Since 2010, the household price of electricity in Poland has seen little change, increasing from ***** euro cents per kilowatt-hour to ***** euro cents in the first semester of 2024. Looking at the figures, it can be seen that on average prices were cheaper in the second half of each year. A noticeable exception was in the second half of 2021, when prices increased by due to the energy crisis. This was the peak price during the period of consideration. Price comparisons Compared to the rest of Europe, Polish households pay a reasonably low amount for electricity. In 2022, households using between ***** and ***** kWh paid ***** euro cents per kWh. This was considerably less than in Czechia or neighboring Germany, where prices amounted to ***** and ***** euro cents per kilowatt-hour, respectively. Electricity production The vast majority of electricity in Poland is produced by the burning of ****. Of this total, ** percent was produced by hard coal in 2023. Due to its reliance on fossil fuels for energy, pollution is high in Poland. However, the last decade has seen a decline in power generation from solid fossil fuels and an increase in power generation from natural gas and renewable sources. At the COP26 climate summit in Glasgow in 2021, Poland also pledged to phase out coal.

Poland - Electricity prices: Medium size households was EUR0.21 Kilowatt-hour in December of 2024, according to the EUROSTAT. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Poland - Electricity prices: Medium size households - last updated from the EUROSTAT on July of 2025. Historically, Poland - Electricity prices: Medium size households reached a record high of EUR0.21 Kilowatt-hour in December of 2024 and a record low of EUR0.13 Kilowatt-hour in December of 2016.

Poland Retail Price: Electricity for Households, G-11 Tariff data was reported at 1.110 PLN/kWh in Feb 2025. This stayed constant from the previous number of 1.110 PLN/kWh for Jan 2025. Poland Retail Price: Electricity for Households, G-11 Tariff data is updated monthly, averaging 0.650 PLN/kWh from Jan 2010 (Median) to Feb 2025, with 182 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.110 PLN/kWh in Feb 2025 and a record low of 0.570 PLN/kWh in Jan 2010. Poland Retail Price: Electricity for Households, G-11 Tariff data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistics Poland. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Poland – Table PL.P002: Retail Price: Non Food Products and Services.

In the observed period, weighted average monthly electricity prices on the day-ahead market in Poland increased from ****** zloty/MWh in January 2018 to over *** zloty/MWh (***** EUR/MWh) in April 2025. The record weighted average price occurred in August 2022, exceeding ***** zloty. Consumption of electricity in Poland Electricity is essential to modern life and vital to every country’s economy. Starting from 1990, the final annual electricity consumption reached a value of ***** terawatt-hours. It eventually grew to *** tWh in 2023, which happened to be a *** percent decrease compared to the previous year. Consumption of solar photovoltaic power has become popular in recent years, but also the capacity of solar photovoltaic per inhabitant in Poland has significantly increased, rising from just *** watts per inhabitant in 2013 to ***** W/inhab in 2023. In 2023, **** million customers in Poland used electricity with consumption lower than ** megawatt-hours. Electricity production from renewables Throughout the years, there have been different methods and sources of electricity production worldwide. Starting in 2012, the electricity production from solar photovoltaic power generated only *** gigawatt-hours. In 2023, Poland's electricity production volume from solar photovoltaic power reached a peak of over ** terawatt hours. Another source of electricity production was the wind. Where the production of electricity from wind steadily increased from **** gigawatt-hours in 2000 to ****** gigawatt-hours in 2023. Biogas and biomass also play a significant role in the production of electricity. In 2012, electricity production from biogas and biomass was the highest at around ****** gigawatt-hours. However, in 2022, the production decreased, reaching ***** GWh.

