GHQ-12 comparison between Well London sample and ‘Understanding Society’ (British Household Panel Survey 2009/10). (DOCX)

Summary measures at ward level of the Indices of Deprivation (ID) 2007. NOTE: The ward summary for ID2010 can be found on the ID2010 page. The Government's Indices of Deprivation are produced for small areas across England. Summary measures of the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) are published for local authorities. This dataset gives GLA calculations giving, as far as possible, comparable summary measures for wards in London. It also includes GLA calculations giving the two supplementary indices at ward level. The purpose is to replicate, as far as possible, the local authority level measures published by CLG and gives alternative and additional measures, including a ward level version of the Income Deprivation Affecting Children Index (IDACI) and the Income Deprivation Affecting Older People Index (IDAOPI). The scores and ranks within London are given, with a rank of 1 denoting the most deprived out of a total of 628 wards in London, with the City of London grouped into four areas, only the first ward of which is named. The ward level summary measures replicating those at LA level produced here are: -Average of SOA Scores -Average of SOA Ranks -Extent -The Income Scale -The Employment Scale The LA level Concentration measure cannot be sensibly reproduced at ward level, since it is based on ten per cent of the area’s population, which is in most cases less than a single SOA. Instead, a summary measure Highest ranked SOA in ward has been included. Additionally, this Briefing includes the total number of SOAs in each ward and gives a count of how many SOAs are included among the more deprived areas in England. Four such counts are given – the five per cent most deprived, ten per cent, 20 per cent and 50 per cent, or above average.

The sixteen datasets contain data collected from London archives, printed primary sources, and the Old Bailey Proceedings Online. They form the background data to graphs and tables published in the book, London Lives: Poverty, Crime and the Making of a Modern City, 1690-1800 (Cambridge University Press, 2015).

Subjective causes of loneliness among young adults in London’s most deprived areas: Theme summary.

This GLA Intelligence Update takes a brief look at evidence around the wealth gap in London and examines how this has changed in recent years. Key Findings There is a significant gap between the rich and poor in London, both in terms of their wealth and their income. A higher proportion of the wealthiest households are in the South East of England than in London. Pension wealth accounts for more than half the wealth of the richest ten per cent of the population. In London, the tenth of the population with the highest income have weekly income after housing costs of over £1,000 while people in the lowest tenth have under £94 per week. The gap between rich and poor is growing, with the difference between the average income for the second highest tenth and second lowest tenth growing around 14 per cent more than inflation since 2003.

