NOTE: This is an archive version of NOPD Use of Force Incidents, and was last updated on April 27th, 2021. The data in this dataset are in the original format (one row per officer per subject interaction), and are no longer being updated. Please switch to the new format (one row per incident). This dataset represents use of force incidents by the New Orleans Police Department reported per NOPD Use of Force policy. This dataset includes initial reports that may be subject to change through the review process. This dataset reflects the most current status and information of these reports. This dataset includes one row of data for each combination of officer that used force and subject of force during the incident. For example, if during a use of force incident two officers used force and two people were the subject of force, there will be four rows associated with that incident in this dataset. The number of rows in this dataset does not represent the number of times force was used by NOPD officers. This dataset is updated nightly. Disclaimer: The New Orleans Police Department does not guarantee (either expressed or implied) the accuracy, completeness, timeliness, or correct sequencing of the information. The New Orleans Police Department will not be responsible for any error or omission, or for the use of, or the results obtained from the use of this information. All data visualizations on maps should be considered approximate and attempts to derive specific addresses are strictly prohibited. The New Orleans Police Department is not responsible for the content of any off-site pages that are referenced by or that reference this web page other than an official City of New Orleans or New Orleans Police Department web page. The user specifically acknowledges that the New Orleans Police Department is not responsible for any defamatory, offensive, misleading, or illegal conduct of other users, links, or third parties and that the risk of injury from the foregoing rests entirely with the user. Any use of the information for commercial purposes is strictly prohibited. The unauthorized use of the words "New Orleans Police Department," "NOPD," or any colorable imitation of these words or the unauthorized use of the New Orleans Police Department logo is unlawful. This web page does not, in any way, authorize such use.
This dataset provides incident-level information on use of force incidents involving South Bend Police Officers. Incident-level data is released beginning in 2017 through 2021.To see our newly updated map go to - Use of Force Incidents Map.Note: The location of the incident is rounded to the 100-block in order to protect the privacy and anonymity of residents involved.To access various documents, dashboards and datasets on Police Transparency, click here.
Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically
Analysis of ‘NOPD Use of Force Incidents (Archive)’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/a86f9659-6845-4742-914d-5f01f4fe1896 on 28 January 2022.
--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---
NOTE:
This is an archive version of NOPD Use of Force Incidents, and was last updated on April 27th, 2021. The data in this dataset are in the original format (one row per officer per subject interaction), and are no longer being updated. Please switch to the new format (one row per incident).
This dataset represents use of force incidents by the New Orleans Police Department reported per NOPD Use of Force policy. This dataset includes initial reports that may be subject to change through the review process. This dataset reflects the most current status and information of these reports. This dataset includes one row of data for each combination of officer that used force and subject of force during the incident. For example, if during a use of force incident two officers used force and two people were the subject of force, there will be four rows associated with that incident in this dataset. The number of rows in this dataset does not represent the number of times force was used by NOPD officers. This dataset is updated nightly. Disclaimer: The New Orleans Police Department does not guarantee (either expressed or implied) the accuracy, completeness, timeliness, or correct sequencing of the information. The New Orleans Police Department will not be responsible for any error or omission, or for the use of, or the results obtained from the use of this information. All data visualizations on maps should be considered approximate and attempts to derive specific addresses are strictly prohibited. The New Orleans Police Department is not responsible for the content of any off-site pages that are referenced by or that reference this web page other than an official City of New Orleans or New Orleans Police Department web page. The user specifically acknowledges that the New Orleans Police Department is not responsible for any defamatory, offensive, misleading, or illegal conduct of other users, links, or third parties and that the risk of injury from the foregoing rests entirely with the user. Any use of the information for commercial purposes is strictly prohibited. The unauthorized use of the words "New Orleans Police Department," "NOPD," or any colorable imitation of these words or the unauthorized use of the New Orleans Police Department logo is unlawful. This web page does not, in any way, authorize such use.
