In recent decades, there has been an institutional shift in the literature on authoritarian regimes, with scholars investigating the role of political institutions, such as elections and political parties, in shaping regime stability and economic performance. However, scant attention has been devoted to the effect of political institutions on policy outcomes, and more specifically, on income inequality. This paper adds to this debate and sheds light on the role of formal and informal institutions, on the one hand, and state capacity, on the other, in influencing levels of income inequality in autocracies. We argue that, while the presence of elections and multiparty competition creates more favourable conditions for the adoption of redistributive policies, state capacity increases the likelihood of successfully implemented policy decisions aimed at reducing the level of inequality. Our empirical analysis rests on a time-series cross-sectional dataset, which includes around 100 countries from 1972 to 2014. The findings indicate that both political institutions and a higher level of state capacity lead to lower levels of income inequality in authoritarian contexts.
https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/studies/22163/termshttps://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/studies/22163/terms
This special topic poll, conducted October 19-22, 2006, is part of a continuing series of monthly surveys that solicit public opinion on the current presidency and on a range of other political and social issues. Respondents were asked whether they approved of the way George W. Bush was handling his job as president, whether they approved of the way Congress and their own representative in Congress was handling their job, and to rate the condition of the national economy. Registered voters were asked whether they followed the congressional elections, whether they were likely to vote, and which candidate they would vote for if the election were being held that day. Registered voters who had already voted absentee were asked which candidate they voted for, how enthusiastic they were about their vote, and whether their vote was more for one political party, or more against the other political party. Opinions were solicited on what was the most important issue in congressional elections, whether things in the country were generally going in the right direction, whether their reason for voting for a candidate for Congress included showing support for George W. Bush, which political party they trusted to do a better job handling issues such as the situation in Iraq and the economy, and whether they thought a change of control from the Republicans to the Democrats would be a good thing. Information was collected on whether respondents had been contacted by any organization working in support of a candidate for Congress and which political party they were asked to vote for, whether the 2006 congressional elections were more important to the country than past elections, and whether the war with Iraq was worth fighting. Additional questions asked how much Congress should be blamed for problems relating to the war with Iraq, how much credit Congress should get for preventing terrorist attacks, whether respondents felt optimistic about the situation in Iraq, and if the United States had the same kind of involvement in the war with Iraq as it did the Vietnam war. Demographic variables include sex, age, religion, race, education level, household income, labor union membership, voter registration and participation history, political party affiliation, political philosophy, employment status, marital status, and type of residential area (e.g., urban or rural).
https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
As part of Cards Against Humanity Saves America, this poll is funded for one year of monthly public opinion polls. Cards Against Humanity is asking the American people about their social and political views, what they think of the president, and their pee-pee habits.
To conduct their polls in a scientifically rigorous manner, they partnered with Survey Sampling International — a professional research firm — to contact a nationally representative sample of the American public. For the first three polls, they interrupted people’s dinners on both their cell phones and landlines, and a total of about 3,000 adults didn’t hang up immediately. They examined the data for statistically significant correlations which can be found here: [https://thepulseofthenation.com/][1]
These polls are from Cards Against Humanity Saves America and the raw data can be found here: [https://thepulse...
The survey examines social inequality and its consequences in Finland. The data was collected as part of the Citizens' Opinion Panel, which is part of The Finnish Research Infrastructure for Public Opinion (FIRIPO). First, the survey explored respondents' views on social inequality and the current and future state of inequality in Finland. Participants were asked, for example, about the current model of income distribution in Finland and their expectations for the situation 10 years from now. Next, respondents were asked to indicate which income bracket they felt they belonged to. This was followed by questions about their political opinions and political activity. Respondents were asked which forms of civic engagement they had participated in during the past 12 months. In addition, they were asked in more detail what actions they had taken to influence issues related to social inequality. The survey also included questions about trust in institutions such as the government and politicians, followed by questions about party preference. Finally, respondents were asked to evaluate various statements related to potential corruption in municipal decision-making. Background variables included the respondent's age, gender, region of recidense, highest level of education, marital status, main activity, political party preference, monthly household income and number of children living in the household.