In the second half of 2024, electricity prices for the industry in Poland exceeded **** euros per kilowatt-hour. Electricity prices in households in Poland The energy intensity of enterprises in Poland is one of the highest in the European Union and much higher than in Western European countries. Companies cannot compensate for rising energy prices in the prices of their products. Therefore, they are forced to seek other alternatives. Rising electricity prices for the industry are pushing entrepreneurs not only to save energy but also to look for their own sources of energy production, which would ultimately improve energy efficiency and reduce operating costs for many enterprises. Electricity prices for households in Poland amounted to **** euros per kilowatt-hour in the second half of 2023. The low prices in 2019 were mainly the result of the government's freezing of electricity prices to final recipients. However, the government increased energy prices from 2020. This will meant an increase in the cost of living for the average citizen. Not only energy prices rose, but also the prices of goods and services dependent on energy. Wholesale electricity prices in Poland Wholesale electricity prices in Poland were the highest in Central and Eastern Europe as of February 2024. Prices ranged increased from ***** zloty per megawatt-hour in March 2018 to nearly *** thousand zloty per megawatt-hour in August 2022. The increase in wholesale electricity prices is mainly due to the price of coal. Coal is the primary fuel used to produce energy in Poland. In 2019, ** TWh of power was produced from hard coal and ** TWh from lignite. Another reason for higher energy prices is the rising price of CO2 emission allowances and the expected increase in generation capacity in the heating sector.

Between 2014 and the second half of 2024, the electricity prices for a household consuming ***** kilowatt-hour (kWh) per year on the G11 tariff increased from **** zloty per kWh to **** zloty per kWh. Tariff G11 was an energy tariff, dedicated to individual consumers and small businesses that did not have a large demand for electricity, with fixed prices per kWh. The increase in electricity costs in the second half of 2024 was mainly due to the return to covering the real costs of distribution after the end of the price "freeze".

Poland PL: Residential Electricity Price: USD per kWh data was reported at 0.380 USD/kWh in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.340 USD/kWh for 2022. Poland PL: Residential Electricity Price: USD per kWh data is updated yearly, averaging 0.280 USD/kWh from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2023, with 34 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.380 USD/kWh in 2023 and a record low of 0.070 USD/kWh in 1990. Poland PL: Residential Electricity Price: USD per kWh data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Poland – Table PL.OECD.GGI: Environmental: Environmental Policy, Taxes and Transfers: OECD Member: Annual.

In 2024, the average electricity price for household consumers in Poland amounted to *** PLN/MWh (**** PLN/kWh). Household prices increased by *** percent.

In the first half of 2022, the natural gas prices for household end users (excluding taxes, levies, and VAT) in Poland did not change in comparison to the previous six months. The natural gas prices for household end users (excluding taxes, levies, and VAT) remained at 0.09 euro cents per kWh.The prices include electricity/basic price, transmission, system services, meter rental, distribution and other services.Find more key insights for the natural gas prices for household end users (excluding taxes, levies, and VAT) in countries like Austria, Bulgaria, and Bulgaria.

Poland: Electricity production from renewable sources, million kWh: The latest value from 2015 is 20851 million kWh, an increase from 17660 million kWh in 2014. In comparison, the world average is 11878.63 million kWh, based on data from 138 countries. Historically, the average for Poland from 1960 to 2015 is 2025.66 million kWh. The minimum value, 10 million kWh, was reached in 1960 while the maximum of 20851 million kWh was recorded in 2015.

In March 2024, industrial electricity prices in the European countries of Poland, Italy, and the United Kingdom were among the highest in the world, at over 0.40 U.S. dollars per kilowatt-hour. Singapore was the Asian country with the highest electricity bill worldwide at that time. Lowest electricity prices in the world The average retail electricity price in the United States was considerably lower than in most of Europe. Iceland was the European country with one of the lowest electricity bills for enterprises that month. At the bottom of the ranking were also Russia, Iraq, Qatar, Argentina, and Libya. In these countries, commercial electricity prices amounted to less than 0.1 U.S. dollars per kilowatt-hour. Household electricity prices In addition, European countries had the highest household electricity prices worldwide that month, with Italy at the top of the ranking. By comparison, Iran and Ethiopia had the lowest residential electricity prices in the world.

In the first half of 2022, the electricity prices for household end users (including taxes, levies, and VAT) in Poland did not change in comparison to the previous six months. The electricity prices for household end users (including taxes, levies, and VAT) remained at 0.05 euro cents per kWh.The prices include gas basic price, transmission, system services, meter rental, distribution and other services.Find more statistics on other topics about Poland with key insights such as natural gas prices for household end users incl. tax.

