In 2023, China was the biggest carbon polluter in the world by far, having released 11.9 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide (GtCO₂). Although the U.S. was the second-biggest emitter, with 4.9 GtCO₂ in 2023, its CO₂ emissions have declined by 13 percent since 2010. By comparison, China’s CO₂ emissions have increased by more than 38 percent in the same period. Cumulative emissions Although China is currently the world's largest carbon polluter, the U.S. has released far more historical carbon dioxide emissions, at more than 400 GtCO₂ since 1750. The wide gap between the two countries is because China's emissions have mostly been produced in the past two decades. Combined, the U.S. and China account for roughly 40 percent of cumulative CO₂ emissions since the Industrial Revolution began. Sources of emissions One of the largest sources of global CO₂ emissions is the power sector, with electricity produced by coal-fired power plants a significant contributor. In China, emissions from coal-fired electricity generation have soared since the turn of the century, and reached 5.2 GtCO₂ in 2023.

Chad was the most polluted country in the world in 2024, with an average annual PM2.5 concentration of 92 micrograms per cubic meter of air (µg/m3). These levels were around 18 times above the World Health Organization guideline. Major sources of PM2.5 include residential fuel burning, road vehicles, and power plants. What are PM2.5 pollutants PM2.5 refers to fine particles that have a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less. These tiny, light, and inhalable pollutants can stay in the air for long periods of time and are a considerable risk to human health when concentrations are high. There were an estimated eight million premature deaths linked to air pollution worldwide in 2021, of which 60 percent were attributed to ambient PM2.5. Pollution in cities In 2024, N'Djamena, Chad and New Delhi, India were the most polluted capital cities in the world, with average annual PM2.5 concentrations of 92 µg/m³. In 2024, 11 of the 20 most polluted cities worldwide were in India, the most polluted of which recorded PM2.5 levels 25 times above WHO standards.

Qatar has the highest per capita carbon dioxide emissions worldwide, at 42.6 metric tons per person. Many countries in the Middle East had high levels emissions, especially when compared to countries in Africa. Greenhouse gas emissions worldwide Some of the Middle East’s largest oil producing countries, including Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia are among the world’s largest carbon dioxide (CO₂) emitters per capita. Countries such as the United States, Australia and Canada also show disproportionately high levels of emission per inhabitant. Despite a relatively low population for its size, Canada’s CO₂ emissions have recently surpassed 500 million metric tons, and the country is now amongst the largest producers of CO₂ emissions worldwide. Rising emissions Global greenhouse gas emissions have been on the rise since the industrial revolution began approximately 200 years ago. Over the past half-century CO₂ emissions have skyrocketed, and climbed to a record high in recent years. Yet, emissions fell considerably in 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused disruptions to transportation and industrial activities.

Global carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels and industry totaled 37.01 billion metric tons (GtCO₂) in 2023. Emissions are projected to have risen 1.08 percent in 2024 to reach a record high of 37.41 GtCO₂. Since 1990, global CO₂ emissions have increased by more than 60 percent. Who are the biggest emitters? The biggest contributor to global GHG emissions is China, followed by the United States. China wasn't always the world's biggest emitter, but rapid economic growth and industrialization in recent decades have seen emissions there soar. Since 1990, CO₂ emissions in China have increased by almost 450 percent. By comparison, U.S. CO₂ emissions have fallen by 6.1 percent. Nevertheless, the North American country remains the biggest carbon polluter in history. Global events cause emissions to drop The outbreak of COVID-19 caused global CO₂ emissions to plummet some 5.5 percent in 2020 as a result of lockdowns and other restrictions. However, this wasn't the only time in recent history when a major global event caused emissions reductions. For example, the global recession resulted in CO₂ levels to fall by almost two percent in 2009, while the recession in the early 1980s also had a notable impact on emissions. On a percentage basis, the largest annual reduction was at the end of the Second World War in 1945, when emissions decreased by 17 percent.

Abstract

Polluted air is a major health hazard in developing countries. Improvements in pollution monitoring and statistical techniques during the last several decades have steadily enhanced the ability to measure the health effects of air pollution. Current methods can detect significant increases in the incidence of cardiopulmonary and respiratory diseases, coughing, bronchitis, and lung cancer, as well as premature deaths from these diseases resulting from elevated concentrations of ambient Particulate Matter (Holgate 1999).