--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---
APD Use of Force Data View Please view this Metadata link: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1sScS5Jez1w8I-DUb6bagsj8efad7tDtIkbebicTXUOM/Use of Force Data will be updated quarterly. APD Filters: The view includes the following agency-specific filters: Asheville Police Department (APD): Use APD Beat Include Records on/after January 01, 2021. The view will have data starting January 01, 2021 and will be updated Quarterly. * Incident_type is filtered to: “Use of force” type_force_used is filtered to: show all that are not Null subject_injury replaces Subject Condition with Null, Conditions are: Mentally Unstable, None Detected, Unknown, Use of Alcohol, Use of Drugs, Use of Alcohol & Drugs. As of November 2020, the Asheville Police Department updated the department's use of force policy to include not only when force was used, but also when force was shown. A show of force is defined as a gesture with a lethal and/or less-lethal weapon directed at a person as a means to coerce or gain compliance. A use of force is defined as any physical strike, instrumental contact with a person, or any physical contact that restricts the movement of a person and does not include the application of handcuffs with no resistance. Because of the updated policy, we have created this new dataset for Use of Force data after January 2021.
This dataset provides incident-level information on use of force incidents involving South Bend Police Officers. Incident-level data is released beginning in 2017 through 2021.To see our newly updated map go to - Use of Force Incidents Map.Note: The location of the incident is rounded to the 100-block in order to protect the privacy and anonymity of residents involved.To access various documents, dashboards and datasets on Police Transparency,click here.
APD Use of Force Data View
Please view this Metadata link: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1sScS5Jez1w8I-DUb6bagsj8efad7tDtIkbebicTXUOM/edit?usp=sharing APD Use of Force Policy APD Use of Force Data will be updated quarterly.APD Filters: The view includes the following agency-specific filters: Asheville Police Department (APD): Use APD Beat Include Records on/after January 01, 2018. The view will have data starting January 01, 2018 through December 2020.* Incident_type is filtered to: “Use of force” type_force_used is filtered to: show all that are not Null subject_injury replaces Subject Condition with Null, Conditions are: Mentally Unstable, None Detected, Unknown, Use of Alcohol, Use of Drugs, Use of Alcohol & Drugs.As of November 2020, the Asheville Police Department updated the department's use of force policy to include not only when force was used, but also when force was shown. A show of force is defined as a gesture with a lethal and/or less-lethal weapon directed at a person as a means to coerce or gain compliance. A use of force is defined as any physical strike, instrumental contact with a person, or any physical contact that restricts the movement of a person and does not include the application of handcuffs with no resistance. Because of the updated policy, we have created a new dataset for Use of Force data after January 2021.
Open Government Licence 3.0http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/
License information was derived automatically
Police recorded crime figures by Police Force Area and Community Safety Partnership areas (which equate in the majority of instances, to local authorities).
Sadly, the trend of fatal police shootings in the United States seems to only be increasing, with a total 1,173 civilians having been shot, 248 of whom were Black, as of December 2024. In 2023, there were 1,164 fatal police shootings. Additionally, the rate of fatal police shootings among Black Americans was much higher than that for any other ethnicity, standing at 6.1 fatal shootings per million of the population per year between 2015 and 2024. Police brutality in the U.S. In recent years, particularly since the fatal shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri in 2014, police brutality has become a hot button issue in the United States. The number of homicides committed by police in the United States is often compared to those in countries such as England, where the number is significantly lower. Black Lives Matter The Black Lives Matter Movement, formed in 2013, has been a vocal part of the movement against police brutality in the U.S. by organizing “die-ins”, marches, and demonstrations in response to the killings of black men and women by police. While Black Lives Matter has become a controversial movement within the U.S., it has brought more attention to the number and frequency of police shootings of civilians.
This data is collected within a Public Safety Records Management System (RMS). All calls for service are stored in the RMS along with incident data and additional reports. This data is utilized for various analytical functions within the Police Department including Use of Force tracking and analysis. Use of Force Codes: The following is a list of the codes used in this report and a brief description. Also, please note that (where applicable) all codes are preceded by U or D signifying whether the object in question was Used or Displayed.OC - Pepper Spray (oleo resin capsicum)BATON - Display of BatonTASER - Display of TaserFIREARM - Display of FirearmPW - Personal WeaponK9 - Display of CanineTOIO - Tool of Immediate OpportunityPepperball - Display of Pepperball (a projectile containing Pepper Spray)More information: Visit the Worcester Police Department webpage to learn more about their services, programs, and initiatives.Informing Worcester is the City of Worcester's open data portal where interested parties can obtain public information at no cost.
