In 2021, there were **** million people in poverty in Egypt. This was a drop of *** million compared to the previous year. The population living under the national poverty line dropped to **** million in 2019 before an increment of *** million in 2020, probably due to the outbreak of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.

As of 2019/2020, the poverty rate was at **** percent of the total population in Egypt. Rural areas in Upper Egypt had the largest share of people under the poverty line, nearly ** percent. Moreover, Rural areas in Lower Egypt followed with ** percent of the population being categorized as poor. Urban areas in lower Egypt had the lowest share of poor population with almost **** percent..

Egypt EG: Proportion of People Living Below 50 Percent Of Median Income: % data was reported at 5.100 % in 2019. This records a decrease from the previous number of 5.300 % for 2017. Egypt EG: Proportion of People Living Below 50 Percent Of Median Income: % data is updated yearly, averaging 4.850 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2019, with 10 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 6.700 % in 1990 and a record low of 3.500 % in 1995. Egypt EG: Proportion of People Living Below 50 Percent Of Median Income: % data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Egypt – Table EG.World Bank.WDI: Social: Poverty and Inequality. The percentage of people in the population who live in households whose per capita income or consumption is below half of the median income or consumption per capita. The median is measured at 2017 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) using the Poverty and Inequality Platform (http://www.pip.worldbank.org). For some countries, medians are not reported due to grouped and/or confidential data. The reference year is the year in which the underlying household survey data was collected. In cases for which the data collection period bridged two calendar years, the first year in which data were collected is reported.;World Bank, Poverty and Inequality Platform. Data are based on primary household survey data obtained from government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments. Data for high-income economies are mostly from the Luxembourg Income Study database. For more information and methodology, please see http://pip.worldbank.org.;;The World Bank’s internationally comparable poverty monitoring database now draws on income or detailed consumption data from more than 2000 household surveys across 169 countries. See the Poverty and Inequality Platform (PIP) for details (www.pip.worldbank.org).

As of 2022, the poverty rate was projected at **** percent in Egypt. This was nearly *** percentage points less than the year before. Overall, from 2018 onwards, the poverty rate dropped to **** percent in 2019, before increasing again to about ** percent in 2020. Since 2020, projected poverty rates have followed a declining trend. They are expected to decrease further in 2023. The outbreak of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic contributed to the increase of the poverty rate in 2020. Adjusted national poverty lines National poverty lines are calculated based on consumption patterns of households in the country and are therefore adjustable over the years. Egypt’s national poverty line stood at ****** Egyptian pounds (comparable to ****** U.S. dollars) annually as of 2019/2020. This was an increase from ***** Egyptian pounds (****** U.S. dollars) ten years prior. In November 2016, the Central Bank of Egypt (CBE) declared that it fully floated the Egyptian pound, causing the currency devaluation.   Poverty more prevalent among larger households Poverty rates in the country were higher in households with more individuals. In households with *** or more members, the rate was as high as **** percent in 2019/2020. On the other hand, the poverty rate was significantly lower among households with *** to ***** members. Moreover, Rural Egypt had a higher share of population considered poor compared to Urban Egypt. In fact, in its rural areas in Upper Egypt, the poverty rate reached nearly ** percent.   

Egypt EG: Poverty Headcount Ratio at National Poverty Lines: % of Population data was reported at 27.800 % in 2015. This records an increase from the previous number of 26.300 % for 2012. Egypt EG: Poverty Headcount Ratio at National Poverty Lines: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 23.400 % from Dec 1999 (Median) to 2015, with 6 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 27.800 % in 2015 and a record low of 16.700 % in 1999. Egypt EG: Poverty Headcount Ratio at National Poverty Lines: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Egypt – Table EG.World Bank.WDI: Poverty. National poverty headcount ratio is the percentage of the population living below the national poverty lines. National estimates are based on population-weighted subgroup estimates from household surveys.; ; World Bank, Global Poverty Working Group. Data are compiled from official government sources or are computed by World Bank staff using national (i.e. country–specific) poverty lines.; ; This series only includes estimates that to the best of our knowledge are reasonably comparable over time for a country. Due to differences in estimation methodologies and poverty lines, estimates should not be compared across countries.

Number of poor at $3.2 a day of Egypt shot up by 69.05% from 16.8 million persons in 2015 to 28.4 million persons in 2017. Since the 16.33% slump in 2012, number of poor at $3.2 a day soared by 73.17% in 2017. Number of people living on less than $3.20 a day at 2011 international prices. Data are based on primary household survey data obtained from government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments. For more information and methodology, please see PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/index.htm).

The incidence of poverty increases in Egypt as the number of household members grows. Nearly 81 percent of the households with ten or more people were living under the national poverty line in 2019/2020. This was higher than both in 2015 and 2017/2018. In comparison, only 7.5 percent of the households with one to three members were poor in 2019/2020.