According to exit polling in the 2020 Presidential Election in the United States, ** percent of surveyed voters making less than 50,000 U.S. dollars reported voting for former Vice President Joe Biden. In the race to become the next president of the United States, ** percent of voters with an income of 100,000 U.S. dollars or more reported voting for incumbent President Donald Trump.
https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/studies/34464/termshttps://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/studies/34464/terms
This poll, fielded December of 2011 and the first of two, is a part of a continuing series of monthly surveys that solicits public opinion on a range of political and social issues. Respondents were asked how well Barack Obama was handling the presidency, foreign policy, the economy, terrorism, and job creation. Further questions were asked whether Obama was a strong leader, whether Obama had the same priorities for the country, whether Obama's presidency had brought different groups of Americans together, whether Obama had a clear idea for a second term, whether Obama fought hard for his policies, and whether Obama was down-to-earth. Additional topics included whether Congress was performing their job well, whether the country was moving in the right direction, whether the Republicans in Congress or Obama and the Democrats were to blame for the difficulties in passing legislation, and who was to blame for the state of the nation's economy. Respondents were also queried on whether they approved of the health care law and whether it affected them personally. Demographic information includes sex, age, race, marital status, household composition, education level, household income, employment status, type of residential area (e.g., urban or rural), political party affiliation, political philosophy, voter registration status, voting behavior, and whether respondents thought of themselves as born-again Christians.
https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/studies/7285/termshttps://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/studies/7285/terms
This study presents data collected as part of the 1960-1961 Detroit Area Study from 419 workers who were members of the United Auto Workers union. Respondents were asked how long they had worked on their jobs, what their job duties were, and whether they were satisfied with their jobs. Another set of questions covered length of union membership, union activity, their conceptions of what the role of their union should be, and their satisfaction with the job their union was doing. Political questions covered the good and bad points of political parties, the Kennedy-Nixon debates, the political issues facing the nation, party identification, past and present vote in state and national elections, and political participation. The social structure of the work group was probed, and respondents were questioned about the importance of politics in work group relationships. Demographic variables included social class, age, organizational membership, religion, education, occupation, income, and race.
For the parliamentary election in Norway in 2021, the most common income bracket for male candidates is the highest; more than one million Norwegian Kroner annually. Candidates earning between 400,000 and 499,999 Norwegian Kroner annually make up the largest income group combined, but only just ahead of the top earners. Candidates from the Conservative Party have the highest average annual income, both among men and women. The parliamentary elections in Norway are due to be held on September 12 and 13.
Gallup poll (Canadian Institute of Public Opinion) This dataset covers ballots 186-189, and 191, spanning May-July 1949. The dataset contains the data resulting from these polls in ASCII. The ballots are as follows: 186 - May This Gallup Poll aims to collect the political opinions of Canadians, approximately one month before an election. It also attempts to determine how many Canadians will vote, and whether they have decided in advance which party to vote for. Respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped according to geographic, demographic, and social variables. Topics of interest include: car ownership; the federal election; political parties; phone ownership; union membership; and the United Nations; Basic demographic variables are also included. 187 - May This Gallup Poll aims to collect data regarding the political views and opinions of Canadians, as well as their voting patterns. It also measures Canadians' views of government, and compares these views across geographic, demographic and social groups. Topics of interest include: banks; Canadian Pacific Railway; car ownership; communism; the farming industry; the federal election; government ownership of assets; government priorities; housing; immigration; income; the meat packing industry; phone ownership; political party; union membership; and voting behaviour. Basic demographic variables are also included. 188 - June This Gallup Poll aims to measure the opinions of Canadians on topics such as government ownership of assets, and the priorities of the government. It also collects information about voting patterns and preferred political parties, and measures this information across demographic, geographic and social groups. Topics of interest include: banks; Canadian Pacific Railway; car ownership; communism; education; the farm implements industry; freight rates; government ownership of assets; government priorities; immigration; income tax; the iron and steel industry; irrigation; the meat packing industry; political parties; trade; union membership; and voting behaviour. Basic demographic variables are also included. 189 - June This Gallup Poll aims to measure the political views of Canadians and the opinions that Canadians have of political parties before an election. It measures these opinions against the demographic, geographic and social groups of the respondents. Topics of interest include: car ownership; federal election; phone ownership; political party; and union membership. Basic demographics variables are also included. 191 - July This Gallup Poll attempts to measure the opinions of Canadians on such topics as politics, freedom of speech, and education. The survey also contains questions intended to try and measure Canadians' knowledge on different topics concerning their country. Respondents were also asked questions so that they could be grouped \ according to geographic, political and social variables. Topics of interest include: Canada; car ownership; corporal punishment; education of respondents; elections; freedom; free speech; money; phone ownership; political parties; politics; price levels; social security; taxation; travel; union membership; and working conditions in Canada. Basic demographics variables are also included. The codebook for this dataset is available through the UBC Library catalogue, with call number HN110.Z9 P84.