Scarce public resources have limited the monitoring of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) concentrations in developing countries, despite their large potential health effects. As a result, policymakers in many developing countries remain uncertain about the exposure of their residents to PM air pollution. The Global Model of Ambient Particulates (GMAPS) is an attempt to bridge this information gap through an econometrically estimated model for predicting PM levels in world cities (Pandey et al. forthcoming).

The estimation model is based on the latest available monitored PM pollution data from the World Health Organization, supplemented by data from other reliable sources. The current model can be used to estimate PM levels in urban residential areas and non-residential pollution hotspots. The results of the model are used to project annual average ambient PM concentrations for residential and non-residential areas in 3,226 world cities with populations larger than 100,000, as well as national capitals.

The study finds wide, systematic variations in ambient PM concentrations, both across world cities and over time. PM concentrations have risen at a slower rate than total emissions. Overall emission levels have been rising, especially for poorer countries, at nearly 6 percent per year. PM concentrations have not increased by as much, due to improvements in technology and structural shifts in the world economy. Additionally, within-country variations in PM levels can diverge greatly (by a factor of 5 in some cases), because of the direct and indirect effects of geo-climatic factors.

The primary determinants of PM concentrations are the scale and composition of economic activity, population, the energy mix, the strength of local pollution regulation, and geographic and atmospheric conditions that affect pollutant dispersion in the atmosphere.

Geographic coverage

The database covers the following countries: Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola
Antigua and Barbuda Argentina
Armenia Australia
Austria Azerbaijan
Bahamas, The
Bahrain Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus Belgium Belize
Benin
Bhutan
Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina
Brazil
Brunei
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cayman Islands
Central African Republic
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep.
Congo, Rep. Costa Rica
Cote d'Ivoire
Croatia Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador Egypt, Arab Rep.
El Salvador Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia
Faeroe Islands
Fiji
Finland France
Gabon
Gambia, The Georgia Germany Ghana
Greece
Grenada Guatemala
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hong Kong, China
Hungary Iceland India
Indonesia
Iran, Islamic Rep.
Iraq
Ireland Israel
Italy
Jamaica Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea, Dem. Rep.
Korea, Rep. Kuwait
Kyrgyz Republic Lao PDR Latvia
Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macao, China
Macedonia, FYR
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Mauritania
Mexico
Moldova Mongolia
Morocco Mozambique
Myanmar Namibia Nepal
Netherlands Netherlands Antilles
New Caledonia
New Zealand Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico Qatar
Romania Russian Federation
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Saudi Arabia
Senegal Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovak Republic Slovenia
Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Sudan
Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey
Turkmenistan
Uganda
Ukraine United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay Uzbekistan
Vanuatu Venezuela, RB
Vietnam Virgin Islands (U.S.)
Yemen, Rep. Yugoslavia, FR (Serbia/Montenegro)
Zambia
Zimbabwe

Kind of data

Observation data/ratings [obs]

Mode of data collection

Other [oth]

China accounted for 30 percent of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2023, making it the world's largest emitter by far. The United States and India followed. Combined, these three countries were responsible for roughly half of the 53 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (GtCO₂e) emitted in 2023.

The United States is the biggest producer of transportation emissions worldwide, having emitted the equivalent of 1.74 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide (GtCO₂e) in 2023. This was more than the combined transportation emissions produced in China, India, and Russia. The U.S. also has the highest transport emissions per capita globally.

China was the biggest emitter of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in 2023, accounting for over 31 percent of total global emissions. The world's top four largest polluters were responsible for roughly 60 percent of global CO₂ emissions in 2023. Cumulative emissions Although China currently emits the highest levels of CO₂ annually, it has emitted far less than the United States over the past three centuries. Since 1750, the United States has produced more than 430 billion metric tons of cumulative carbon dioxide emissions. Global CO₂ emissions have increased dramatically since the birth of the Industrial Revolution, and in 2023 reached a record high. Which countries are reducing emissions? As of 2023, seven of the 20 biggest CO₂ emitters had recorded overall emissions reductions when compared to 1990 levels. The United Kingdom, for example, slashed its carbon emissions by almost 50 percent between 1990 and 2023, while Germany recorded reductions of roughly 43 percent. In comparison, many developing countries saw their emissions increase massively over the same period.