Egypt EG: Number of People Pushed Below the 50% Median Consumption Poverty Line by Out-of-Pocket Health Care Expenditure data was reported at 1,751,000.000 Person in 2012. This records an increase from the previous number of 687,000.000 Person for 2008. Egypt EG: Number of People Pushed Below the 50% Median Consumption Poverty Line by Out-of-Pocket Health Care Expenditure data is updated yearly, averaging 687,000.000 Person from Dec 1997 (Median) to 2012, with 3 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,751,000.000 Person in 2012 and a record low of 635,000.000 Person in 1997. Egypt EG: Number of People Pushed Below the 50% Median Consumption Poverty Line by Out-of-Pocket Health Care Expenditure data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Egypt – Table EG.World Bank.WDI: Poverty. Number of people pushed below the 50% median consumption poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure; ; Wagstaff et al. Progress on Impoverishing Health Spending: Results for 122 Countries. A Retrospective Observational Study, Lancet Global Health 2017; Sum;

Egypt EG: Number of People Spending More Than 25% of Household Consumption or Income on Out-of-Pocket Health Care Expenditure data was reported at 3,422,000.000 Person in 2012. This records an increase from the previous number of 717,000.000 Person for 2008. Egypt EG: Number of People Spending More Than 25% of Household Consumption or Income on Out-of-Pocket Health Care Expenditure data is updated yearly, averaging 885,000.000 Person from Dec 1997 (Median) to 2012, with 3 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3,422,000.000 Person in 2012 and a record low of 717,000.000 Person in 2008. Egypt EG: Number of People Spending More Than 25% of Household Consumption or Income on Out-of-Pocket Health Care Expenditure data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Egypt – Table EG.World Bank: Poverty. Number of people spending more than 25% of household consumption or income on out-of-pocket health care expenditure; ; Wagstaff et al. Progress on catastrophic health spending: results for 133 countries. A retrospective observational study, Lancet Global Health 2017.; Sum;

Abstract

In every society, young people carry the promise of a better future. They are the building blocks of a country’s economy and society and its most essential human resource. In Egypt, young people are not only its most important capital but they also constitute the largest segment of the population. According to the 2006 census, approximately 40% of Egyptians are between the ages of 10 and 29. With the right investments, this youth bulge will represent a demographic opportunity that will positively shape the country’s future. Once Egypt’s young people reach working age, given a relatively low proportion of older and younger non-working populations to support, they will present a “demographic gift” of low economic dependency. However, the large size of this cohort places enormous pressures on social services and the labor market and creates a major challenge for development planning. Failures in these institutions could result in the social and economic marginalization of a large proportion of youth that will be unable to compete in an increasingly globalized economy, hence turning the “gift” to demographic “burden”.

Effective planning relies on high-quality research. The Population Council seeks to build the evidence base for better policies and programs with the view of generating research that makes a difference. Young people have been a primary focus for the Council for decades, directing research to determine their conditions and contexts, and providing evidence for decision-makers. In 1998, the Population Council published Transitions to Adulthood, a comprehensive profile of youth based on the Council’s 1997 Adolescence and Social Change in Egypt (ASCE) survey. The results of ASCE have been an important resource for programming for adolescents in Egypt.

Responding to the dearth of data on youth in Egypt, the Population Council conducted a comprehensive situation analysis of Egyptian adolescents and young people: the Survey of Young People in Egypt (SYPE), which covers a nationally representative sample of 15,029 young people aged 10-29.

The SYPE collected data on the five key life transitions of education, work, family formation; health, and civic and political participation. SYPE follows up to an earlier survey conducted by the Population Council in 1997, The Adolescence and Social Change in Egypt (ASCE) survey. With focus on young people aged 10 to 19, analysis of ASCE identified tobacco use, female circumcision, anemia, growth stunting and delayed sexual maturation, poor management of menstruation, and underutilization of health insurance as six priority issues for youth in Egypt. SYPE updates the results provided by the earlier survey and expands their scope.

Geographic coverage

The SYPE sample is nationally representative, covering all governorates in Egypt, including the five Frontier governorates. The SYPE sample is considered to be an innovative design, because it allows for a priori inclusion of slum areas within the urban sample.

Analysis unit

1- Households. 2- Youth aged (10-29) years.

Universe

The survey covered a national sample of households and selected youth aged 10-29.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sample Design

The sample of the Survey of Young People in Egypt 2009 (SYPE) was designed in such a way as to be representative at the national as well as regional levels. The sample size of approximately 17,000 young people between the ages of 10 and 29 was selected to provide estimates of key indicators related to adolescents and youth for the country as a whole and for four administrative regions (Urban governorates, Lower Egypt governorates, Upper Egypt governorates and the Frontier governorates), and, where relevant, for the urban and rural segments of these regions. These indicators include never enrollment rates, dropout rates, the incidence of child labor, and unemployment rates. Based on previous statistics about the incidence of young people in the relevant age and sex groups, we determined that a nationally-representative sample of 11,000 households would be sufficient. To obtain accurate estimates for the Frontier governorates, these governorates had to be oversampled. As a result, the SYPE is not a self-weighted sample and weights are needed to obtain the correct estimates.

Sample Frame

The SYPE sample was designed as a multi-stage stratified cluster sample. The primary sampling units (PSUs) were selected from a CAPMAS master sample. The master sample is a stratified cluster sample that contains 2,400 PSUs, divided into 1,080 urban and 1,320 rural PSUs. These PSUs are drawn from a frame of enumeration areas (EAs) covering the entire country prepared by CAPMAS from the 2006 Population Census. Each EA is drawn up in such a way as to contain roughly 1500 dwelling units. The sample is stratified into governorates and each governorate is further stratified into urban and rural segments, where relevant. The distribution of PSUs across strata in the master sample reflects the distribution of the population so as to produce a self-weighted sample.