Political attitudes and behaviors with regard to demographic change.
Topics: Assessment of the national economic situation (retrospective, current, prospective); concern regarding demographic change; anticipated problems caused by an aging society; perceived age limit of older and younger people; knowledge test: Proportion of the country´s population over 65; perception of commonalities in own age group; perceived frequency of media reports on generational conflicts; political interest; assessment of one´s own economic situation (retrospective, current, prospective); voter turnout (Sunday question); party preference (voters and non-voters); perceptions of social conflicts between selected social groups (people with and without children, politically left and right, young and old, poor and rich, employed and retired, Germans and foreigners, East Germans and West Germans); most important political goals (post-materialism, Inglehart indicators); opinion on selected statements about old and young (frequent abuse of social benefits in Germany, assessment of representation of younger people´s interests in politics, assessment of representation of older people in political positions, older people should organize their own party, older people should support younger people and younger people should support older people); perceived strength of general intergenerational support; financial support of a family member of another generation resp. frequency of self-received financial support (intergenerational transfers); frequency of support from a person in everyday life who belongs to another generation or frequency of self-received support; satisfaction with democracy; political trust (Bundestag, politicians, Federal Constitutional Court, federal government, media); opinion on selected statements about young and old (importance of contact with significantly younger persons, evaluation of the representation of the interests of older persons in politics, older persons live at the expense of the following generations, older persons have built up what the younger persons live on today, importance of contact with significantly older persons, evaluation of the representation of younger persons in political positions; political efficacy; electoral norm (voter turnout as a civic duty); sympathy scalometer of political parties (CDU/CSU, SPD, FDP, Greens, Die Linke); satisfaction with selected policy areas (reduction of unemployment, health, education, financial security for the elderly, family, care in old age); preferred level of government spending in the aforementioned areas; preferred government responsibility in the aforementioned areas; most competent party to solve the problems in the aforementioned areas (problem-solving competence); salience of the aforementioned policy areas; self-ranking on a left-right continuum; assessment of the representation of older people´s interests by political parties (CDU/CSU, SPD, FDP, Greens, Die Linke); assessment of the representation of younger people´s interests by political parties (CDU/CSU, SPD, FDP, Greens, Die Linke); recall Bundestag elections 2013 (voter turnout, voting decision); expected occurrence of various future scenarios (conflicts between older and younger people, refusal of younger people to pay for the pensions of older people, older people more likely to assert their political interests than younger people, increasing old-age poverty, refusal of younger people to pay for the medical care of older people, Germany will no longer be able to afford current pension levels, Elderly will no longer receive all available medical benefits); reliance most likely on state, family or self for own retirement; knowledge test: Year of phased introduction of retirement at 67; civic engagement; hours per week of volunteering; perception of social justice; general life satisfaction; party affiliation and strength of party identification; concerns regarding own retirement security (financial/medical) or feared unemployment; religious affiliation; religiosity; salience of selected life domains (family and friends, health, leisure, politics, income, education, work, and occupation); self-assessment of class affiliation; residence description.
