may have less pressing medical concerns enabling them to bring their AGA to the physician’s attention. Females in whom the AGA affects their anxiety and depression may seek help for the AGA as a way to address their underlying disorder.ConclusionsThis study provides a snapshot of the epidemiology and management of AGA in the USA. AGA is linked to the social determinants of health; addressing the AGA may help better manage the underlying mental and physical state.

Azerbaijan Labour Force Participation Rate: National Estimate: Ratio of Female to Male data was reported at 88.937 % in 2022. This records a decrease from the previous number of 91.583 % for 2021. Azerbaijan Labour Force Participation Rate: National Estimate: Ratio of Female to Male data is updated yearly, averaging 89.057 % from Dec 1989 (Median) to 2022, with 29 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 94.184 % in 1989 and a record low of 59.477 % in 1993. Azerbaijan Labour Force Participation Rate: National Estimate: Ratio of Female to Male data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Azerbaijan – Table AZ.World Bank.WDI: Labour Force. Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period. Ratio of female to male labor force participation rate is calculated by dividing female labor force participation rate by male labor force participation rate and multiplying by 100.;World Bank, World Development Indicators database. Estimates are based on data obtained from International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT at https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/.;Weighted average;The series for ILO estimates is also available in the WDI database. Caution should be used when comparing ILO estimates with national estimates.

Bolivia BO: Labour Force Participation Rate: Modeled ILO Estimate: Ratio of Female to Male data was reported at 85.243 % in 2024. This records an increase from the previous number of 84.731 % for 2023. Bolivia BO: Labour Force Participation Rate: Modeled ILO Estimate: Ratio of Female to Male data is updated yearly, averaging 72.852 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2024, with 35 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 85.243 % in 2024 and a record low of 67.668 % in 1990. Bolivia BO: Labour Force Participation Rate: Modeled ILO Estimate: Ratio of Female to Male data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Bolivia – Table BO.World Bank.WDI: Labour Force. Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period. Ratio of female to male labor force participation rate is calculated by dividing female labor force participation rate by male labor force participation rate and multiplying by 100.;World Bank, World Development Indicators database. Estimates are based on data obtained from International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT at https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/.;Weighted average;National estimates are also available in the WDI database. Caution should be used when comparing ILO estimates with national estimates.

Samoa WS: CPIA: Gender Equality Rating: 1=Low To 6=High data was reported at 4.000 NA in 2017. This stayed constant from the previous number of 4.000 NA for 2016. Samoa WS: CPIA: Gender Equality Rating: 1=Low To 6=High data is updated yearly, averaging 3.500 NA from Dec 2005 (Median) to 2017, with 13 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.000 NA in 2017 and a record low of 3.500 NA in 2015. Samoa WS: CPIA: Gender Equality Rating: 1=Low To 6=High data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Samoa – Table WS.World Bank: Policy and Institutions. Gender equality assesses the extent to which the country has installed institutions and programs to enforce laws and policies that promote equal access for men and women in education, health, the economy, and protection under law.; ; World Bank Group, CPIA database (http://www.worldbank.org/ida).; Unweighted average;

Mali ML: CPIA: Gender Equality Rating: 1=Low To 6=High data was reported at 2.500 NA in 2017. This stayed constant from the previous number of 2.500 NA for 2016. Mali ML: CPIA: Gender Equality Rating: 1=Low To 6=High data is updated yearly, averaging 3.500 NA from Dec 2005 (Median) to 2017, with 13 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.500 NA in 2011 and a record low of 2.500 NA in 2017. Mali ML: CPIA: Gender Equality Rating: 1=Low To 6=High data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mali – Table ML.World Bank.WDI: Policy and Institutions. Gender equality assesses the extent to which the country has installed institutions and programs to enforce laws and policies that promote equal access for men and women in education, health, the economy, and protection under law.; ; World Bank Group, CPIA database (http://www.worldbank.org/ida).; Unweighted average;

Botswana BW: Labour Force Participation Rate: National Estimate: Ratio of Female to Male data was reported at 86.244 % in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 86.156 % for 2022. Botswana BW: Labour Force Participation Rate: National Estimate: Ratio of Female to Male data is updated yearly, averaging 80.123 % from Dec 1964 (Median) to 2023, with 19 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 108.754 % in 1971 and a record low of 55.257 % in 1991. Botswana BW: Labour Force Participation Rate: National Estimate: Ratio of Female to Male data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Botswana – Table BW.World Bank.WDI: Labour Force. Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period. Ratio of female to male labor force participation rate is calculated by dividing female labor force participation rate by male labor force participation rate and multiplying by 100.;World Bank, World Development Indicators database. Estimates are based on data obtained from International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT at https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/.;Weighted average;The series for ILO estimates is also available in the WDI database. Caution should be used when comparing ILO estimates with national estimates.