To achieve a fairly wide geographic dispersion in the SYPE sample and thus minimize the design effect, we set the number of households per cluster to 25. To obtain these 25 households, 25 dwelling units were systematically selected from the roughly 1500 listed in each EA. To get the sample size we needed, we set the number of required PSUs to 455, for a total sample size of 11,375 households. The distribution of PSUs across governorates and urban and rural areas in both the master sample and the SYPE sample are shown in (Table 1 in Appendix C of the final report available among the external resources). The final sample of households interviewed was made up of 11,372 households, which yielded a total of 15,029 young people aged 10-29.

The PSU's in the SYPE sample were drawn from the EA's in the master sample at a rate of roughly 19%-20%. With the exception of the Frontier Governorates and the Luxor administrative area, the sampling rate varies in a relatively narrow range from 14% to 27%. To get good representation from the sparsely populated Frontier Governorates, we increased the sampling rate significantly, in some cases retaining all the PSU's in the master sample. Weights will be derived at the level of the administrative region to account for these varying sampling rates.

Selecting the Urban Slums Sub-Sample

One of the objectives of SYPE is to obtain separate estimates for young people living in urban slums (referred to in the final report chapters as informal urban areas). To make sure we had enough representation of urban slums, we used a study conducted by the Information and Decision Support Center of the Egyptian Cabinet of Ministers (IDSC) to classify urban PSU's in the CAPMAS master sample into slum and non-slum areas. Deciding how to allocate urban PSUs to slum and non-slum areas was not a straightforward exercise given the unreliability of the data on the population of the slum areas.

First, we had to make a decision on how to allocate the 212 urban PSUs to slum and non-slum PSUs. The most reasonable estimate of the share of slums in the urban population was close to 20%, leading us to allocate 44 of the 212 urban PSU's in the sample to slum areas. Second, we had to allocate these 44 slum PSUs to the various governorates. This allocation was done in such a way as to match as closely as possible, the distribution of the number of slum areas across governorates is shown in (Table 2 in Appendix C of the final report available among the external resources).

Ideally, we should have allocated slum PSUs across governorates according to each governorate's share of slum population rather than its share in the number of slum areas. However, given the unreliable information about the population of slum areas, it was impossible to do the allocation in terms of population. This allocation decision is likely to understate the true share of slums in governorates such as Cairo, Giza and Alexandria, where the size of slums is likely to be larger than average, and overstate slum populations in governorates like Damietta, Dakahlia and Sharkia where the size of slums is probably smaller than average. Without reliable data on slum populations, it is unfortunately not possible to use weights to correct for this possible bias in the geographic distribution of slums.

** More information on the sampling procedures is available in Appendix C in the English final report available among the external resources.

Sampling deviation

Attrition was due to the individual's rejection or unavailability during the data collectors' visit or their subsequent two revisits to the same household.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The survey instruments included three separate questionnaires: 1) A household-level questionnaire; 2) An individual questionnaire that was administered to eligible young people; 3) A community-level questionnaire, which aimed at providing a profile of the localities in which young people live.

Response rate

A total of 16,061 young people were selected to be interviewed as part of this survey. Of this group, 15,029 young people were interviewed.

Sampling error estimates

SYPE estimates for sampling error estimation

Sampling errors along with other precision estimates have been calculated for several key survey estimates. The chosen estimates are labor-force participation rate; unemployment rate; employment

Egypt EG: Number of People Spending More Than 10% of Household Consumption or Income on Out-of-Pocket Health Care Expenditure data was reported at 23,000,000.000 Person in 2012. This records an increase from the previous number of 10,200,000.000 Person for 2008. Egypt EG: Number of People Spending More Than 10% of Household Consumption or Income on Out-of-Pocket Health Care Expenditure data is updated yearly, averaging 10,200,000.000 Person from Dec 1997 (Median) to 2012, with 3 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 23,000,000.000 Person in 2012 and a record low of 5,053,000.000 Person in 1997. Egypt EG: Number of People Spending More Than 10% of Household Consumption or Income on Out-of-Pocket Health Care Expenditure data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Egypt – Table EG.World Bank: Poverty. Number of people spending more than 10% of household consumption or income on out-of-pocket health care expenditure; ; Wagstaff et al. Progress on catastrophic health spending: results for 133 countries. A retrospective observational study, Lancet Global Health 2017.; Sum;

The global Multidimensional Poverty Index provides the only comprehensive measure available for non-income poverty, which has become a critical underpinning of the SDGs. The global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) measures multidimensional poverty in over 100 developing countries, using internationally comparable datasets and is updated annually. The measure captures the acute deprivations that each person faces at the same time using information from 10 indicators, which are grouped into three equally weighted dimensions: health, education, and living standards. Critically, the MPI comprises variables that are already reported under the Demographic Health Surveys (DHS), the Multi-Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) and in some cases, national surveys.