BackgroundIdentifying and tackling the social determinants of infectious diseases has become a public health priority following the recognition that individuals with lower socioeconomic status are disproportionately affected by infectious diseases. In many parts of the world, epidemiologically and genotypically defined community-associated (CA) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains have emerged to become frequent causes of hospital infection. The aim of this study was to use spatial models with adjustment for area-level hospital attendance to determine the transmission niche of genotypically defined CA- and health-care-associated (HA)-MRSA strains across a diverse region of South East London and to explore a potential link between MRSA carriage and markers of social and material deprivation.Methods and FindingsThis study involved spatial analysis of cross-sectional data linked with all MRSA isolates identified by three National Health Service (NHS) microbiology laboratories between 1 November 2011 and 29 February 2012. The cohort of hospital-based NHS microbiology diagnostic services serves 867,254 usual residents in the Lambeth, Southwark, and Lewisham boroughs in South East London, United Kingdom (UK). Isolates were classified as HA- or CA-MRSA based on whole genome sequencing. All MRSA cases identified over 4 mo within the three-borough catchment area (n = 471) were mapped to small geographies and linked to area-level aggregated socioeconomic and demographic data. Disease mapping and ecological regression models were used to infer the most likely transmission niches for each MRSA genetic classification and to describe the spatial epidemiology of MRSA in relation to social determinants. Specifically, we aimed to identify demographic and socioeconomic population traits that explain cross-area extra variation in HA- and CA-MRSA relative risks following adjustment for hospital attendance data. We explored the potential for associations with the English Indices of Deprivation 2010 (including the Index of Multiple Deprivation and several deprivation domains and subdomains) and the 2011 England and Wales census demographic and socioeconomic indicators (including numbers of households by deprivation dimension) and indicators of population health. Both CA-and HA-MRSA were associated with household deprivation (CA-MRSA relative risk [RR]: 1.72 [1.03–2.94]; HA-MRSA RR: 1.57 [1.06–2.33]), which was correlated with hospital attendance (Pearson correlation coefficient [PCC] = 0.76). HA-MRSA was also associated with poor health (RR: 1.10 [1.01–1.19]) and residence in communal care homes (RR: 1.24 [1.12–1.37]), whereas CA-MRSA was linked with household overcrowding (RR: 1.58 [1.04–2.41]) and wider barriers, which represent a combined score for household overcrowding, low income, and homelessness (RR: 1.76 [1.16–2.70]). CA-MRSA was also associated with recent immigration to the UK (RR: 1.77 [1.19–2.66]). For the area-level variation in RR for CA-MRSA, 28.67% was attributable to the spatial arrangement of target geographies, compared with only 0.09% for HA-MRSA. An advantage to our study is that it provided a representative sample of usual residents receiving care in the catchment areas. A limitation is that relationships apparent in aggregated data analyses cannot be assumed to operate at the individual level.ConclusionsThere was no evidence of community transmission of HA-MRSA strains, implying that HA-MRSA cases identified in the community originate from the hospital reservoir and are maintained by frequent attendance at health care facilities. In contrast, there was a high risk of CA-MRSA in deprived areas linked with overcrowding, homelessness, low income, and recent immigration to the UK, which was not explainable by health care exposure. Furthermore, areas adjacent to these deprived areas were themselves at greater risk of CA-MRSA, indicating community transmission of CA-MRSA. This ongoing community transmission could lead to CA-MRSA becoming the dominant strain types carried by patients admitted to hospital, particularly if successful hospital-based MRSA infection control programmes are maintained. These results suggest that community infection control programmes targeting transmission of CA-MRSA will be required to control MRSA in both the community and hospital. These epidemiological changes will also have implications for effectiveness of risk-factor-based hospital admission MRSA screening programmes.

In 2023, the gross domestic product per capita in London was 63,618 British pounds, compared with 37,135 pounds per capita for the United Kingdom as a whole. Apart from London, the only other region of the UK that had a greater GDP per capita than the UK average was South East England, at 38,004 pounds per capita. By contrast, North East England had the lowest GDP per capita among UK regions, at 26,347 pounds. Regional imbalance in the UK economy? London's overall GDP in 2022 was over 508 billion British pounds, which accounted for almost a quarter of the overall GDP of the United Kingdom. South East England had the second-largest regional economy in the country, with a GDP of almost 341.7 billion British pounds. Furthermore, these two regions were the only ones that had higher levels of productivity (as measured by output per hour worked) than the UK average. While recent governments have recognized regional inequality as a major challenge facing the country, it may take several years for any initiatives to bear fruit. The creation of regional metro mayors across England is one of the earliest attempts at giving regions and cities in particular more power over spending in their regions than they currently have. UK economy growth slow in late 2024 After ending 2023 with two quarters of negative growth, the UK economy grew at the reasonable rate of 0.8 percent and 0.4 percent in the first and second quarters of the year. This was, however, followed by zero growth in the third quarter, and by just 0.1 percent in the last quarter of the year. Other economic indicators, such as the inflation rate, fell within the expected range in 2024, but have started to rise again, with a rate of three percent recorded in January 2025. While unemployment has witnessed a slight uptick since 2022, it is still at quite low levels compared with previous years.

These fuel poverty risk indicators provide users with a nuanced picture of the impact of various risk factors, exacerbating factors and indicators for fuel poverty. It was developed with the Assembly Health and Public Services Committee in their investigation into fuel poverty in London. The Committee's report explains how the tool could be used strategically to help organisations target specific wards that are at high risk of fuel poverty. Appendix 4 in the report set out the rationale for the risk factors present in the tool.