Data on police personnel (police officers by gender, civilian and other personnel), police officers and authorized strength per 100,000 population, authorized police officer strength, population, net gain or loss from hirings and departures, police officers eligible to retire and selected crime statistics. Data is provided for municipal police services, 2000 to 2023.
CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedicationhttps://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
License information was derived automatically
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For the latest data tables see ‘Police recorded crime and outcomes open data tables’.
These historic data tables contain figures up to September 2024 for:
There are counting rules for recorded crime to help to ensure that crimes are recorded consistently and accurately.
These tables are designed to have many uses. The Home Office would like to hear from any users who have developed applications for these data tables and any suggestions for future releases. Please contact the Crime Analysis team at crimeandpolicestats@homeoffice.gov.uk.
https://www.ons.gov.uk/methodology/geography/licenceshttps://www.ons.gov.uk/methodology/geography/licences
This file contains the digital vector boundaries for Police Force Areas, in England and Wales, as at December 2021. The boundaries available are: (BFC) Full resolution - clipped to the coastline (Mean High Water mark. Contains both Ordnance Survey and ONS Intellectual Property Rights.REST URL of ArcGIS for INSPIRE View Service – https://services1.arcgis.com/ESMARspQHYMw9BZ9/arcgis/rest/services/Police_Force_Areas_(Dec_2021)_EW_BFC/MapServerREST URL of ArcGIS for INSPIRE Feature DownloadService – https://dservices1.arcgis.com/ESMARspQHYMw9BZ9/arcgis/services/Police_Force_Areas_Dec_2021_EW_BFC/WFSServer?service=wfs&request=getcapabilitiesREST URL of Feature Access Service – https://services1.arcgis.com/ESMARspQHYMw9BZ9/arcgis/rest/services/Police_Force_Areas_Dec_2021_EW_BFC_2022/FeatureServer
https://www.ons.gov.uk/methodology/geography/licenceshttps://www.ons.gov.uk/methodology/geography/licences
This guidance note sets out the recommended standard presentation of statistics for police force areas at regional and sub-regional levels in the UK.
https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/studies/38872/termshttps://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/studies/38872/terms
The Police-Public Contact Survey (PPCS) provides detailed information on the nature and characteristics of face-to-face contacts between police and the public, including the reason for and outcome of the contact and the respondent's satisfaction with the contact. The data can be used to estimate the likelihood of different types of contact for residents with different demographic characteristics, including contacts involving the use of nonfatal force by police. The PPCS is used to collect data from a nationally representative sample of U.S. residents age 16 or older as a supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey. To date, the PPCS has been conducted ten times by BJS: 1. 1996. Described in the BJS publication Police Use of Force: Collection of National Data (NCJ 165040). 2. 1999. Described in Contacts between Police and the Public: Findings from the 1999 National Survey (NCJ 184957). These data are archived as POLICE-PUBLIC CONTACT SURVEY, 1999: UNITED STATES. 3. 2002. Described in Contacts between Police and the Public: Findings from the 2002 National Survey (NCJ 207845). These data are archived as POLICE-PUBLIC CONTACT SURVEY, 2002: UNITED STATES. 4. 2005. Described in the BJS publication Contacts between Police and the Public, 2005 (NCJ 215243). These data are archived as POLICE-PUBLIC CONTACT SURVEY, 2005: UNITED STATES. 5. 2008. Described in the BJS publication Contacts between Police and the Public, 2008 (NCJ 234599). These data are archived as POLICE-PUBLIC CONTACT SURVEY, 2008 (ICPSR 32022). 6. 2011. Split sample design due to instrument changes. New instrument findings described in two publications: Police Behavior During Traffic and Street Stops, 2011 (NCJ 242937) and Requests for Police Assistance, 2011 (NCJ 242938). These data are archived as POLICE-PUBLIC CONTACT SURVEY, 2011 (ICPSR 34276). 7. 2015. Described in the BJS publication Contacts between Police and Public, 2015 (NCJ 251145). These data are archived as POLICE-PUBLIC CONTACT SURVEY, 2015 (ICPSR 36653). 8. 2018. Described in the BJS publication Contacts between Police and Public, 2018. These data are archived as POLICE-PUBLIC CONTACT SURVEY, 2018 (ICPSR 37916). 9. 2020. Described in the BJS publication Contacts between Police and Public, 2020. These data are archived as POLICE-PUBLIC CONTACT SURVEY, 2020 (ICPSR 38320). 10. 2022. Described in the BJS publication Contacts between Police and Public, 2022. These data are archived as POLICE-PUBLIC CONTACT SURVEY, 2022 (ICPSR 38872).