The subnational multidimensional poverty data from the data tables are published by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), University of Oxford. For the details of the global MPI methodology, please see the latest Methodological Notes found here.

Abstract

In every society, young people carry the promise of a better future. They are the building blocks of a country’s economy and society and its most essential human resource. In Egypt, young people are not only its most important capital but they also constitute the largest segment of the population. According to the 2006 census, approximately 40% of Egyptians are between the ages of 10 and 29. With the right investments, this youth bulge will represent a demographic opportunity that will positively shape the country’s future. Once Egypt’s young people reach working age, given a relatively low proportion of older and younger non-working populations to support, they will present a “demographic gift” of low economic dependency. However, the large size of this cohort places enormous pressures on social services and the labor market and creates a major challenge for development planning. Failures in these institutions could result in the social and economic marginalization of a large proportion of youth that will be unable to compete in an increasingly globalized economy, hence turning the “gift” to demographic “burden”.

Effective planning relies on high-quality research. The Population Council seeks to build the evidence base for better policies and programs with the view of generating research that makes a difference. Young people have been a primary focus for the Council for decades, directing research to determine their conditions and contexts, and providing evidence for decision-makers. In 1998, the Population Council published Transitions to Adulthood, a comprehensive profile of youth based on the Council’s 1997 Adolescence and Social Change in Egypt (ASCE) survey. The results of ASCE have been an important resource for programming for adolescents in Egypt.

Responding to the dearth of data on youth in Egypt, the Population Council conducted a comprehensive situation analysis of Egyptian adolescents and young people: the Survey of Young People in Egypt (SYPE), which covers a nationally representative sample of 15,029 young people aged 10-29.

The SYPE collected data on the five key life transitions of education, work, family formation; health, and civic and political participation. SYPE follows up to an earlier survey conducted by the Population Council in 1997, The Adolescence and Social Change in Egypt (ASCE) survey. With focus on young people aged 10 to 19, analysis of ASCE identified tobacco use, female circumcision, anemia, growth stunting and delayed sexual maturation, poor management of menstruation, and underutilization of health insurance as six priority issues for youth in Egypt. SYPE updates the results provided by the earlier survey and expands their scope.

Geographic coverage

The SYPE sample is nationally representative, covering all governorates in Egypt, including the five Frontier governorates. The SYPE sample is considered to be an innovative design, because it allows for a priori inclusion of slum areas within the urban sample.

Analysis unit

1- Households. 2- Youth aged (10-29) years.

Universe

The survey covered a national sample of households and selected youth aged 10-29.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sample Design

The sample of the Survey of Young People in Egypt 2009 (SYPE) was designed in such a way as to be representative at the national as well as regional levels. The sample size of approximately 17,000 young people between the ages of 10 and 29 was selected to provide estimates of key indicators related to adolescents and youth for the country as a whole and for four administrative regions (Urban governorates, Lower Egypt governorates, Upper Egypt governorates and the Frontier governorates), and, where relevant, for the urban and rural segments of these regions. These indicators include never enrollment rates, dropout rates, the incidence of child labor, and unemployment rates. Based on previous statistics about the incidence of young people in the relevant age and sex groups, we determined that a nationally-representative sample of 11,000 households would be sufficient. To obtain accurate estimates for the Frontier governorates, these governorates had to be oversampled. As a result, the SYPE is not a self-weighted sample and weights are needed to obtain the correct estimates.

Sample Frame

The SYPE sample was designed as a multi-stage stratified cluster sample. The primary sampling units (PSUs) were selected from a CAPMAS master sample. The master sample is a stratified cluster sample that contains 2,400 PSUs, divided into 1,080 urban and 1,320 rural PSUs. These PSUs are drawn from a frame of enumeration areas (EAs) covering the entire country prepared by CAPMAS from the 2006 Population Census. Each EA is drawn up in such a way as to contain roughly 1500 dwelling units. The sample is stratified into governorates and each governorate is further stratified into urban and rural segments, where relevant. The distribution of PSUs across strata in the master sample reflects the distribution of the population so as to produce a self-weighted sample.

To achieve a fairly wide geographic dispersion in the SYPE sample and thus minimize the design effect, we set the number of households per cluster to 25. To obtain these 25 households, 25 dwelling units were systematically selected from the roughly 1500 listed in each EA. To get the sample size we needed, we set the number of required PSUs to 455, for a total sample size of 11,375 households. The distribution of PSUs across governorates and urban and rural areas in both the master sample and the SYPE sample are shown in (Table 1 in Appendix C of the final report available among the external resources). The final sample of households interviewed was made up of 11,372 households, which yielded a total of 15,029 young people aged 10-29.

The PSU's in the SYPE sample were drawn from the EA's in the master sample at a rate of roughly 19%-20%. With the exception of the Frontier Governorates and the Luxor administrative area, the sampling rate varies in a relatively narrow range from 14% to 27%. To get good representation from the sparsely populated Frontier Governorates, we increased the sampling rate significantly, in some cases retaining all the PSU's in the master sample. Weights will be derived at the level of the administrative region to account for these varying sampling rates.