Users can adjust the weighting of the indicators to show their relative significance. Isolating specific indicators could help organisations determine what type of support is likely to have greatest impact in an area. For example, wards with a low score for cavity wall insulation would indicate wards that could be targeted for promoting uptake of cavity wall insulation.

Read Victoria Borwick's blog "Using public data to tackle fuel poverty - can you help?"

The fuel poverty scores measure risk of fuel poverty based on 12 indicators. The England and Wales average each year is 0. Scores below 0 are more likely to be at risk from fuel poverty according to these measures.

The indicators are:

Housing
Dwellings without central heating
Cavity walls that are uninsulated
Lofts with less than 150mm insulation

Health
Health Deprivation & Disability domain (ID2010)
Standardised Mortality Ratio
Incapacity Benefit claimant rate

Older people
People aged 60 and over
Older people claiming pension credit

Worklessness
Unemployment

Poverty
Income Support claimant rate
Child Poverty rates
Households classified 'fuel poor'

The Excel tool includes a ward map, charts and rankings.

Note: Users must enable macros when prompted upon opening the spreadsheet (or reset security to medium/low) for the map to function. The rest of the tool will function without macros.

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Summary statistics from Indices of Multiple Deprivation (IMD). The spreadsheet includes borough data from 2000, 2004 and 2007.

The latest Indices of Deprivation data for 2010 can be found here.

The Index of Multiple Deprivation 2007 combines a number of indicators, chosen to cover a range of economic, social and housing issues, into a single deprivation score for each small area in England. This allows each area to be ranked relative to one another according to their level of deprivation.

Local Concentration is the population weighted average of the ranks of a district’s most deprived LSOAs that contain exactly 10% of the local authority district’s population.

Extent is the proportion of a local authority district’s population living in the most deprived LSOAs in the country.

Income Scale is the number of people who are Income deprived.

Employment Scale is the number of people who are Employment deprived.

Average of LSOA Ranks is the population weighted average of the combined ranks for the LSOAs in a local authority district.

The Integrated Care Systems Housing Profile (ICS Housing Profile) is a resource that aims to support people working in ICSs and ICBs to understand, and work jointly with partners to mitigate and tackle the key housing-related issues that drive poor health in London. The ICS Housing Profile presents key housing data for London at sub-regional ICS geography and borough level. The data is presented across the three narrative themes of housing quality, security, and affordability. Whilst those working in ICSs and ICBs will be aware of the broad impacts of housing on health, we hope this resource will help colleagues to better understand the specific housing issues that are driving health inequalities and healthcare usage, in the area they’re working in. ​ For those looking to delve deeper into the data, the accompanying workbooks can be used to find more information on housing trends over time, different geographical breakdowns and alternative metrics. Development of the resource This resource has been produced collaboratively by the Greater London Authority Group Public Health Unit and the City Intelligence Unit. The data included in this report is the most recent available at the time the report was written. The resource is provided in PDF and PowerPoint format to support colleagues in their work. There is no current plan for periodic updates of this resource. The resource includes: ICS Housing Profile (in PDF or PowerPoint format) Housing Profile Data Summary (workbook 1) – this includes more data to explore beyond the figures set out in the profile Housing Profile Figures (workbook 2) – this includes data behind the figures only Other useful resources: The Housing and Health page provides intelligence and context on the housing and health inequalities in London. The Cost of Poor Housing page estimates the annual cost to the NHS of homes in poor condition in London.

