Influenza and pneumonia caused around 12.3 deaths in the U.S. per 100,000 population in 2019. Influenza and pneumonia are among the leading causes of death in the United States, accounting for around 1.6 percent of all deaths in 2020. Influenza, or the flu, is a viral infection that is highly contagious and especially common in the winter season. Influenza is a common cause of pneumonia, although most cases of the flu do not develop into pneumonia. Pneumonia is an infection or inflammation of the lungs and is particularly deadly among young children and the elderly.

Influenza cases

Influenza is very common in the United States, with an estimated 35 million cases reported in 2019-2020. Common symptoms of the flu include cough, fever, runny or stuffy nose, sore throat and headache. Symptoms can be mild but can also be severe enough to require medical attention. In 2019-2020, there were around 16 million influenza-related medical visits in the United States.

Prevention

To prevent contracting the flu people can take everyday precautions such as regularly washing their hands and avoiding those who are sick, but the best way to prevent the flu is by receiving the flu vaccination every year. Receiving a flu vaccination is especially important for young children and the elderly as they are most susceptible to flu complications and associated death. In 2021, around 75 percent of those aged 65 years and older received a flu vaccine, while only 38 percent of those aged 18 to 49 years had done so.

Over 12 million people in the United States died from all causes between the beginning of January 2020 and August 21, 2023. Over 1.1 million of those deaths were with confirmed or presumed COVID-19.

Vaccine rollout in the United States Finding a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine was an urgent health priority since the very start of the pandemic. In the United States, the first two vaccines were authorized and recommended for use in December 2020. One has been developed by Massachusetts-based biotech company Moderna, and the number of Moderna COVID-19 vaccines administered in the U.S. was over 250 million. Moderna has also said that its vaccine is effective against the coronavirus variants first identified in the UK and South Africa.

In 2022, the total number of deaths from influenza and pneumonia in Canada amounted to 5,985, an increase from 4,115 deaths the year before. From 2000 to 2022, Canada registered the highest number of deaths due to influenza and pneumonia in 2018, when 8,594 people died from these diseases. This statistic shows the number of deaths from influenza and pneumonia in Canada from 2000 to 2022.

The burden of influenza in the United States can vary from year to year depending on which viruses are circulating, how many people receive an influenza vaccination, and how effective the vaccination is in that particular year. During the 2023-2024 flu season, around 28,000 people lost their lives to the disease. Although most people recover from influenza without needing medical care, the disease can be deadly among young children, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems or chronic illnesses. Deaths due to influenza Even though most people recover from influenza without medical care, influenza and pneumonia can be deadly, especially for older people and those with certain preexisting conditions. Influenza is a common cause of pneumonia and although most cases of influenza do not develop into pneumonia, those that do are often more severe and more deadly. Deaths due to influenza are most common among the elderly, with a mortality rate of around 32 per 100,000 population during the 2023-2024 flu season. In comparison, the mortality rate for those aged 50 to 64 years was 9.1 per 100,000 population. Flu vaccinations The most effective way to prevent influenza is to receive an annual influenza vaccination. These vaccines have proven to be safe and are usually cheap and easily accessible. Nevertheless, every year a large share of the population in the United States still fails to get vaccinated against influenza. For example, in the 2022-2023 flu season, only 35 percent of those aged 18 to 49 years received a flu vaccination. Unsurprisingly, children and the elderly are the most likely to get vaccinated. It is estimated that during the 2022-2023 flu season, vaccinations prevented over 929 thousand influenza cases among children aged 6 months to 4 years.

Analysis of ‘COVID-19 State Data’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from https://www.kaggle.com/nightranger77/covid19-state-data on 28 January 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

This dataset is a per-state amalgamation of demographic, public health and other relevant predictors for COVID-19.