Poland: Geothermal electricity capacity, million kilowatts: The latest value from 2023 is 0 million kilowatts, unchanged from 0 million kilowatts in 2022. In comparison, the world average is 0.08 million kilowatts, based on data from 189 countries. Historically, the average for Poland from 2000 to 2023 is 0 million kilowatts. The minimum value, 0 million kilowatts, was reached in 2000 while the maximum of 0 million kilowatts was recorded in 2000.

India CNG Market size was valued at USD 25.7 Billion in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 70.4 Billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 13.4% from 2026 to 2032.Key Market DriversGovernment Support through Energy Policy: Poland's energy transformation is being propelled by strong government backing and strategic energy policy. The National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) sets a target of 32% renewable energy in the electrical sector by 2030, demonstrating the country's commitment to sustainable energy development. The government set aside around 3.2 billion PLN (nearly €700 million) between 2019 and 2023 for solar subsidy plans, which considerably increased household solar installations. This government support is accelerating the shift by decreasing household financial burdens, increasing clean energy use, and linking national efforts with EU climate goals.Rising Electricity Prices: Rising electricity rates in Poland are accelerating the transition to solar energy as a cost-effective alternative. According to data from the Energy Regulatory Office (URE), household energy rates would rise by approximately 24% in 2022 and another 15% in 2023. The Polish Central Statistical Office (GUS), the average household power cost in 2023 was 0.87 PLN per kWh, a roughly 61% rise from 2020. These substantial price increases are encouraging consumers to seek long-term savings and energy independence, making solar installations more appealing because they help minimize dependency on the grid and safeguard houses from potential price fluctuations.

Poland: Wind electricity capacity, million kilowatts: The latest value from 2023 is 9.31 million kilowatts, an increase from 8.15 million kilowatts in 2022. In comparison, the world average is 5.38 million kilowatts, based on data from 189 countries. Historically, the average for Poland from 2000 to 2023 is 3.06 million kilowatts. The minimum value, 0 million kilowatts, was reached in 2000 while the maximum of 9.31 million kilowatts was recorded in 2023.

住宅电价：美元/千瓦时在12-01-2023达0.380USD/kWh，相较于12-01-2022的0.340USD/kWh有所增长。住宅电价：美元/千瓦时数据按年更新，12-01-1990至12-01-2023期间平均值为0.280USD/kWh，共34份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于12-01-2023，达0.380USD/kWh，而历史最低值则出现于12-01-1990，为0.070USD/kWh。CEIC提供的住宅电价：美元/千瓦时数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development，数据归类于全球数据库的波兰 – Table PL.OECD.GGI: Environmental: Environmental Policy, Taxes and Transfers: OECD Member: Annual。

Poland: Renewable power capacity, million kilowatts: The latest value from 2023 is 26.95 million kilowatts, an increase from 22.15 million kilowatts in 2022. In comparison, the world average is 20.26 million kilowatts, based on data from 189 countries. Historically, the average for Poland from 1980 to 2023 is 3.48 million kilowatts. The minimum value, 0.47 million kilowatts, was reached in 1990 while the maximum of 26.95 million kilowatts was recorded in 2023.

Overview

The following dataset presents the energy cycle characteristics for 5G/6G mobile systems supported by Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and/or Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs). In addition, within the dataset, the energy gain related to the engagement of RES within the Radio Access Network (RAN) has also been distinguished.

Scenario

The considered network scenario includes 8 three- (_results_gcas.csv) or one-cell (_results_scas.csv & _results_kras.csv) base stations (BSs) placed within the Poznan city (surroundings of the old market) and supported by Renewable Energy Sources — photovoltaic panels (PVs) and/or wind turbines (WTs). The aforementioned base stations can be treated as stationary towers or mobile access points (e.g., drones/UAVs). Those latter have been additionally equipped with RIS devices, which are able to reflect and manipulate a radio signal to influence occurrences such as interferences, coverage, or human exposure. However, the use of RISs has been taken into account only to evaluate the impact of the engagement of such devices on the energy side of the mobile system, omitting the changes in radio characteristics. The network traffic has been assumed to be fixed (64 mobile users (UEs) with 100 Mbps downlink — DL, and 25 Mbps uplink — UL, per each), however, its density in specific parts of the city is modeled randomly for each simulation run. The simulation runs have been performed for 4 dates (vernal equinox, summer solstice, autumn equinox, winter solstice), each one from a different season of the year. The aim of such an approach was to highlight the impact of the time of the day and the year on the energy gain obtained thanks to enabling RES generators. The weather conditions assumed within the simulation are typical for the climate in Poland.