Demography: age (grouped) and year of birth; sex; household size; number of persons under 18 in household; household composition (one, two, or three generations); number of children and grandchildren; regrets about own childlessness; partnership; living with partner; married to partner; German citizenship; German citizenship since birth or year of acquiring German citizenship; country of birth (in the old federal states (West Germany, in the new federal states (East Germany or former GDR) or abroad); highest school degree; university degree; current and former employment; current and former occupation.
Additionally coded were: Federal state; area; region West East; weighting factors; interview date.
https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/studies/6820/termshttps://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/studies/6820/terms
This special topic poll, conducted April 30 to May 6, 1996, is part of a continuing series of monthly surveys that solicit public opinion on the presidency and on a range of other political and social issues. This poll sought Americans' views on the most important problems facing the United States, their local communities and their own families. Respondents rated the public schools, crime, and drug problems at the national and local levels, their level of optimism about their own future and that of the country, and the reasons they felt that way. Respondents were asked whether they were better off financially than their parents were at their age, whether they expected their own children to be better off financially than they were, and whether the American Dream was still possible for most people. Respondents then compared their expectations about life to their actual experiences in areas such as job security, financial earnings, employment benefits, job opportunities, health care benefits, retirement savings, and leisure time. A series of questions asked whether the United States was in a long-term economic and moral decline, whether the country's main problems were caused more by a lack of economic opportunity or a lack of morality, and whether the United States was still the best country in the world. Additional topics covered immigration policy and the extent to which respondents trusted the federal, state, and local governments. Demographic variables included respondents' sex, age, race, education level, marital status, household income, political party affiliation, political philosophy, voter registration and participation history, labor union membership, the presence of children in the household, whether these children attended a public school, and the employment status of respondents and their spouses.
https://search.gesis.org/research_data/datasearch-httpwww-da-ra-deoaip--oaioai-da-ra-de434323https://search.gesis.org/research_data/datasearch-httpwww-da-ra-deoaip--oaioai-da-ra-de434323
Abstract (en): This special topic poll, conducted January 13-15, 1997, is part of a continuing series of monthly polls that solicit public opinion on the presidency and on a range of other political and social issues. This data collection was undertaken to assess public opinion prior to President Bill Clinton's second-term inauguration as president of the United States. Respondents were asked to give their opinions of President Clinton and his handling of the first term of his presidency, whether he would do a better or worse job in his second term in office, whether they approved of his choices for Cabinet and other top positions in his administration, and what the nature of his relationship with Congress should be in his second term. Views were sought on whether President Clinton had made progress toward reducing unemployment and improving education during his first term, and whether he would make substantial progress in these areas during his second term. Respondents rated the most important issue facing the country, whether they were better or worse off financially compared to four years ago, whether they approved of the way Congress was handling its job, whether they expected Congress to do a better job in the next two years, and whether they trusted the Clinton administration or the Republicans in Congress to handle the main problems the nation would face over the next few years. Other questions asked whether respondents approved of the way Hillary Clinton was handling her job as first lady and the amount of influence she held over her husband, and whether she should play a greater role in her husband's second administration. A series of questions asked about recent allegations involving President Clinton, including Whitewater, the Democratic National Campaign Committee's acceptance of foreign contributions, and former Arkansas state employee Paula Jones's sexual harassment charges, and whether they would interfere with his ability to serve as president. Additional topics addressed what actions the government should take to protect the long-term financial stability of Social Security and the Medicare health system and the overall level of ethics and honesty in politics and the federal government. Demographic variables include sex, age, race, education level, household income, political party affiliation, political philosophy, and voter participation history. The data contain a weight variable (WEIGHT) that should be used in analyzing the data. This poll consists of "standard" national representative samples of the adult population with sample balancing of sex, race, age, and education. ICPSR data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. ICPSR also routinely creates ready-to-go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. In addition to these procedures, ICPSR performed the following processing steps for this data collection: Created online analysis version with question text.. Persons aged 18 and over living in households with telephones in the contiguous 48 United States. Households were selected by random-digit dialing. Within households, the respondent selected was the adult living in the household who last had a birthday and who was home at the time of the interview. 2008-01-14 SAS, SPSS, and Stata setup files, and SAS and Stata supplemental files have been added to this data collection. Respondent names were removed from the data file and the CASEID variable was created for use with online analysis. Question text has been added to the codebook, and the data collection instrument has been taken out of the codebook and made into its own file. telephone interview (1) The data available for download are not weighted and users will need to weight the data prior to analysis. (2) Original reports using these data may be found via the ABC News Polling Unit Web site and via the Washington Post Opinion Surveys and Polls Web site. (3) The meaning of the variable SELECTB is unknown and may be associated with the sampling method of selecting a respondent based on the adult living in the household who last had a birthday. (4) According to the data collection instrument, code 3 in the variable Q909 also includes respondents who answered that they had attended a technical college. (5) Value labels for unknown codes were add in the variables RECODED_AGE and Q1. (6) The CASEID variable was c...