Selecting the Urban Slums Sub-Sample

One of the objectives of SYPE is to obtain separate estimates for young people living in urban slums (referred to in the final report chapters as informal urban areas). To make sure we had enough representation of urban slums, we used a study conducted by the Information and Decision Support Center of the Egyptian Cabinet of Ministers (IDSC) to classify urban PSU's in the CAPMAS master sample into slum and non-slum areas. Deciding how to allocate urban PSUs to slum and non-slum areas was not a straightforward exercise given the unreliability of the data on the population of the slum areas.

First, we had to make a decision on how to allocate the 212 urban PSUs to slum and non-slum PSUs. The most reasonable estimate of the share of slums in the urban population was close to 20%, leading us to allocate 44 of the 212 urban PSU's in the sample to slum areas. Second, we had to allocate these 44 slum PSUs to the various governorates. This allocation was done in such a way as to match as closely as possible, the distribution of the number of slum areas across governorates is shown in (Table 2 in Appendix C of the final report available among the external resources).

Ideally, we should have allocated slum PSUs across governorates according to each governorate's share of slum population rather than its share in the number of slum areas. However, given the unreliable information about the population of slum areas, it was impossible to do the allocation in terms of population. This allocation decision is likely to understate the true share of slums in governorates such as Cairo, Giza and Alexandria, where the size of slums is likely to be larger than average, and overstate slum populations in governorates like Damietta, Dakahlia and Sharkia where the size of slums is probably smaller than average. Without reliable data on slum populations, it is unfortunately not possible to use weights to correct for this possible bias in the geographic distribution of slums.

** More information on the sampling procedures is available in Appendix C in the English final report available among the external resources.

Sampling deviation

Attrition was due to the individual's rejection or unavailability during the data collectors' visit or their subsequent two revisits to the same household.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The survey instruments included three separate questionnaires: 1) A household-level questionnaire; 2) An individual questionnaire that was administered to eligible young people; 3) A community-level questionnaire, which aimed at providing a profile of the localities in which young people live.

Response rate

A total of 16,061 young people were selected to be interviewed as part of this survey. Of this group, 15,029 young people were interviewed.

Sampling error estimates

SYPE estimates for sampling error estimation

Sampling errors along with other precision estimates have been calculated for several key survey estimates. The chosen estimates are labor-force participation rate; unemployment rate; employment

Egypt EG: Number of People Pushed Below the $3.10: Poverty Line by Out-of-Pocket Health Care Expenditure: 2011 PPP data was reported at 936,000.000 Person in 2012. This records an increase from the previous number of 559,000.000 Person for 2008. Egypt EG: Number of People Pushed Below the $3.10: Poverty Line by Out-of-Pocket Health Care Expenditure: 2011 PPP data is updated yearly, averaging 644,000.000 Person from Dec 1997 (Median) to 2012, with 3 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 936,000.000 Person in 2012 and a record low of 559,000.000 Person in 2008. Egypt EG: Number of People Pushed Below the $3.10: Poverty Line by Out-of-Pocket Health Care Expenditure: 2011 PPP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Egypt – Table EG.World Bank: Poverty. Number of people pushed below the $3.10 ($ 2011 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure; ; Wagstaff et al. Progress on Impoverishing Health Spending: Results for 122 Countries. A Retrospective Observational Study, Lancet Global Health 2017.; Sum;

Abstract

Financial inclusion is critical in reducing poverty and achieving inclusive economic growth. When people can participate in the financial system, they are better able to start and expand businesses, invest in their children’s education, and absorb financial shocks. Yet prior to 2011, little was known about the extent of financial inclusion and the degree to which such groups as the poor, women, and rural residents were excluded from formal financial systems.

By collecting detailed indicators about how adults around the world manage their day-to-day finances, the Global Findex allows policy makers, researchers, businesses, and development practitioners to track how the use of financial services has changed over time. The database can also be used to identify gaps in access to the formal financial system and design policies to expand financial inclusion.

Geographic coverage

Sample excludes frontier governorates (Matruh, New Valley, North Sinai, Red Sea, and South Sinai) because of their remoteness and small population share. The excluded areas represent less than 2% of the population.

Analysis unit

Individuals

Universe

The target population is the civilian, non-institutionalized population 15 years and above.

Kind of data

Observation data/ratings [obs]

Sampling procedure

The indicators in the 2017 Global Findex database are drawn from survey data covering almost 150,000 people in 144 economies-representing more than 97 percent of the world’s population (see table A.1 of the Global Findex Database 2017 Report for a list of the economies included). The survey was carried out over the 2017 calendar year by Gallup, Inc., as part of its Gallup World Poll, which since 2005 has annually conducted surveys of approximately 1,000 people in each of more than 160 economies and in over 150 languages, using randomly selected, nationally representative samples. The target population is the entire civilian, noninstitutionalized population age 15 and above. Interview procedure Surveys are conducted face to face in economies where telephone coverage represents less than 80 percent of the population or where this is the customary methodology. In most economies the fieldwork is completed in two to four weeks.