Deaths, Infections and Tests by State

The COVID Tracking Project: https://covidtracking.com/data/api

Used positive, death and totalTestResults from the API for, respectively, Infected, Deaths and Tested in this dataset. Please read the documentation of the API for more context on those columns

Predictor Data and Sources

Population (2020)

Density is people per meter squared https://worldpopulationreview.com/states/

ICU Beds and Age 60+

https://khn.org/news/as-coronavirus-spreads-widely-millions-of-older-americans-live-in-counties-with-no-icu-beds/

GDP

https://worldpopulationreview.com/states/gdp-by-state/

Income per capita (2018)

https://worldpopulationreview.com/states/per-capita-income-by-state/

Gini

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_Gini_coefficient

Unemployment (2020)

Rates from Feb 2020 and are percentage of labor force
https://www.bls.gov/web/laus/laumstrk.htm

Sex (2017)

Ratio is Male / Female
https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/distribution-by-gender/

Smoking Percentage (2020)

https://worldpopulationreview.com/states/smoking-rates-by-state/

Influenza and Pneumonia Death Rate (2018)

Death rate per 100,000 people
https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/sosmap/flu_pneumonia_mortality/flu_pneumonia.htm

Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease Death Rate (2018)

Death rate per 100,000 people
https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/sosmap/lung_disease_mortality/lung_disease.htm

Active Physicians (2019)

https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/total-active-physicians/

Hospitals (2018)

https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/total-hospitals

Health spending per capita

Includes spending for all health care services and products by state of residence. Hospital spending is included and reflects the total net revenue. Costs such as insurance, administration, research, and construction expenses are not included.
https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/avg-annual-growth-per-capita/

Pollution (2019)

Pollution: Average exposure of the general public to particulate matter of 2.5 microns or less (PM2.5) measured in micrograms per cubic meter (3-year estimate)
https://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/annual/measure/air/state/ALL

Medium and Large Airports

For each state, number of medium and large airports https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_the_United_States

Temperature (2019)

Note that FL was incorrect in the table, but is corrected in the Hottest States paragraph
https://worldpopulationreview.com/states/average-temperatures-by-state/
District of Columbia temperature computed as the average of Maryland and Virginia

Urbanization (2010)

Urbanization as a percentage of the population https://www.icip.iastate.edu/tables/population/urban-pct-states

Age Groups (2018)

https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/distribution-by-age/

School Closure Dates

Schools that haven't closed are marked NaN https://www.edweek.org/ew/section/multimedia/map-coronavirus-and-school-closures.html

Note that some datasets above did not contain data for District of Columbia, this missing data was found via Google searches manually entered.

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

Background: This study aimed to present and analyze the causes of death in the Korean population in 2019. Methods: Based on the Korean Standard Classification of Diseases and Causes of Death and the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, the 10th revision, cause-of-death data for 2019 from Statistics Korea, were examined. Results: There was a total of 295,110 deaths, dropping 3,710 (-1.27%) from 2018. The crude death rate (the number of death per 100,000 people) was 574.8, a 7.6 (-1.3%) reduction from 2018. The 10 leading causes of death, in order, were malignant neoplasms, heart diseases, pneumonia, cerebrovascular diseases, intentional self-harm, diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, liver diseases, chronic lower respiratory diseases, and hypertensive diseases. Within the category of malignant neoplasms, the top five leading organs of involvement were the lung, liver, colon, stomach, and pancreas, which were the same to order in 2018. Alzheimer's disease rose to the seventh leading cause of death from the ninth in 2018. It ranked as the female's fifth leading cause of death. Pneumonia became the female's third leading cause of death Conclusion: These changes reflect the increase of female people over 65 years of age, who are vulnerable to cognitive disorders and infectious diseases. The Korean government has to take urgent preventive and therapeutic action against dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease.

For current version see: https://data.sandiegocounty.gov/Health/2021-Communicable-Diseases/2fvf-e98n

Basic Metadata *Rates per 100,000 population. Age-adjusted rates per 100,000 2000 US standard population.

**Blank Cells: Rates not calculated for fewer than 5 events. Rates not calculated in cases where zip code is unknown.

***API: Asian/Pacific Islander. ***AIAN: American Indian/Alaska Native.

Prepared by: County of San Diego, Health & Human Services Agency, Public Health Services, Community Health Statistics Unit, 2019.

Code Source: ICD-9CM - AHRQ HCUP CCS v2015. ICD-10CM - AHRQ HCUP CCS v2018. ICD-10 Mortality - California Department of Public Health, Group Cause of Death Codes 2013; NHCS ICD-10 2e-v1 2017.

Data Guide, Dictionary, and Codebook: https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/dam/sdc/hhsa/programs/phs/CHS/Community%20Profiles/Public%20Health%20Services%20Codebook_Data%20Guide_Metadata_10.2.19.xlsx

58,30 (per 100,000 inhabitants) in 2018.