https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/studies/34612/termshttps://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/studies/34612/terms
This poll, the first of two fielded April 2012, is a part of a continuing series of monthly surveys that solicits public opinion on a range of political and social issues. Respondents were asked how well Barack Obama was handling the presidency, terrorism, the economy, the war in Afghanistan, the housing market, and the issue of gasoline prices. Opinions were collected on whether respondents thought the country was headed in the right direction, the most important problem facing the nation, whether Congress was performing their job well, and the national economy. Respondents were also queried on their opinions of Barack Obama and Mitt Romney, as well as whether either of the two presidential candidates would be able to bring real change to Washington, whether they would be able to make the right decisions on various issues, and whether they would be an effective military leader. Additional topics included economic concerns, the suspension of Rick Santorum's presidential campaign, women's health issues, the future of the next generation of Americans, gasoline prices, the home mortgage crisis, federal income tax policies and the capital gains tax policy, the John Edwards trial, and the college education of the respondent's child. Finally, respondents were asked whether they voted in the 2008 presidential election and who they voted for, whether they supported the Tea Party movement, whether they usually vote Democratic or Republican, whether they planned to vote in a 2012 primary or caucus, how much attention they have paid to the 2012 presidential campaign, and whether they were registered to vote. Demographic information includes sex, age, race, social class, marital status, household makeup, education level, household income, employment status, religious preference, type of residential area (e.g., urban or rural), political party affiliation, political philosophy, and whether respondents thought of themselves as born-again Christians.
According to exit polling in ten key states of the 2024 presidential election in the United States, ** percent of voters with a 2023 household income of ****** U.S. dollars or less reported voting for Donald Trump. In comparison, ** percent of voters with a total family income of 100,000 to ******* U.S. dollars reported voting for Kamala Harris.
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We evaluate whether political partisanship affects local taxes in an emerging economy. Using detailed residential property-level data in Chile, we study whether mayors’ political leanings affect the reassessment process and thus the taxes paid by home owners. In Chile, this type of tax is especially relevant since it is one of the largest sources of municipal income. To address endogeneity concerns, we use a regression discontinuity design, exploiting the quasi-experimental variation provided by close municipal elections. Our main results show that after a right-wing mayor is elected, property assessments increase up to 31% more than in a similar municipality where a left-wing mayor was elected. This effect cannot be fully explained by changes in prices or property characteristics.