In economies where face-to-face surveys are conducted, the first stage of sampling is the identification of primary sampling units. These units are stratified by population size, geography, or both, and clustering is achieved through one or more stages of sampling. Where population information is available, sample selection is based on probabilities proportional to population size; otherwise, simple random sampling is used. Random route procedures are used to select sampled households. Unless an outright refusal occurs, interviewers make up to three attempts to survey the sampled household. To increase the probability of contact and completion, attempts are made at different times of the day and, where possible, on different days. If an interview cannot be obtained at the initial sampled household, a simple substitution method is used.

Respondents are randomly selected within the selected households. Each eligible household member is listed and the handheld survey device randomly selects the household member to be interviewed. For paper surveys, the Kish grid method is used to select the respondent. In economies where cultural restrictions dictate gender matching, respondents are randomly selected from among all eligible adults of the interviewer’s gender.

In economies where telephone interviewing is employed, random digit dialing or a nationally representative list of phone numbers is used. In most economies where cell phone penetration is high, a dual sampling frame is used. Random selection of respondents is achieved by using either the latest birthday or household enumeration method. At least three attempts are made to reach a person in each household, spread over different days and times of day.

The sample size was 1000.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

The questionnaire was designed by the World Bank, in conjunction with a Technical Advisory Board composed of leading academics, practitioners, and policy makers in the field of financial inclusion. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and Gallup Inc. also provided valuable input. The questionnaire was piloted in multiple countries, using focus groups, cognitive interviews, and field testing. The questionnaire is available in more than 140 languages upon request.

Questions on cash on delivery, saving using an informal savings club or person outside the family, domestic remittances, and agricultural payments are only asked in developing economies and few other selected countries. The question on mobile money accounts was only asked in economies that were part of the Mobile Money for the Unbanked (MMU) database of the GSMA at the time the interviews were being held.

Sampling error estimates

Estimates of standard errors (which account for sampling error) vary by country and indicator. For country-specific margins of error, please refer to the Methodology section and corresponding table in Demirgüç-Kunt, Asli, Leora Klapper, Dorothe Singer, Saniya Ansar, and Jake Hess. 2018. The Global Findex Database 2017: Measuring Financial Inclusion and the Fintech Revolution. Washington, DC: World Bank

Egypt EG: Number of People Pushed Below the $1.90: Poverty Line by Out-of-Pocket Health Care Expenditure: 2011 PPP data was reported at 104,000.000 Person in 2012. This records an increase from the previous number of 66,000.000 Person for 2008. Egypt EG: Number of People Pushed Below the $1.90: Poverty Line by Out-of-Pocket Health Care Expenditure: 2011 PPP data is updated yearly, averaging 104,000.000 Person from Dec 1997 (Median) to 2012, with 3 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 223,000.000 Person in 1997 and a record low of 66,000.000 Person in 2008. Egypt EG: Number of People Pushed Below the $1.90: Poverty Line by Out-of-Pocket Health Care Expenditure: 2011 PPP data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Egypt – Table EG.World Bank: Poverty. Number of people pushed below the $1.90 ($ 2011 PPP) poverty line by out-of-pocket health care expenditure; ; Wagstaff et al. Progress on Impoverishing Health Spending: Results for 122 Countries. A Retrospective Observational Study, Lancet Global Health 2017.; Sum;

Unemployment Rate in Egypt increased to 6.40 percent in the third quarter of 2025 from 6.10 percent in the second quarter of 2025. This dataset provides - Egypt Unemployment Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Abstract

"The Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey, carried out by the Economic Research Forum (ERF) in cooperation with Egypt’s Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS). Over its twenty-year history, the ELMPS has become the mainstay of labor market and human development research in Egypt, being the first and most comprehensive source of publicly available micro data on the subject.

The 2018 wave of the Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey (ELMPS) is the fourth wave of a longitudinal survey carried out by the Economic Research Forum (ERF) in cooperation with the Egyptian Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS). The 2018 wave follows previous waves in 1998, 2006 and 2012. Over its twenty-year history, the ELMPS has become the mainstay of labor market and human development research in Egypt, being the first and most comprehensive source of publicly available micro data on the subject.

The ELMPS is a wide-ranging, nationally representative panel survey that covers topics such as parental background, education, housing, access to services, residential mobility, migration and remittances, time use, marriage patterns and costs, fertility, women’s decision making and empowerment, job dynamics, savings and borrowing behavior, the operation of household enterprises and farms, besides the usual focus on employment, unemployment and earnings in typical labor force surveys. ELMPS 2018 also provided more detailed information on health, gender role attitudes, food security, hazardous work, community infrastructure and the cost of housing. It incorporated specific questions on vulnerability, coping strategies and access to social safety net programs. (Krafft, C, Assaad, R., and Rahman, K .,2019)

In addition to the survey’s panel design, which permits the study of various phenomena over time, the survey also contains a large number of retrospective questions about the timing of major life events such as education, residential mobility, jobs, marriage and fertility. The survey provides detailed information about place of birth and subsequent residence, as well information about schools and colleges attended at various stages of an individual’s trajectory, which permit the individual records to be linked to information from other data sources about the geographic context in which the individual lived and the educational institutions s/he attended.