This layer shows particulate matter in the air sized 2.5 micrometers of smaller (PM 2.5). The data is aggregated from NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC) gridded data into country boundaries, administrative 1 boundaries, and 50 km hex bins. The unit of measurement is micrograms per cubic meter.The layer shows the annual average PM 2.5 from 1998 to 2016, highlighting if the overall mean for an area meets the World Health Organization guideline of 10 micrograms per cubic meter annually. Areas that don't meet the guideline and are above the threshold are shown in red, and areas that are lower than the guideline are in grey.The data is averaged for each year and over the the 19 years to provide an overall picture of air quality globally. Some of the things we can learn from this layer:What is the average annual PM 2.5 value over 19 years? (1998-2016)What is the annual average PM 2.5 value for each year from 1998 to 2016?What is the statistical trend for PM 2.5 over the 19 years? (downward or upward)Are there hot spots (or cold spots) of PM 2.5 over the 19 years?How many people are impacted by the air quality in an area?What is the death rate caused by the joint effects of air pollution?Choose a different attribute to symbolize in order to reveal any of the patterns above.A space time cube was performed on a multidimensional mosaic version of the data in order to derive an emerging hot spot analysis, trends, and a 19-year average. The country and administrative 1 layers provide a population-weighted PM 2.5 value to emphasize which areas have a higher human impact. Citations:van Donkelaar, A., R. V. Martin, M. Brauer, N. C. Hsu, R. A. Kahn, R. C. Levy, A. Lyapustin, A. M. Sayer, and D. M. Winker. 2018. Global Annual PM2.5 Grids from MODIS, MISR and SeaWiFS Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) with GWR, 1998-2016. Palisades, NY: NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). https://doi.org/10.7927/H4ZK5DQS. Accessed 1 April 2020van Donkelaar, A., R. V. Martin, M. Brauer, N. C. Hsu, R. A. Kahn, R. C. Levy, A. Lyapustin, A. M. Sayer, and D. M. Winker. 2016. Global Estimates of Fine Particulate Matter Using a Combined Geophysical-Statistical Method with Information from Satellites. Environmental Science & Technology 50 (7): 3762-3772. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b05833.Boundaries and population figures:Antarctica is excluded from all maps because it was not included in the original NASA grids.50km hex bins generated using the Generate Tessellation tool - projected to Behrmann Equal Area projection for analysesPopulation figures generated using Zonal Statistics from the World Population Estimate 2016 layer from ArcGIS Living Atlas.Administrative boundaries from World Administrative Divisions layer from ArcGIS Living Atlas - projected to Behrmann Equal Area projection for analyses and hosted in Web MercatorSources: Garmin, CIA World FactbookPopulation figures generated using Zonal Statistics from the World Population Estimate 2016 layer from ArcGIS Living Atlas.Country boundaries from Esri 2019 10.8 Data and Maps - projected to Behrmann Equal Area projection for analyses and hosted in Web Mercator. Sources: Garmin, Factbook, CIAPopulation figures attached to the country boundaries come from the World Population Estimate 2016 Sources Living Atlas layer Data processing notes:NASA's GeoTIFF files for 19 years (1998-2016) were first brought into ArcGIS Pro 2.5.0 and put into a multidimensional mosaic dataset.For each geography level, the following was performed: Zonal Statistics were run against the mosaic as a multidimensional layer.A Space Time Cube was created to compare the 19 years of PM 2.5 values and detect hot/cold spot patterns. To learn more about Space Time Cubes, visit this page.The Space Time Cube is processed for Emerging Hot Spots where we gain the trends and hot spot results.The layers are hosted in Web Mercator Auxillary Sphere projection, but were processed using an equal area projection: Behrmann. If using this layer for analysis, it is recommended to start by projecting the data back to Behrmann.The country and administrative layer were dissolved and joined with population figures in order to visualize human impact.The dissolve tool