This poll, fielded September 19-22, 2008, is part of a continuing series of monthly surveys that solicit public opinion on the presidency and on a range of other political and social issues. A national sample of 1,082 adults was surveyed, including oversamples of African Americans for a total of 163 African American respondents. Respondents were asked whether the Democratic or Republican party could be trusted to do a better job coping with the main problems the nation would face over the next few years, whether things in the country were going in the right direction, and how concerned they were about the national economy. Respondents were also asked how closely they were following the 2008 presidential race, their opinions of presidential candidates Barack Obama and John McCain, their opinion of Republican vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin, for whom they would vote in the general election in November, which candidate had the best chance of getting elected, and how comfortable respondents would be with a president who was African American or a president over the age of 72. Respondents identifying with the Democratic party, were asked for whom they originally voted for to be the party nominee: Hillary Clinton or Barack Obama. Economic topics addressed how concerned respondents were that they could maintain their current standard of living, the most difficult economic issue affecting their family, particularly personal finances, the stock market, and the ability to obtain bank loans. Demographic variables include sex, age, race, marital status, political party affiliation, voter registration status and participation history, political philosophy, education level, religious preference, military service, household income, type of residential area (e.g., urban or rural), home ownership and whether respondents considered themselves to be a born-again Christian.
This study represents one component of a five-nation comparative data collection effort undertaken in Great Britain, Germany, Japan, Spain, and the United States during the early 1990s. The data were collected to study political communication and voting behavior during an election campaign. While the Main Respondent Data (Part 1) provide the central database, these data are supplemented by other data sources. The data collection combines three related surveys: a survey of 1,318 main respondents (Part 1), a survey of 271 spouses of the main respondents (Part 2), and a survey of 841 non-spouse discussion partners of the main respondents (Part 3). Part 4 supplies the text of open-ended question responses given by respondents to all three surveys. Part 5 provides information coded from articles in major local newspapers on issues dealing with the 1992 election campaign. Topics of investigation in this study concerned factors that influenced respondents' level of information about politics and public affairs, political awareness, and voting behavior, such as the kinds of newspapers and magazines respondents read, what national network news they watched, and whether they watched talk shows. Additional questions addressed candidate evaluations, general attitudes toward public offices and election campaigns, and participation in special interest groups, including political parties. The study also queried respondents about their feelings on topics such as affirmative action, foreign imports, using military force to overthrow Saddam Hussein, the budget deficit, medical insurance, abortion, minority aid, and the environment. Demographic characteristics of respondents include educational level, occupational status, income level, age, gender, race and ethnicity, marital status, religious preference, group affiliation, and social status.
ard 1 variables include: sex; size of family; number of voters in the household; age group; occupation; social class; education; religion; income group; state; rural/urban; interest in politics; political activity; political party preference; change in economic condition since 1952, since 1957 elections; reason for worsening economic condition; has R's income fallen, why; has standard of living achieved R's expectations; what has R been unable to obtain; reason for short-fall; which political party can best provide cheaper food, more jobs, better income, more benefits; was Congress right to introduce prohibition, impose ceiling on land holding, seek production through land co-operatives, increase direct and indirect taxation, take basic industries into public sector, restrict the private sector; justification for Congress curtailing the private sector, which field would R prefer further restricted; why should private sector not be further restricted. Card 2 variables include: opinion of Nehru, Prakash Narayan, Desai, Shastri, Patil, Krishna Menon, Chavan, Ram; who would R favour as next Prime Minister to succeed Nehru; if none, why; election vote intention today for Lok Sabha, State Legislature; 1952 election vote recall; 1957 election vote recall; reasons for voting behaviour, past and present; would R prefer a non-socialist liberal party or a leftist party as opposition to the Congress, why; can cold war between US and USSR be ended soon, what should India's role be; role of political leaders in cold war, including Kennedy, Khruschev, Mao Tse Tung, Nasser, deGaulle, Adenauer, Ayub Khan; opinion of United States, Russia, Great Britain, West Germany, France, China, Japan.
