With growing affective polarization in the United States, partisanship is increasingly an impediment to cooperation in political settings. But does partisanship also affect behavior in non-political settings? We show evidence that it does, demonstrating its effect on economic outcomes across a range of experiments in real-world environments. A field experiment in an online labor market indicates that workers request systematically lower reservation wages when the employer shares their political stance, reflecting a preference to work for co-partisans. We conduct two field experiments with consumers, and find a preference for dealing with co-partisans, especially among those with strong partisan attachments. Finally, viaa population-based, incentivized survey experiment, we find that the influence of political considerations on economic choices extends also to weaker partisans. Whereas earlier studies show the political consequences of polarization in American politics, our findings suggest that partisanship spills over beyond the political, shaping cooperation in everyday economic behavior. ERRATUM: An erratum was approved by AJPS Editors for this manuscript. Additional materials, erratum text, and updated data and code files are all included with this version of the published record.

ABSTRACT The paper develops a model in which the relation between the real exchange rate and the real wage, in the context of conflictive income distribution, is made explicit. It is noted that the central bank tries to regulate the distributive relation exchange rate and real wages through the changes in the interest rate. The theoretical point is that, under certain circumstances, a relatively depreciated or high level of the real exchange rate might reduce real wages and have a negative impact on economic growth. The paper also provides some evidence for the Argentine case, and suggests that the Classical Developmentalist elasticity pessimism seems, in the case of Argentina, to be validated. Also, the use of the exchange rate as an instrument to bolster redistribution away from the working class, and to promote investment and growth is also not born in the data.

Graph and download economic data for Federal Government Defined Benefit Pension Plans: Effect of participation in defined benefit plans on personal income, saving, and wealth: Household actual contributions (Y276RC1A027NBEA) from 1929 to 2023 about pension, contributions, savings, wealth, benefits, participation, personal income, federal, households, personal, government, income, GDP, and USA.

We analyze whether--and, if so, how--Americans reacted to the escalation of the trade war between the United States and China in June 2018. To address this issue, we leverage surveys conducted in the U.S. during this phase of the economic clash. We find a significant reduction in support for Donald Trump and his trade policy immediately following the announcement of retaliatory tariffs by the Chinese government. Moreover, respondents’ economic concerns about the trade war were primarily sociotropic and only weakly related to personal pocketbook considerations or local exposure to Chinese retaliatory tariffs. We also find that the trade war's intensification was politically consequential, decreasing support for Republican candidates in the 2018 midterm elections. Our findings indicate that trade wars can be politically costly for incumbent politicians, even among voters who are not directly affected by retaliatory tariffs.

Developing and emerging market economies have increased their debt exposure to China in recent years. Despite its initial promise, many borrowers of Chinese loans face difficulties in meeting these loan obligations. Under what circumstances do Chinese borrowers in debt distress turn to the International Monetary Fund? Our starting point is that Chinese loans are tied into projects that promise to generate sufficient revenue to repay these loans. We expect that governments turn to the IMF for bailout funding when a severe shock erodes the value of the underlying loan collateral, requiring mobilizing revenues and implementing austerity measures. Without alternative financing options, the IMF becomes the most viable option to weather financial distress. We expect governments to accept a `whatever-it-takes' number of loan conditions. Using cross-country time series analysis for up to 162 countries between 2000 and 2018, we show that defaults on Chinese debt trigger IMF programs only when a country experiences a severe adverse shock. Countries tapping the IMF also accept a greater number of loan conditions. From a policy perspective, current financial distress in borrowing countries underscores the urgency to design and deploy targeted governance reform measures beyond program safeguards and loan conditions to mitigate the built-up of macro-financial vulnerabilities, independent of where the money is coming from.

This dataset provides a historical overview of key global indicators, including Gross Domestic Product (GDP), population growth, and CO2 emissions. It captures economic trends, demographic shifts, and environmental impacts over multiple decades, making it useful for researchers, analysts, and policymakers.

The dataset includes Real GDP (inflation-adjusted), allowing for economic trend analysis while accounting for inflation effects. Additionally, it incorporates CO2 emissions data, enabling studies on the relationship between economic growth and environmental impact.

This dataset is valuable for multiple research areas:

✅ Macroeconomic Analysis – Study global economic growth, recessions, and recovery trends.

✅ Inflation & Monetary Policy – Compare nominal vs. real GDP to assess inflationary trends.

✅ Climate Change Research – Analyze CO2 emissions alongside economic growth to identify sustainability challenges.