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For details on the the key characteristics of the ELMPS 2018, see: Krafft, C., Assaad, R., and Rahman, K. (2019) . Introducing the Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey 2018. Economic Research Forum Working Paper No. 1360

https://erf.org.eg/publications/introducing-the-egypt-labor-market-panel-survey-2018/

Geographic coverage

Regions:

Greater Cairo Alexandria and Suez Canal
Urban Lower Egypt
Urban Upper Egypt
Rural Lower Egypt

Rural Upper Egypt

For detailed information on the regions and governorates used in the ELMPS 2018 Sample, see: Krafft, C., Assaad, R., and Rahman, K. (2019) . Introducing the Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey 2018. Economic Research Forum Working Paper No. 1360

https://erf.org.eg/publications/introducing-the-egypt-labor-market-panel-survey-2018/

Analysis unit

1- Households. 2- Individuals. 3- Enterprises.

Universe

The survey covered a national sample of households and all households members aged 6 and above. In addition to Enterprises operated by the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

"As a longitudinal survey, the ELMPS attempts to track households included in the previous waves and interview all their remaining and new members. The survey also tries to locate any individuals who may have split from these households between waves, and attempts to interview them, as well as any other individuals found in the households they formed or joined.

In every wave of the survey, a refresher sample of 2,000-3,000 households is added to maintain the representativeness of the overall sample and to allow for a more in-depth examination of phenomena of interest. The focus we selected for the 2018 wave of the ELMPS was economic vulnerability among Egypt's poorest communities. Accordingly, we added a refresher sample of 2,000 households that oversampled rural communities that were among the "1,000 poorest villages" of Egypt, as ascertained by the most recent national poverty map available to us.

The final sample included 15,746 households and 61,231 individuals. Of these households, 13,793 households included members from 2012 (10,042 panel and 3,751 split households) and 1,953 were refresher households. Among individuals, 53,040 were in households that included at least one individual interviewed in 2012 (i.e., either panel or split households), while 8,191 were in refresher households. Of the 49,186 individuals included in the 2012 sample, 39,153 (79.6%) were successfully re-interviewed in 2018.

Of the 37,140 individuals in the 2006 sample, 22,901 (61.7%) were successfully tracked over three waves. Finally, of the 23,997 individuals included in the 1998 wave, 10,145 (42.3%) were successfully tracked over four waves. We present a detailed discussion of sample attrition patterns in Section 2 and the creation of weights to address such attrition in Section 3. We also discuss the design of the refresher sample and the calculation of the weights for it. In the subsequent section, we compare the (weighted) results of the ELMPS on key demographic and labor market indicators to those of other data sources, namely Egypt's 2017 Census and various rounds of the LFS. First, however, we discuss the design of the questionnaires, sample, and fielding practices." (Krafft, C., Assaad, R., and Rahman, K. ,2019)

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For details on The Pattern of Attrition from 2012 to 2018, see: Krafft, C., Assaad, R., and Rahman, K. (2019) . Introducing the Egypt Labor Market Panel Survey 2018. Economic Research Forum Working Paper No. 1360

https://erf.org.eg/publications/introducing-the-egypt-labor-market-panel-survey-2018/

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

"Each wave of the survey attempts to maintain consistency for the indicators measured in previous waves while adding additional modules and questions to examine new issues or allow more in-depth examination of existing issues. Accordingly, the 2018 wave devoted more attention to the measurement of the instability of employment, focusing in particular on job turnover among casual workers. It also provided more detailed information on health, gender role attitudes, food security, hazardous work, community infrastructure and the cost of housing. It incorporated specific questions on vulnerability, coping strategies and access to social safety net programs.

The 2018 wave has two primary questionnaires, a household questionnaire and an individual questionnaire. The modules in these two questionnaires are;

A) The household questionnaire includes; Statistical Identification; Tracking Splits, Individual Roster; Housing Information; Current Migrants; Transfers from Individuals; Other Sources of Income; Shocks and Coping; Household Non-Farm Activities; Agriculture Assets: Lands; Agriculture Assets: Livestock/Poultry; Agriculture Assets: Equipment; Agricultural Crops and Other Agricultural Income.

B) The individual questionnaire includes; Statistical Identification; Residential Mobility; Father's Characteristics; Mother's Characteristics; Siblings; Health; Education; Past Seven Days Subsistence & Domestic Work; Employment in the Past Seven Days; Unemployment; Employment in the Past Three Months; Characteristics of Main Job; Secondary Job; Labor Market History; Marriage; Fertility; Female Employment; Earnings; Earnings in Secondary Job; Return Migration; Information Technology; Savings & Borrowing and Attitudes.

They are for the most part the same as those in the previous waves of the survey with a few exceptions. The “tracking splits” module in the household questionnaire allows interviewers to ascertain whether the composition of the household has changed since the 2012 wave and inquire about new members present in the household as well as those who may have split to form new households. The “shocks and coping module” is also new in the 2018 wave and enquires about both idiosyncratic and community level shocks that the household may have been exposed to, household food security, and coping mechanisms that the household may have used to respond to shocks. The main changes in the individual questionnaire relative to the 2012 wave were a substantial expansion of the health module, a reconfiguration of the labor market history module to better capture past periods of non-employment7 and the addition of a module on attitudes." (Krafft, C., Assaad, R., and Rahman, K. ,2019)

Analysis unit

Persons, households, and dwellings

UNITS IDENTIFIED: - Dwellings: yes - Vacant Units: no - Households: yes - Individuals: yes - Group quarters: yes

UNIT DESCRIPTIONS: - Dwellings: Any unit used as a residence, including marginal living quarters not intended as such. - Households: A person or a group of persons, Egyptians or foreigners, connected or unconnected with blood relation, sharing the same living quarter, food and spending the night together. This includes slaves and free people (including servants). The exception to this are military personnel residing in military barracks and foreign non-Ottoman subjects. However, military personnel residing outside barracks are enumerated. Also, foreign non-Ottoman subjects are recorded in the census registers without the household members with a note that they are to be enumerated by their respective consulates. The census order can be found in - Group quarters: Group quarters, production sites and workplaces, poor shelters.