In Ireland, there were *** deaths from pneumonia in 2023, a slight increase compared to the previous year. This statistic displays the number of deaths due to pneumonia in Ireland between 2009 and 2023. Respiratory disease in Ireland Pneumonia is a potentially deadly, acute respiratory condition involving lung tissue inflammation often caused by a bacterial, fungal, or viral infection. Other serious respiratory conditions include chronic illnesses such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, and asthma. Over recent years, deaths due to diseases of the respiratory system had been increasing in Ireland up until 2018, to decrease in the following years and increase again in 2022. In 2023, there were ***** deaths due to chronic diseases of the lower respiratory system. Other leading health conditions of concern in Ireland include high blood pressure, arthritis, and high cholesterol. Prevention and intervention One major risk factor for both chronic and acute respiratory conditions is smoking: in Ireland, an estimated ** percent of the adult population smokes cigarettes as of 2020. Other risk factors for chronic respiratory conditions include air pollution, exposure to occupational chemicals, and frequent respiratory infections during childhood. Besides avoidance of risk factors and triggers, management of these conditions can be provided through medications such as inhaled corticosteroids.

For current version see: https://data.sandiegocounty.gov/Health/2021-Communicable-Diseases/2fvf-e98n

Basic Metadata Note: this is the combination of influenza (flu) and pneumonia combined as they often co-occur together. *Rates per 100,000 population. Age-adjusted rates per 100,000 2000 US standard population.

**Blank Cells: Rates not calculated for fewer than 5 events. Rates not calculated in cases where zip code is unknown.

***API: Asian/Pacific Islander. ***AIAN: American Indian/Alaska Native.

Prepared by: County of San Diego, Health & Human Services Agency, Public Health Services, Community Health Statistics Unit, 2019.

Code Source: ICD-9CM - AHRQ HCUP CCS v2015. ICD-10CM - AHRQ HCUP CCS v2018. ICD-10 Mortality - California Department of Public Health, Group Cause of Death Codes 2013; NHCS ICD-10 2e-v1 2017.

Data Guide, Dictionary, and Codebook: https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/dam/sdc/hhsa/programs/phs/CHS/Community%20Profiles/Public%20Health%20Services%20Codebook_Data%20Guide_Metadata_10.2.19.xlsx

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pediatric mortality, including measures to ensure continuity of HIV care, is not well described in Kenya. We evaluated causes of death (COD) among decedents under 5 years of age both before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya. We analyzed Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS) data collected in February 2018–March 2022. We describe the proportional contribution of specific conditions in the causal chain of death among decedents aged 28 days to 59 months who underwent minimally invasive tissue (MITS) sampling, had an HIV polymerase chain reaction, and a COD determination. We also calculated all-cause and HIV cause-specific mortality rates using data from two health and demographic surveillance system (HDSS) sites in western Kenya. Results were stratified by time periods: February 2018 to February 2020, and March 2020 to March 2022. Among 269 MITS-eligible decedents, 55.8% died during the pre-COVID period. Of these, 53.7% were infants (28 days to 11 months), and 9.7% were HIV-positive. Leading causes of death for infants included malnutrition (20.5%), pneumonia (17.5%), sepsis (17.1%), and malaria (14.5%). For older children (12–59 months), the predominant causes were malaria (25.6%), malnutrition (21.1%), pneumonia (14.1%), and sepsis (13.1%). All-cause mortality rates did not differ significantly between the periods (53.9 vs. 52.8 per 1,000 live births, p=0.77), but HIV cause-specific mortality rates were significantly lower during March 2020–March 2022 compared to February 2018–February 2020 (1.2 vs. 3.1 per 1,000 live births, p=0.01). Malaria, malnutrition, pneumonia, and sepsis were the leading COD among decedents aged 28 days to 59 months enrolled in CHAMPS between February 2018 and March 2022. These findings may point to the need for urgent, focused efforts to prevent avoidable child deaths. Continued monitoring of HIV-related mortality could provide insights into the ongoing impact of the HIV program in the region.

Snapshot img

Pneumonia Testing Market Size 2024-2028

The pneumonia testing market size is forecast to increase by USD 807.5 million at a CAGR of 5.69% between 2023 and 2028.