This research sought to evaluate the implementation of body worn cameras (BWCs) in the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD). Researchers employed three strategies to evaluate the impact of BWCs in the department: 1) two-wave officer surveys about BWCs, 2) two-wave Systematic Social Observations (SSOs) of citizen interactions from officer ride-alongs, and 3) a time series analysis of existing LAPD data of use of force and complaint data. The officer surveys were conducted in the Mission and Newton divisions of the LAPD before and after BWCs were implemented. The survey instrument was designed to measure perceptions of BWCs across a variety of domains and took approximately 20 minutes to complete. Researchers attended roll calls for all shifts and units to request officer participation and administered the surveys on tablets using the Qualtrics software. The pre-deployment survey was administered in both divisions August and September 2015. The post-deployment surveys were conducted with a subset of officers who participated in the pre-deployment surveys during a two-week period in the summer of 2016, approximately nine months following the initial rollout of BWCs. The SSO data was collected in the Mission and Newton divisions prior to and following BWC implementation. The pre-administration SSOs were conducted in August and September 2015 and the post-administration SSOs were conducted in June and August, 2016. Trained observers spent 725 hours riding with and collecting observational data on the encounters between officers and citizens using tablets to perform field coding using Qualtrics software. A total of 124 rides (71 from Wave I and 53 from Wave II) were completed between both Newton and Mission Divisions. These observations included 514 encounters and involved coding the interactions of 1,022 citizens, 555 of which were deemed to be citizens who had full contact, which was defined as a minute or more of face-time or at least three verbal exchanges. Patrol officers (including special units) for ride-alongs were selected from a master list of officers scheduled to work each day and shift throughout the observation period. Up to five officers within each shift were randomly identified as potential participants for observation from this master list and observers would select the first available officer from this list. For each six-hour observation period, or approximately one-half of a shift, the research staff observed the interactions between the assigned officer, his or her partner, and any citizens he or she encountered. In Wave 2, SSOs were conducted with the same officers from Wave 1. The time series data were obtained from the LAPD use of force and complaint databases for each of the 21 separate patrol divisions, a metropolitan patrol division, and four traffic divisions of the LAPD. These data cover the time period where BWC were implemented throughout the LAPD on a staggered basis by division from 2015 to 2018. The LAPD operates using four-week deployment periods (DPs), and there are approximately 13 deployment periods per year. These data span the period of the beginning of 2012 through the 2017 DP 12. These data were aggregated to counts by deployment period based on the date of the originating incident. The LAPD collects detailed information about each application of force by an officer within an encounter. For this reason, separate use of force counts are based on incidents, officers, and use of force applications. Similarly, the LAPD also collects information on each allegation for each officer within a complaint and public complaint counts are based on incidents, officers, and allegations.
List of the data tables as part of the ‘Crime outcomes in England and Wales’ Home Office release.
There are counting rules for recorded crime to help to ensure that crimes are recorded consistently and accurately.
These tables are designed to have many uses. The Home Office would like to hear from any users who have developed applications for these data tables and any suggestions for future releases. If you have any feedback, please contact the Crime Analysis team at crimeandpolicestats@homeoffice.gov.uk.