Universe

All individuals (Egyptians and foreigners) who were present within the political boundaries of Egypt. Certain areas are not enumerated. See

Kind of data

Population and Housing Census [hh/popcen]

Sampling procedure

MICRODATA SOURCE:

SAMPLE SIZE (person records): 78415.

SAMPLE DESIGN: Sample is stratified by province. The target sample size in each province is decided based on the pre-determined sampling rate of 8-10 percent in Cairo and Alexandria and 1 percent in all the other provinces. The target province population is based on the 1882 population census. Systematic sampling by page is applied to the entirety of the handwritten registers for each province. Specifically, an initial page within a range of pages (x) is randomly chosen, and the successive pages every "x" pages are selected until the end of the province's registers. The page range (x) is determined a priori based on the target sample size and the average number of individual records in the page for each province. Person weights are needed to adjust for the different sampling rates across provinces and for the non-enumeration of certain provinces.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Handwritten registers of household and individual characteristics as well as housing conditions.

Abstract

The World Values Survey (www.worldvaluessurvey.org) is a global network of social scientists studying changing values and their impact on social and political life, led by an international team of scholars, with the WVS association and secretariat headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden. The survey, which started in 1981, seeks to use the most rigorous, high-quality research designs in each country. The WVS consists of nationally representative surveys conducted in almost 100 countries which contain almost 90 percent of the world’s population, using a common questionnaire. The WVS is the largest non-commercial, cross-national, time series investigation of human beliefs and values ever executed, currently including interviews with almost 400,000 respondents. Moreover the WVS is the only academic study covering the full range of global variations, from very poor to very rich countries, in all of the world’s major cultural zones. The WVS seeks to help scientists and policy makers understand changes in the beliefs, values and motivations of people throughout the world. Thousands of political scientists, sociologists, social psychologists, anthropologists and economists have used these data to analyze such topics as economic development, democratization, religion, gender equality, social capital, and subjective well-being. These data have also been widely used by government officials, journalists and students, and groups at the World Bank have analyzed the linkages between cultural factors and economic development.

Geographic coverage

Egypt

Analysis unit

Household Individual

Universe

National Population, Both sexes,16 and more years

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

There were different stages in the sampling procedure: - First Stage: Stratification of Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) identification of 26 Governorates - Second Stage: sample of Census Blocks in each governorate to be included - Third Stage: Dividing Sample According to Educational Levels - Fourth Stage: Choosing Persons to be interviewed in each household. A random sample of households in each PSUs was first selected.

Eligible individuals who were 16 years of age and over with certain educational level were then selected for interviews. Substitution was permitted in case the selected household did not exist for any reason at the specified address, a different household from the same census block was selected. The design provides for at least 4 calls, however. The primary stage of sampling Egyptian households was divided into 26 governorates based on boundaries in the Egyptian local governance system. Because these governorates are not homogeneous, the 1996 Census divided these governorates into four different areas: - Urban areas include governorates, which are urban as a whole, dominated by trade, industry, and business. This category includes Governorates of Cairo, Alexandria, Port Said, and Suez. In Urban-Rural areas, each governorate has some small towns but most inhabitants live in villages and works in agricultural activities. - Northern urban-rural areas include the northern part of the Nile valley: Domiat, Ismailia, Dakahlia, Sharkia, Kaluobia, Gharbia, Menoufia, Kafr Elll Shheikh, and Behera. - Southern urban areas include the southern part of the Nile valley governorates: Giza, Bani Sowief, Fayom, Assiout,m Kena, and Aswan. - Border Areas include desert outside the Nile Valley, including North and South Sinai, New Valley, and Matrouh. There were some limitations when the survey was realized. It was the high proportion of housewives who were present at the time of the interview.

Remarks about sampling: - Final numbers of clusters or sampling points: 9 - Sample unit from office sampling: Household

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The WVS questionnaire was translated from the English questionnaire by a member of the research team. The translated questionnaire was also pre-tested. The questionnaire was administered to 300 individuals. Some questions included caused particular problems: Variable 133-136, Variable 182, Variable 196, and Variable 199. We had to re-phrase some questions to fit the Egyptian situation. All problems were solved consequently. The sample was designed to be representative of the entire adult population, i.e. 18 years and older, of your country. The lower age cut-off for the sample was 16 and there was not any upper age cut-off for the sample.

Response rate

Two hundred fifty questionnaires were rejected after the check-up due to errors as well as illogical answers All these questionnaires were replaced by different households in the same census blocks.