ensures that each geographic area is only symbolized once within the map.Country boundaries were generalized post-analysis for visualization purposes. The tolerance used was 700m. If performing analysis with this layer, find detailed country boundaries in ArcGIS Living Atlas. To create the population-weighted attributes on the country and Admin 1 layers, the hex value population values were used to create the weighting. Within each hex bin, the total population figure and average PM 2.5 were multiplied.The hex bins were converted into centroids and the PM2.5 and population figures were summarized within the country and Admin 1 boundaries.The summation of the PM 2.5 values were then divided by the total population of each geography. This population value was determined by summarizing the population values from the hex bins within each geography.Some artifacts in the hex bin layer as a result of the input NASA rasters. Because the gridded surface is created from multiple satellites, there are strips within some areas that are a result of satellite paths. Some areas also have more of a continuous pattern between hex bins as a result of the input rasters.Within the country layer, an air pollution attributable death rate is included. 2016 figures are offered by the World Health Organization (WHO). Values are offered as a mean, upper value, lower value, and also offered as age standardized. Values are for deaths caused by all possible air pollution related diseases, for both sexes, and all age groups. For more information visit this page, and here for methodology. According to WHO, the world average was 95 deaths per 100,000 people.To learn the techniques used in this analysis, visit the Learn ArcGIS lesson Investigate Pollution Patterns with Space-Time Analysis by Esri's Kevin Bulter and Lynne Buie.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2017). Food and Agriculture Organization Statistics: Emissions, Agriculture - Burning of Savanna | Country: Nepal | Item: Burning - all categories | Element: Emissions (CO2eq) from CH4 (Burning - savanna) - Gigagrams, 1990-2050. Data-Planet™ Statistical Ready Reference by Conquest Systems, Inc. [Data-file]. Dataset-ID: 067-001-032. Dataset: Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from burning of savanna consist of methane and nitrous oxide gases from biomass combustion. Statistics are computed at Tier 1 following the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for National GHG Inventories. The time-series and cross-sectional data provided here are from the FAOSTAT database of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Statistics include measures related to the food supply; forestry; agricultural production, prices, and investment; and trade and use of resources, such as fertilizers, land, and pesticides. As available, data are provided for approximately 245 countries and 35 regional areas from 1961 through the present. The data are typically supplied by governments to FAO Statistics through national publications and FAO questionnaires. Official data have sometimes been supplemented with data from unofficial sources and from other national or international agencies or organizations. In particular, for the European Union member countries, with the exception of Spain, data obtained from EUROSTAT have been used. Category: Natural Resources and Environment, Agriculture and Food Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Established in 1945 as a specialized agency of the United Nations, the Food and Agricultural Organization’s mandate is to raise levels of nutrition, improve agricultural productivity, better the lives of rural populations, and contribute to the growth of the world economy. Staff experts in seven FAO departments serve as a knowledge network to collect, analyze, and disseminate data, sharing policy expertise with member countries and implementing projects and programs throughout the world aimed at achieving rural development and hunger alleviation goals. The Statistics Division of the Food and Agricultural Organization collates and disseminates food and agricultural statistics globally. http://www.fao.org/ Subject: Grasslands, Agricultural Land, Agricultural Production, Climate Change, Air Pollutants, Agriculture, Air Pollution