✅ Predictive Modeling – Train machine learning models for forecasting GDP, population, or emissions.

✅ Public Policy & Development – Evaluate the impact of economic and environmental policies over time.

This dataset is shared for educational and analytical purposes only.

The Foreign Service Act of 1980 mandated a comprehensive revision to the operation of the Department of State and the personnel assigned to the US Foreign Service. As the statutory authority, the Foreign Affairs Manual (FAM), details the Department of Sta

In 2024, the gross government debt of China amounted to an estimated ** percent of the country's gross domestic product (GDP), compared to ** percent for Russia. For China, this was an increase over 2001 levels, when the gross government debt amounted to ** percent of the country's GDP. Russia, on the other hand, has reduced this figure from 2001 levels, when gross government debt was ** percent of the country's GDP.

The Chinese government is vigorously implementing the rural revitalization strategy and accelerating the process of new-type urbanization. The rapid development of the rural digital economy has emerged as a new driving force for new-type urbanization. This study aims to explore how the rural digital economy impacts China’s new-type urbanization from direct, heterogeneous, and indirect perspectives. Using the provincial-level panel data in China from 2014 to 2022, a mixed-methods approach is employed for the empirical research. The CRITIC and Entropy TOPSIS are used to assess the comprehensive development level and temporal characteristics of the rural digital economy and new-type urbanization. Moreover, a global-local auto-correlation analysis is carried out to depict the spatial distribution of the two variables. Subsequently, a two-way fixed effects model is constructed to verify the direct impact of the rural digital economy on new-type urbanization, as well as its structural and spatial heterogeneity characteristics. Finally, an mediating effect model is established to explore the impact paths through which the rural digital economy impacts new-type urbanization. The results show that the rural digital economy has significantly promoted new-type urbanization. Specifically, rural digital infrastructure, digital transformation of agriculture, agricultural production service informatization have a significant positive effect, while the role of rural life digitization is not significant. The rural digital economy has more significant positive impact on population agglomeration and economic growth, followed by social public service, but has no significant impact on ecological environmental protection and urban-rural coordination. Additionally, the qualitative analysis identifies geographical region, poverty, demographic structure and social equality as notable influencing factors in this impact. Further mechanism analysis result indicates that the rural digital economy impacts new-type urbanization through rural human capital improvement, agricultural economic growth and rural industrial structure upgrading. This research contributes to the existing body of knowledge by providing the practical path of rural development to promote new-type urbanization in the context of the digital economy, also clarifies the weak points and key links in this process. It also highlights the need for further research into the institutional factors that influence this relationship to enhances the policy applicability.

How do events that highlight a policy issue impact political preferences? In this paper, I analyze the impact of mass shootings on voter behavior. I show that, conditional on population, mass shootings are largely random events. Using a difference-in-differences strategy, I find that mass shootings result in a 1.7 percentage point loss in Republican vote share in counties where they occur. Identification that relies on comparing successful and failed mass shootings yields similar results. Mass shootings lead to an increase in the salience of gun policy and increase the divide on gun policy among both voters and politicians. Democrats (Republicans) tend to demand even stricter (looser) gun control after mass shootings. These results suggest that increasing the salience of an issue may polarize the electorate.

UPDATE: As of June 1, 2020

List of developing economies included ,

Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Fiji Hong Kong, China India Indonesia Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Lao PDR Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Nepal Pakistan Philippines Republic of Korea Singapore Sri Lanka Taipei,China Thailand Viet Nam

Abiad, Abdul, Mia Arao, Editha Lavina, Reizle Platitas, Jesson Pagaduan, and Christian Jabagat, 2020. “The Impact of COVID-19 on Developing Asian Economies: The Role of Outbreak Severity, Containment Stringency, and Mobility Declines,” in COVID in Emerging and Developing Countries, Simeon Djankov and Ugo Panizza (eds.). London: Centre for Economic Policy Research.