The market is expanding due to the rising incidence of pneumonia and the growing emphasis on early diagnosis to enhance patient outcomes. As highlighted by the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), Streptococcus pneumoniae remains a primary contributor to community-acquired pneumonia.CAP guidelines recommend rapid diagnostic testing for this bacterium to enable the timely initiation of appropriate antibiotic therapy. Antibiotics and antifungals are commonly used to treat pneumonia, and rapid diagnosis allows for the timely administration of these medications, improving patient outcomes. Antibiotics and antifungals are commonly used for treating pneumonia caused by various microbial pathogens like streptococcus pneumoniae, Legionella, Chlamydophilla, Mycoplasma, and others. Companies like Curetis and GE Healthcare are focusing on developing advanced technologies, such as the Unyvero A50 and Thoracic Care Suite, respectively, to address the market need for accurate and rapid pneumonia diagnostics. The growing importance of promotional activities and concerns regarding pneumonia mortality are also fueling market growth.

What will be the Pneumonia Testing Market Size During the Forecast Period?

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The pneumonia testing industry is witnessing significant growth due to the increasing prevalence of pneumonia, particularly among the geriatric population and children. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), pneumonia is one of the leading causes of death in the United States, with over 50,000 deaths reported annually. Traditional methods for diagnosing pneumonia, such as cultures, have limitations. These methods are time-consuming and have a high error rate, leading to misdiagnosis and delayed treatment. The need for faster and more accurate diagnostic tools is driving the growth of the pneumonia testing industry.
Moreover, nucleic acid detection techniques, such as Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), are gaining popularity in the pneumonia testing industry. These techniques can detect the presence of specific pathogens, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, within a few hours. The healthcare expenditure on pneumonia testing is expected to increase due to the growing awareness of the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. Reimbursements for pneumonia testing are also becoming more favorable, with organizations such as the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) issuing guidelines that recommend the use of point-of-care (POC) testing for pneumonia diagnosis.

How is this market segmented and which is the largest segment?

The market research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2024-2028, as well as historical data from 2018-2022 for the following segments.

Product Type

  Consumables
  Analyzers


Method

  Immunodiagnostics
  Molecular diagnostics
  Point-of-care testing


Geography

  North America

    US


  Europe

    Germany
    UK


  Asia

    China
    Japan


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Product Type Insights

The consumables segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

In the realm of pneumonia diagnostics, various testing methods are employed to identify lung infections caused by microbial pathogens. Among these, the Streptococcus-based segment holds a significant share in the market. The morbidity rate and fatality rate of pneumonia are high, making the need for accurate and timely diagnosis crucial. Molecular diagnostic assays, such as PCR assays and nucleic acid detection kits, have gained popularity due to their ability to detect specific pathogens. These consumables include staining materials, elimination kits and reagents, standards, and controls. Leading companies, like Meridian Bioscience Inc. (Meridian), provide test kits with reliable assays for the detection of pneumonia in cell cultures.

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The consumables segment was valued at USD 1.12 billion in 2018 and showed a gradual increase during the forecast period.

Regional Analysis

North America is estimated to contribute 31% to the growth of the global market during the forecast period.

Technavio's analysts have elaborately explained the regional trends and drivers that shape the market during the forecast period.

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In North America, the market holds a significant share of the global market, with the United States and Canada being the primary contributors to

Rank, number of deaths, percentage of deaths, and age-specific mortality rates for the leading causes of death, by age group and sex, 2000 to most recent year.

Background # Seasonal influenza virus is a common cause of acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) in young children. In 2008, we estimated that 20 million influenza-virus-associated ALRI and 1 million influenza-virus-associated severe ALRI occurred in children under 5 years globally. Despite this substantial burden, only a few low-income and middle-income countries have adopted routine influenza vaccination policies for children and, where present, these have achieved only low or unknown levels of vaccine uptake. Moreover, the influenza burden might have changed due to the emergence and circulation of influenza A/H1N1pdm09. We aimed to incorporate new data to update estimates of the global number of cases, hospital admissions, and mortality from influenza-virus-associated respiratory infections in children under 5 years in 2018. # Methods # We estimated the regional and global burden of influenza-associated respiratory infections in children under 5 years from a systematic review of 100 studies published between Jan 1, 1995, and Dec 31, 2018, and a further 57 high-quality unpublished studies. We adapted the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale to assess the risk of bias. We estimated incidence and hospitalisation rates of influenza-virus-associated respiratory infections by severity, case ascertainment, region, and age. We estimated in-hospital deaths from influenza virus ALRI by combining hospital admissions and in-hospital case-fatality ratios of influenza virus ALRI. We estimated the upper bound of influenza virus-associated ALRI deaths based on the number of in-hospital deaths, US paediatric influenza-associated death data, and population-based childhood all-cause pneumonia mortality data in six sites in low-income and lower-middle-income countries. # Findings # In 2018, among children under 5 years globally, there were an estimated 109*5 million influenza virus episodes (uncertainty range [UR] 63*1-190*6), 10*1 million influenza-virus-associated ALRI cases (6*8-15*1); 870 000 influenza-virus-associated ALRI hospital admissions (543 000-1 415 000), 15 300 in-hospital deaths (5800-43 800), and up to 34 800 (13 200-97 200) overall influenza-virus-associated ALRI deaths. Influenza virus accounted for 7% of ALRI cases, 5% of ALRI hospital admissions, and 4% of ALRI deaths in children under 5 years. About 23% of the hospital admissions and 36% of the in-hospital deaths were in infants under 6 months. About 82% of the in-hospital deaths occurred in low-income and lower-middle-income countries. # Interpretation # A large proportion of the influenza-associated burden occurs among young infants and in low-income and lower middle-income countries. Our findings provide new and important evidence for maternal and paediatric influenza immunisation, and should inform future immunisation policy particularly in low-income and middle-income countries.