Crime outcomes in England and Wales statistics
Police recorded crime and outcomes open data tables user guide
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/680797798c1316be7978e6cb/recrime-geo-pfa.csv">Recorded crime data geographical reference table (CSV, 21.9 KB)
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6807988b148a9969d2394e5a/reccrime-offence-ref.ods">Recorded crime data offence reference table (ODS, 14 KB)
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/680799613bdfd1243078e6d1/prc-pfa-mar2013-onwards-tables-240425.ods">Police recorded crime open data Police Force Area tables, year ending March 2013 onwards (ODS, 12.6 MB)
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/680799ed8c1316be7978e6cd/prc-pfa-mar2008-mar2012-tabs.ods">Police recorded crime open data Police Force Area tables from March 2008 to March 2012 (ODS, 6.05 MB)
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/68079a4f3bdfd1243078e6d2/prc-pfa-0203-to-0607-tabs.ods">Police recorded crime open data Police Force Area tables from year ending March 2003 to year ending March 2007 (ODS, 4.79 MB)
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/68079bce148a9969d2394e5e/prc-subcodes-vawg-offences-mar2020-dec2024-240525.ods">Police recorded crime subcodes for selected VAWG offences, from year ending March 2020 to year ending December 2024 (ODS, 484 KB)
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/68079c630324470d6a394e68/prc-csp-mar16-dec24-tables-240425.ods">Police recorded crime Community Safety Partnership open data, year ending March 2016 to year ending December 2024 (ODS, 73.5 MB)
<a class="govuk-link" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/m
https://www.ons.gov.uk/methodology/geography/licenceshttps://www.ons.gov.uk/methodology/geography/licences
This file contains the digital vector boundaries for Police Force Areas in England and Wales as at December 2021. The boundaries available are: (BUC) Ultra generalised (500m) - clipped to the coastline (Mean High Water mark). Contains both Ordnance Survey and ONS Intellectual Property Rights.REST URL of ArcGIS for INSPIRE View Service – https://services1.arcgis.com/ESMARspQHYMw9BZ9/arcgis/rest/services/Police_Force_Areas_(Dec_2021)_EW_BUC/MapServerREST URL of ArcGIS for INSPIRE Feature DownloadService – https://dservices1.arcgis.com/ESMARspQHYMw9BZ9/arcgis/services/Police_Force_Areas_Dec_2021_EW_BUC/WFSServer?service=wfs&request=getcapabilitiesREST URL of Feature Access Service – https://services1.arcgis.com/ESMARspQHYMw9BZ9/arcgis/rest/services/Police_Force_Areas_Dec_2021_EW_BUC_2022/FeatureServer
https://data.syrgov.net/pages/termsofusehttps://data.syrgov.net/pages/termsofuse
This 2021 crime data is the list of crimes that the Syracuse Police Department responded to in 2021. These records does not include rape offenses as well as any crimes that have been sealed by the court. Crimes are reported to the FBI in two major categories under the Uniform Crime Reports specification: Part 1 and Part 2 crimes. Part 1 crimes include criminal homicide, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft. In these records, rape offenses have been excluded due to victim privacy concerns.Part 2 crimes include all other offenses. A more detailed guide to Part 1 crimes is listed below. More details about Part 2 Crimes is listed in the Part 2 Crimes Dataset.When using the data, the date and time provided are when the crime was actually reported. This means that though a larceny might be reported at noon, the actual crime could have happened at 8am, but was not realized until someone noticed hours later. Similarly, if a home break-in happens during a holiday weekend when the owners are out of town, the crime report may not come in until they return home and notice the crime took place previously. The address in the dataset is where the crime occurred. The location is also anonymized to the block level, so a crime that occurred at 123 Main St. will appear as occurring on the 100 block of Main St. This is to protect the privacy of all involved. Finally, information about crimes is fluid, and details about the crime could change.Data DictionaryDR Number - Department Report (DR) number is a unique number assigned by the Records Management System, the first two numbers identify the year in which the incident was reported.Time start and time end - Listed in military time (2400) - Burglaries and larcenies are often a time frame. Address - Where the crime occurred. All addresses are in the 100’s because the Syracuse Police Department allows privacy for residents and only lists the block number.Code Defined - Offense names are listed as crime categories group for ease of understanding. There may have been other offenses also, but the one displayed is the highest Unified Crime Reporting (UCR) category.Arrest - Means that there was an arrest, but not necessarily for that crime.Larceny Code - Indicates the type of larceny (Example: From Building or From Motor Vehicle).DisclaimerData derived from the Syracuse Police Department record management system, any data not listed is not currently available.Part I Crime DefinitionsCriminal homicide—a.) Murder and non-negligent manslaughter: the willful (non-negligent) killing of one human being by another. Deaths caused by negligence, attempts to kill, assaults to kill, suicides, and accidental deaths are excluded. The program classifies justifiable homicides separately and limits the definition to: (1) the killing of a felon by a law enforcement officer in the line of duty; or (2) the killing of a felon, during the commission of a felony, by a private citizen. b.) Manslaughter by negligence: the killing of another person through gross negligence. Deaths of persons due to their own negligence, accidental deaths not resulting from gross negligence, and traffic fatalities are not included in the category Manslaughter by Negligence. Robbery—The taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear. Aggravated assault—An unlawful attack by one person upon another for the purpose of inflicting severe or aggravated bodily injury. This type of assault usually is accompanied by the use of a weapon or by means likely to produce death or great bodily harm. Simple assaults are excluded. Burglary (breaking or entering)—The unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or a theft. Attempted forcible entry is included. Larceny-theft (except motor vehicle theft)—The unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession or constructive possession of another. Examples are thefts of bicycles, motor vehicle parts and accessories, shoplifting, pocket picking, or the stealing of any property or article that is not taken by force and violence or by fraud. Attempted larcenies are included. Embezzlement, confidence games, forgery, check fraud, etc., are excluded. Motor vehicle theft—The theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle. A motor vehicle is self-propelled and runs on land surface and not on rails. Motorboats, construction equipment, airplanes, and farming equipment are specifically excluded from this category.
Data on police personnel (police officers by gender, civilian and other personnel), police-civilian ratio, police officers and authorized strength per 100,000 population, authorized police officer strength and selected crime statistics. Data is provided for Canada, provinces, territories and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) headquarters, training academy depot division and forensic labs, 1986 to 2023.
NOTE: This is an archive version of NOPD Use of Force Incidents, and was last updated on April 27th, 2021. The data in this dataset are in the original format (one row per officer per subject interaction), and are no longer being updated. Please switch to the new format (one row per incident). This dataset represents use of force incidents by the New Orleans Police Department reported per NOPD Use of Force policy. This dataset includes initial reports that may be subject to change through the review process. This dataset reflects the most current status and information of these reports. This dataset includes one row of data for each combination of officer that used force and subject of force during the incident. For example, if during a use of force incident two officers used force and two people were the subject of force, there will be four rows associated with that incident in this dataset. The number of rows in this dataset does not represent the number of times force was used by NOPD officers. This dataset is updated nightly. Disclaimer: The New Orleans Police Department does not guarantee (either expressed or implied) the accuracy, completeness, timeliness, or correct sequencing of the information. The New Orleans Police Department will not be responsible for any error or omission, or for the use of, or the results obtained from the use of this information. All data visualizations on maps should be considered approximate and attempts to derive specific addresses are strictly prohibited. The New Orleans Police Department is not responsible for the content of any off-site pages that are referenced by or that reference this web page other than an official City of New Orleans or New Orleans Police Department web page. The user specifically acknowledges that the New Orleans Police Department is not responsible for any defamatory, offensive, misleading, or illegal conduct of other users, links, or third parties and that the risk of injury from the foregoing rests entirely with the user. Any use of the information for commercial purposes is strictly prohibited. The unauthorized use of the words "New Orleans Police Department," "NOPD," or any colorable imitation of these words or the unauthorized use of the New Orleans Police Department logo is unlawful. This web page does not, in any way, authorize such use.