Methodology

The energy-cycle calculations (system's power consumption, renewable energy production, and excessive energy storage) have been based on the mathematical formulas from the scientific literature and performed within the digital simulation runs by using the Green Radio Access Network Design (GRAND) tool (developed by teams from the Ghent University & Poznan University of Technology). The UE-BS association process within the mobile system has been done by doing multi-objective optimization using the Gurobi software, which has taken into account parameters like path loss, predicted power consumption of BSs, and guaranteed DL & UL bit rates for UEs.

Simulation setup

The setup of the input parameters for used mathematical models (power consumption, energy generation, energy storage) has been done in accordance with the values attached within the delivered literature positions (cited within the publications included in the Related works section of the following dataset) and adjusted to the considered study. Furthermore, the data used to model the network environment (building distribution, coverage area, base stations' locations) as well as to predict weather conditions are the real data (for the year 2022) collected by the city hall of Poznan, one of the Polish mobile operators, and weather stations placed in Poznan, respectively. The number of simulation runs performed has been equal to 10 (each run has included energy-cycle calculations for 4 seasons of the year), with the time step of a single run set to 1 hour of the day.

Results

The results of the aforementioned investigations have been included in the attached files, which can be described as follows:

File _results_gcas.csv

The first column denotes the date (season of the year), for which the values have been obtained. The columns from second to fifth present observed values of the State of Charge (SoC) of a battery system (in %) for a single network cell on average in a time step. Those columns are the obtained values for the RAN, in which no RES, only PVs, only WTs, and both types of RES generators have been enabled, respectively.

Files _results_scas.csv & _results_kras.csv

The first column denotes the date (season of the year), for which the values have been obtained. The second and third columns denote the number of drone base station (DBS) exchanges within the wireless system on average in a particular time step, where no RES and only PVs are enabled, respectively. The fourth and fifth columns present the conventional (fossil-fuels-based) energy consumption (in kWh) for the whole system in a specific time step, in which no RES and only PVs are engaged for all the access nodes. The sixth column is the energy savings (in kWh) related to the use of RES generators within the mobile network. Furthermore, the seventh and eighth columns represent the amount of renewable energy harvested from the solar radiation in total and the peak value of this amount observed during the entire day, respectively.

Acknowledgment

More details about the conducted studies have been described within the attached papers (Related works section). The data has been collected within the COST CA10210 INTERACT. M. Deruyck is a Post-Doctoral Fellow of the FWO-V (Research Foundation – Flanders, ref: 12Z5621N). The work (including the following dataset preparation) by A. Samorzewski and A. Kliks was realized within project no. 2021/43/B/ST7/01365 funded by the National Science Center in Poland.

In the first half of 2022, the natural gas prices for household end users (excluding taxes, levies, and VAT) in Czechia increased significantly by 0.1 euro cents per kWh (+66.67 percent) in the second half of 2021. Therefore, the natural gas prices in Czechia reached a peak in the first half of 2022 with 0.23 euro cents per kWh.The prices include electricity/basic price, transmission, system services, meter rental, distribution and other services.Find more key insights for the natural gas prices for household end users (excluding taxes, levies, and VAT) in countries like Croatia, Poland, and Lithuania.

The natural gas prices for household end users (excluding taxes, levies, and VAT) in Romania increased significantly by 0.1 euro cents per kWh (+83.33 percent) in the first half of 2022 in comparison to the previous six months. Therefore, the natural gas prices in Romania reached a peak in the first half of 2022 with 0.18 euro cents per kWh.The prices include electricity/basic price, transmission, system services, meter rental, distribution and other services.Find more key insights for the natural gas prices for household end users (excluding taxes, levies, and VAT) in countries like Germany, Cyprus, and Poland.