Uzbekistan UZ: PM2.5 Air Pollution: Population Exposed to Levels Exceeding WHO Interim Target-1 Value: % of Total data was reported at 93.431 % in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 93.064 % for 2015. Uzbekistan UZ: PM2.5 Air Pollution: Population Exposed to Levels Exceeding WHO Interim Target-1 Value: % of Total data is updated yearly, averaging 75.554 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2016, with 11 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 98.864 % in 1990 and a record low of 56.482 % in 2005. Uzbekistan UZ: PM2.5 Air Pollution: Population Exposed to Levels Exceeding WHO Interim Target-1 Value: % of Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Uzbekistan – Table UZ.World Bank: Environment: Pollution. Percent of population exposed to ambient concentrations of PM2.5 that exceed the World Health Organization (WHO) Interim Target 1 (IT-1) is defined as the portion of a country’s population living in places where mean annual concentrations of PM2.5 are greater than 35 micrograms per cubic meter. The Air Quality Guideline (AQG) of 10 micrograms per cubic meter is recommended by the WHO as the lower end of the range of concentrations over which adverse health effects due to PM2.5 exposure have been observed.; ; Brauer, M. et al. 2016, for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.; Weighted Average;

Cyprus CY: PM2.5 Air Pollution: Population Exposed to Levels Exceeding WHO Guideline Value: % of Total data was reported at 100.000 % in 2017. This stayed constant from the previous number of 100.000 % for 2016. Cyprus CY: PM2.5 Air Pollution: Population Exposed to Levels Exceeding WHO Guideline Value: % of Total data is updated yearly, averaging 100.000 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2017, with 12 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 100.000 % in 2017 and a record low of 100.000 % in 2017. Cyprus CY: PM2.5 Air Pollution: Population Exposed to Levels Exceeding WHO Guideline Value: % of Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Cyprus – Table CY.World Bank.WDI: Environmental: Gas Emissions and Air Pollution. Percent of population exposed to ambient concentrations of PM2.5 that exceed the WHO guideline value is defined as the portion of a country’s population living in places where mean annual concentrations of PM2.5 are greater than 10 micrograms per cubic meter, the guideline value recommended by the World Health Organization as the lower end of the range of concentrations over which adverse health effects due to PM2.5 exposure have been observed.;Brauer, M. et al. 2017, for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.;Weighted average;

Serbia RS: PM2.5 Air Pollution: Population Exposed to Levels Exceeding WHO Interim Target-1 Value: % of Total data was reported at 0.162 % in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.160 % for 2015. Serbia RS: PM2.5 Air Pollution: Population Exposed to Levels Exceeding WHO Interim Target-1 Value: % of Total data is updated yearly, averaging 0.157 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2016, with 11 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.954 % in 1990 and a record low of 0.000 % in 2005. Serbia RS: PM2.5 Air Pollution: Population Exposed to Levels Exceeding WHO Interim Target-1 Value: % of Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Serbia – Table RS.World Bank: Environment: Pollution. Percent of population exposed to ambient concentrations of PM2.5 that exceed the World Health Organization (WHO) Interim Target 1 (IT-1) is defined as the portion of a country’s population living in places where mean annual concentrations of PM2.5 are greater than 35 micrograms per cubic meter. The Air Quality Guideline (AQG) of 10 micrograms per cubic meter is recommended by the WHO as the lower end of the range of concentrations over which adverse health effects due to PM2.5 exposure have been observed.; ; Brauer, M. et al. 2016, for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.; Weighted Average;

North Korea had the world's highest death rate from air pollution in 2021, at 279 per 100,000 inhabitants. This was roughly three times higher than the global average, and more than 33 times higher than the death rate in Finland. High-income countries typically have lower deaths rates from air pollution than those in developing regions. This is especially the case when looking at death rates among children from air pollution.

Syria SY: PM2.5 Air Pollution: Population Exposed to Levels Exceeding WHO Interim Target-1 Value: % of Total data was reported at 99.960 % in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 99.960 % for 2015. Syria SY: PM2.5 Air Pollution: Population Exposed to Levels Exceeding WHO Interim Target-1 Value: % of Total data is updated yearly, averaging 84.143 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2016, with 11 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 99.960 % in 2016 and a record low of 33.929 % in 2005. Syria SY: PM2.5 Air Pollution: Population Exposed to Levels Exceeding WHO Interim Target-1 Value: % of Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Syrian Arab Republic – Table SY.World Bank: Environment: Pollution. Percent of population exposed to ambient concentrations of PM2.5 that exceed the World Health Organization (WHO) Interim Target 1 (IT-1) is defined as the portion of a country’s population living in places where mean annual concentrations of PM2.5 are greater than 35 micrograms per cubic meter. The Air Quality Guideline (AQG) of 10 micrograms per cubic meter is recommended by the WHO as the lower end of the range of concentrations over which adverse health effects due to PM2.5 exposure have been observed.; ; Brauer, M. et al. 2016, for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.; Weighted Average;

Over the past two decades, many developing countries have experienced significant growth in per capita emissions. This is particularly the case in Asia. Fueled by rapid industrialization, per capita emissions in Vietnam have increased by almost 400 percent since 2000. Per capita emissions in China, India, and Indonesia have also increased substantially during this period. In comparison, per capita emissions in developed countries such as the United Kingdom have halved since 2000. Per capita emissions The growth in per capita emissions in China has coincided with the country becoming the world’s biggest emitter. However, despite the vast amounts of carbon dioxide China releases every year, its per capita emissions are far lower than in many other countries, at just eight metric tons per person. In comparison, the average American produces nearly 15 metric tons of carbon dioxide a year. This is three times higher than the average per capita emissions worldwide. Emissions in oil producing countries Per capita emissions are noticeably higher in oil producing countries. In the Middle East region, Qatar and Kuwait average more than 25 metric tons of CO₂ per inhabitant. People in more populous oil producing countries, such as Canada and Australia, average roughly 15 metric tons of carbon dioxide a year.