Laos LA: Domestic General Government Health Expenditure: % of GDP data was reported at 0.988 % in 2015. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.765 % for 2014. Laos LA: Domestic General Government Health Expenditure: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 0.843 % from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2015, with 16 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.539 % in 2001 and a record low of 0.408 % in 2011. Laos LA: Domestic General Government Health Expenditure: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Laos – Table LA.World Bank: Health Statistics. Public expenditure on health from domestic sources as a share of the economy as measured by GDP.; ; World Health Organization Global Health Expenditure database (http://apps.who.int/nha/database).; Weighted Average;

Saint Lucia LC: Government Expenditure on Education: Total: % of GDP data was reported at 5.710 % in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 4.374 % for 2015. Saint Lucia LC: Government Expenditure on Education: Total: % of GDP data is updated yearly, averaging 4.689 % from Dec 1982 (Median) to 2016, with 19 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 7.770 % in 1994 and a record low of 3.440 % in 2009. Saint Lucia LC: Government Expenditure on Education: Total: % of GDP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s St. Lucia – Table LC.World Bank: Education Statistics. General government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers) is expressed as a percentage of GDP. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. General government usually refers to local, regional and central governments.; ; United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics.; Median;

Finland FI: Government Expenditure on Education: Total: % of Government Expenditure data was reported at 12.318 % in 2014. This records a decrease from the previous number of 12.446 % for 2013. Finland FI: Government Expenditure on Education: Total: % of Government Expenditure data is updated yearly, averaging 12.066 % from Dec 1981 (Median) to 2014, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 12.859 % in 1991 and a record low of 10.906 % in 1984. Finland FI: Government Expenditure on Education: Total: % of Government Expenditure data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Finland – Table FI.World Bank: Education Statistics. General government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers) is expressed as a percentage of total general government expenditure on all sectors (including health, education, social services, etc.). It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. General government usually refers to local, regional and central governments.; ; United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics.; Median;

France recorded a government budget deficit of 136.20 EUR Billion in October of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - France Government Budget Value - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Italy IT: Government Expenditure on Tertiary Education: % of Government Expenditure on Education data was reported at 19.586 % in 2014. This records an increase from the previous number of 19.566 % for 2013. Italy IT: Government Expenditure on Tertiary Education: % of Government Expenditure on Education data is updated yearly, averaging 16.325 % from Dec 1970 (Median) to 2014, with 32 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 19.586 % in 2014 and a record low of 8.976 % in 1979. Italy IT: Government Expenditure on Tertiary Education: % of Government Expenditure on Education data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.World Bank: Education Statistics. Expenditure on tertiary education is expressed as a percentage of total general government expenditure on education. General government usually refers to local, regional and central governments.; ; United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics.; Median;

BE: General Government: Financial Assets: by Instrument: Other Accounts Receivable data was reported at 34,543.000 EUR mn in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 34,837.000 EUR mn for 2022. BE: General Government: Financial Assets: by Instrument: Other Accounts Receivable data is updated yearly, averaging 18,273.000 EUR mn from Dec 1999 (Median) to 2023, with 25 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 34,837.000 EUR mn in 2022 and a record low of 13,083.000 EUR mn in 2002. BE: General Government: Financial Assets: by Instrument: Other Accounts Receivable data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by International Monetary Fund. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Belgium – Table BE.IMF.IFS: Government Finance: Balance Sheet: Annual.

Venezuela Central Government: Total Expenditure: Current: Transfers Expenditure: Public Transfers: To Nonfinancial Public Enterprises data was reported at 6,713,707.301 VEF th in 2009. This records an increase from the previous number of 6,437,472.029 VEF th for 2008. Venezuela Central Government: Total Expenditure: Current: Transfers Expenditure: Public Transfers: To Nonfinancial Public Enterprises data is updated yearly, averaging 351,083.525 VEF th from Dec 1998 (Median) to 2009, with 12 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 6,713,707.301 VEF th in 2009 and a record low of 89,817.224 VEF th in 1999. Venezuela Central Government: Total Expenditure: Current: Transfers Expenditure: Public Transfers: To Nonfinancial Public Enterprises data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Ministry of Economy, Finance and Public Banking. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Venezuela – Table VE.F002: Central Government: Revenue and Expenditure: Annual.

Madagascar MG: Government Expenditure per Student: Primary: % of(GDP) Gross Domestic Productper Capita data was reported at 6.567 % in 2012. This records a decrease from the previous number of 6.611 % for 2011. Madagascar MG: Government Expenditure per Student: Primary: % of(GDP) Gross Domestic Productper Capita data is updated yearly, averaging 7.829 % from Dec 1998 (Median) to 2012, with 8 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 11.240 % in 2005 and a record low of 5.903 % in 1998. Madagascar MG: Government Expenditure per Student: Primary: % of(GDP) Gross Domestic Productper Capita data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Madagascar – Table MG.World Bank: Education Statistics. Government expenditure per student is the average general government expenditure (current, capital, and transfers) per student in the given level of education, expressed as a percentage of GDP per capita.; ; United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics.; Median;