Prevalence of illnesses in the causal chain leading to death among minimally invasive tissue sampling (MITS)-eligible decedents, with cause of death determination at the Kenyan Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS) catchment sites: February 2018-March 2022.

The dataset contains risk-adjusted mortality rates, quality ratings, and number of deaths and cases for 6 medical conditions treated (Acute Stroke, Acute Myocardial Infarction, Heart Failure, Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage, Hip Fracture and Pneumonia) and 3 procedures performed (Carotid Endarterectomy, Pancreatic Resection, and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention) in California hospitals. The 2023 IMIs were generated using AHRQ Version 2024, while previous years' IMIs were generated with older versions of AHRQ software (2022 IMIs by Version 2023, 2021 IMIs by Version 2022, 2020 IMIs by Version 2021, 2019 IMIs by Version 2020, 2016-2018 IMIs by Version 2019, 2014 and 2015 IMIs by Version 5.0, and 2012 and 2013 IMIs by Version 4.5). The differences in the statistical method employed and inclusion and exclusion criteria using different versions can lead to different results. Users should not compare trends of mortality rates over time. However, many hospitals showed consistent performance over years; “better” performing hospitals may perform better and “worse” performing hospitals may perform worse consistently across years. This dataset does not include conditions treated or procedures performed in outpatient settings. Please refer to statewide table for California overall rates: https://data.chhs.ca.gov/dataset/california-hospital-inpatient-mortality-rates-and-quality-ratings/resource/af88090e-b6f5-4f65-a7ea-d613e6569d96

In 2021, the number of deaths due to pneumonia in Spain amounted to around 6.7 thousand cases, down from about 8.7 thousand deaths reported a year prior. Although figures fluctuated during the analyzed period, deaths from pneumonia showed a downtrend after peaking at about 10.4 thousand fatalities in 2018. As of 2021, the annual number of deaths from respiratory diseases surpassed 35 thousand cases in the European country.

This statistic displays the number of deaths caused by invasive pneumococcal disease confirmed in Europe in 2018. The United Kingdom reported the highest number of deaths caused by invasive pneumococcal disease, with 945 deaths in 2018.

Under-five years and age-stratified all-cause and HIV cause-specific mortality rates per 1,000 live births by time periods, Kenya Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS) program, February 2018-March 2022.

Objectives: Sepsis is one of the most common comorbidities in severe community-acquired pneumonia (SCAP) patients. We aimed to investigate the characteristics and mortality risk factors of SCAP patients hospitalized with Sepsis. Design: A retrospective, single-centre study. Setting: This study was conducted at a tertiary hospital in Southern China. Participants: A total of 119 patients with SCAP, aged 17 years or older, were treated in the Integrated intensive care unit from 1 January 2018 to 30 December 2020. Interventions: none. Outcome: 180-day mortality was the primary outcome. Results: 119 patients were divided into the survivors (83 patients,69.75%), and the non-survivors (36 patients,30.25%). There are more pronounced inflammatory responses and respiratory problems at the beginning of the disease in non-survivors, requiring stronger respiratory and circulatory support. The CURB-65 score was a better predictor of mortality than the PSI and APACHE2 scores, AUCs of CURB-65: OR 0.744...