Slovakia SK: PM2.5 Air Pollution: Population Exposed to Levels Exceeding WHO Guideline Value: % of Total data was reported at 100.000 % in 2016. This stayed constant from the previous number of 100.000 % for 2015. Slovakia SK: PM2.5 Air Pollution: Population Exposed to Levels Exceeding WHO Guideline Value: % of Total data is updated yearly, averaging 100.000 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2016, with 11 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 100.000 % in 2016 and a record low of 100.000 % in 2016. Slovakia SK: PM2.5 Air Pollution: Population Exposed to Levels Exceeding WHO Guideline Value: % of Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Slovakia – Table SK.World Bank.WDI: Environment: Pollution. Percent of population exposed to ambient concentrations of PM2.5 that exceed the WHO guideline value is defined as the portion of a country’s population living in places where mean annual concentrations of PM2.5 are greater than 10 micrograms per cubic meter, the guideline value recommended by the World Health Organization as the lower end of the range of concentrations over which adverse health effects due to PM2.5 exposure have been observed.; ; Brauer, M. et al. 2016, for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.; Weighted average;

Uruguay UY: PM2.5 Air Pollution: Population Exposed to Levels Exceeding WHO Interim Target-2 Value: % of Total data was reported at 0.000 % in 2016. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 % for 2015. Uruguay UY: PM2.5 Air Pollution: Population Exposed to Levels Exceeding WHO Interim Target-2 Value: % of Total data is updated yearly, averaging 0.000 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2016, with 11 observations. Uruguay UY: PM2.5 Air Pollution: Population Exposed to Levels Exceeding WHO Interim Target-2 Value: % of Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Uruguay – Table UY.World Bank.WDI: Environment: Pollution. Percent of population exposed to ambient concentrations of PM2.5 that exceed the World Health Organization (WHO) Interim Target 2 (IT-2) is defined as the portion of a country’s population living in places where mean annual concentrations of PM2.5 are greater than 25 micrograms per cubic meter. The Air Quality Guideline (AQG) of 10 micrograms per cubic meter is recommended by the WHO as the lower end of the range of concentrations over which adverse health effects due to PM2.5 exposure have been observed.; ; Brauer, M. et al. 2016, for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.; Weighted average;

Serbia RS: Mortality Rate Attributed to Household and Ambient Air Pollution: Age-standardized: Female data was reported at 47.000 NA in 2016. Serbia RS: Mortality Rate Attributed to Household and Ambient Air Pollution: Age-standardized: Female data is updated yearly, averaging 47.000 NA from Dec 2016 (Median) to 2016, with 1 observations. Serbia RS: Mortality Rate Attributed to Household and Ambient Air Pollution: Age-standardized: Female data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Serbia – Table RS.World Bank.WDI: Health Statistics. Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution is the number of deaths attributable to the joint effects of household and ambient air pollution in a year per 100,000 population. The rates are age-standardized. Following diseases are taken into account: acute respiratory infections (estimated for all ages); cerebrovascular diseases in adults (estimated above 25 years); ischaemic heart diseases in adults (estimated above 25 years); chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults (estimated above 25 years); and lung cancer in adults (estimated above 25 years).; ; World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory Data Repository (http://apps.who.int/ghodata/).; Weighted average;

Madagascar MG: PM2.5 Air Pollution: Population Exposed to Levels Exceeding WHO Guideline Value: % of Total data was reported at 99.990 % in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 99.990 % for 2015. Madagascar MG: PM2.5 Air Pollution: Population Exposed to Levels Exceeding WHO Guideline Value: % of Total data is updated yearly, averaging 100.000 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2016, with 11 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 100.000 % in 2012 and a record low of 99.982 % in 2014. Madagascar MG: PM2.5 Air Pollution: Population Exposed to Levels Exceeding WHO Guideline Value: % of Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Madagascar – Table MG.World Bank: Environment: Pollution. Percent of population exposed to ambient concentrations of PM2.5 that exceed the WHO guideline value is defined as the portion of a country’s population living in places where mean annual concentrations of PM2.5 are greater than 10 micrograms per cubic meter, the guideline value recommended by the World Health Organization as the lower end of the range of concentrations over which adverse health effects due to PM2.5 exposure have been observed.; ; Brauer, M. et al. 2016, for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.; Weighted Average;