https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/studies/34/termshttps://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/ICPSR/studies/34/terms
This study contains selected demographic, social, economic, public policy, and political comparative data for Switzerland, Canada, France, and Mexico for the decades of 1900-1960. Each dataset presents comparable data at the province or district level for each decade in the period. Various derived measures, such as percentages, ratios, and indices, constitute the bulk of these datasets. Data for Switzerland contain information for all cantons for each decennial year from 1900 to 1960. Variables describe population characteristics, such as the age of men and women, county and commune of origin, ratio of foreigners to Swiss, percentage of the population from other countries such as Germany, Austria and Lichtenstein, Italy, and France, the percentage of the population that were Protestants, Catholics, and Jews, births, deaths, infant mortality rates, persons per household, population density, the percentage of urban and agricultural population, marital status, marriages, divorces, professions, factory workers, and primary, secondary, and university students. Economic variables provide information on the number of corporations, factory workers, economic status, cultivated land, taxation and tax revenues, canton revenues and expenditures, federal subsidies, bankruptcies, bank account deposits, and taxable assets. Additional variables provide political information, such as national referenda returns, party votes cast in National Council elections, and seats in the cantonal legislature held by political groups such as the Peasants, Socialists, Democrats, Catholics, Radicals, and others. Data for Canada provide information for all provinces for the decades 1900-1960 on population characteristics, such as national origin, the net internal migration per 1,000 of native population, population density per square mile, the percentage of owner-occupied dwellings, the percentage of urban population, the percentage of change in population from preceding censuses, the percentage of illiterate population aged 5 years and older, and the median years of schooling. Economic variables provide information on per capita personal income, total provincial revenue and expenditure per capita, the percentage of the labor force employed in manufacturing and in agriculture, the average number of employees per manufacturing establishment, assessed value of real property per capita, the average number of acres per farm, highway and rural road mileage, transportation and communication, the number of telephones per 100 population, and the number of motor vehicles registered per 1,000 population. Additional variables on elections and votes are supplied as well. Data for France provide information for all departements for all legislative elections since 1936, the two presidential elections of 1965 and 1969, and several referenda held in the period since 1958. Social and economic data are provided for the years 1946, 1954, and 1962, while various policy data are presented for the period 1959-1962. Variables provide information on population characteristics, such as the percentages of population by age group, foreign-born, bachelors aged 20 to 59, divorced men aged 25 and older, elementary school students in private schools, elementary school students per million population from 1966 to 1967, the number of persons in household in 1962, infant mortality rates per million births, and the number of priests per 10,000 population in 1946. Economic variables focus on the Gross National Product (GNP), the revenue per capita per household, personal income per capita, income tax, the percentage of active population in industry, construction and public works, transportation, hotels, public administration, and other jobs, the percentage of skilled and unskilled industrial workers, the number of doctors per 10,000 population, the number of agricultural cooperatives in 1946, the average hectares per farm, the percentage of farms cultivated by the owner, tenants, and sharecroppers, the number of workhorses, cows, and oxen per 100 hectares of farmland in 1946, and the percentages of automobiles per 1,000 population, radios per 100 homes, and cinema seats per 1,000 population. Data are also provided on the percentage of Communists (PCF), Socialists, Radical Socialists, Conservatives, Gaullists, Moderates, Poujadists, Independents, Turnouts, and other political groups and p
In the financial year 2023, Bharat Rashtra Samiti (BRS), a regional Indian political party from the state of Telangana declared an income of around 7.4 billion Indian rupees, the highest among all regional political parties in India. It was followed by All India Trinamool Congress (AITC), with over three billion in income. Indian regional political parties had a total income of around 17 billion Indian rupees in the period.
In recent decades, there has been an institutional shift in the literature on authoritarian regimes, with scholars investigating the role of political institutions, such as elections and political parties, in shaping regime stability and economic performance. However, scant attention has been devoted to the effect of political institutions on policy outcomes, and more specifically, on income inequality. This paper adds to this debate and sheds light on the role of formal and informal institutions, on the one hand, and state capacity, on the other, in influencing levels of income inequality in autocracies. We argue that, while the presence of elections and multiparty competition creates more favourable conditions for the adoption of redistributive policies, state capacity increases the likelihood of successfully implemented policy decisions aimed at reducing the level of inequality. Our empirical analysis rests on a time-series cross-sectional dataset, which includes around 100 countries from 1972 to 2014. The findings indicate that both political institutions and a higher level of state capacity lead to lower levels of income inequality in authoritarian contexts.