Between 2019 and 2023, people living in households in the Asian and ‘Other’ ethnic groups were most likely to be in persistent low income before and after housing costs

IntroductionThe objectives of this study were to examine relationships between neighbourhood-level and individual-level characteristics and physical activity in deprived London neighbourhoods.MethodsIn 40 of the most deprived neighbourhoods in London (ranked in top 11% in London by Index of Multiple Deprivation) a cross-sectional survey (n = 4107 adults aged > = 16 years), neighbourhood audit tool, GIS measures and routine data measured neighbourhood and individual-level characteristics.The binary outcome was meeting the minimum recommended (CMO, UK) 5×30 mins moderate physical activity per week. Multilevel modelling was used to examine associations between physical activity and individual and neighbourhood-level characteristics.ResultsRespondents living more than 300 m away from accessible greenspace had lower odds of achieving recommended physical activity levels than those who lived within 300 m; from 301–600 m (OR = 0.7; 95% CI 0.5–0.9) and from 601–900 m (OR = 0.6; 95% CI 0.4–0.8). There was substantial residual between-neighbourhood variance in physical activity (median odds ratio = 1.7). Other objectively measured neighbourhood-level characteristics were not associated with physical activity levels.ConclusionsDistance to nearest greenspace is associated with meeting recommended physical activity levels in deprived London neighbourhoods. Despite residual variance in physical activity levels between neighbourhoods, we found little evidence for the influence of other measured neighbourhood-level characteristics.

The Integrated Care Systems Housing Profile (ICS Housing Profile) is a resource that aims to support people working in ICSs and ICBs to understand, and work jointly with partners to mitigate and tackle the key housing-related issues that drive poor health in London. The ICS Housing Profile presents key housing data for London at sub-regional ICS geography and borough level. The data is presented across the three narrative themes of housing quality, security, and affordability. Whilst those working in ICSs and ICBs will be aware of the broad impacts of housing on health, we hope this resource will help colleagues to better understand the specific housing issues that are driving health inequalities and healthcare usage, in the area they’re working in. ​ For those looking to delve deeper into the data, the accompanying workbooks can be used to find more information on housing trends over time, different geographical breakdowns and alternative metrics. Development of the resource This resource has been produced collaboratively by the Greater London Authority Group Public Health Unit and the City Intelligence Unit. The data included in this report is the most recent available at the time the report was written. The resource is provided in PDF and PowerPoint format to support colleagues in their work. There is no current plan for periodic updates of this resource. The resource includes: ICS Housing Profile (in PDF or PowerPoint format) Housing Profile Data Summary (workbook 1) – this includes more data to explore beyond the figures set out in the profile Housing Profile Figures (workbook 2) – this includes data behind the figures only Other useful resources: The Housing and Health page provides intelligence and context on the housing and health inequalities in London. The Cost of Poor Housing page estimates the annual cost to the NHS of homes in poor condition in London.

This dataset provides Census 2021 estimates that classify households in England and Wales by four dimensions of deprivation: Employment, education, health and disability, and household overcrowding. The estimates are as at Census Day, 21 March 2021.

Area type

Census 2021 statistics are published for a number of different geographies. These can be large, for example the whole of England, or small, for example an output area (OA), the lowest level of geography for which statistics are produced.

For higher levels of geography, more detailed statistics can be produced. When a lower level of geography is used, such as output areas (which have a minimum of 100 persons), the statistics produced have less detail. This is to protect the confidentiality of people and ensure that individuals or their characteristics cannot be identified.

Coverage

Census 2021 statistics are published for the whole of England and Wales. Data are also available in these geographic types:

• country - for example, Wales
• region - for example, London
• local authority - for example, Cornwall
• health area – for example, Clinical Commissioning Group
• statistical area - for example, MSOA or LSOA

Household deprivation

The dimensions of deprivation used to classify households are indicators based on four selected household characteristics.

Education

A household is classified as deprived in the education dimension if no one has at least level 2 education and no one aged 16 to 18 years is a full-time student.

Employment

A household is classified as deprived in the employment dimension if any member, not a full-time student, is either unemployed or economically inactive due to long-term sickness or disability.

Health

A household is classified as deprived in the health dimension if any person in the household has general health that is bad or very bad or is identified as disabled

People who have assessed their day-to-day activities as limited by long-term physical or mental health conditions or illnesses are considered disabled. This definition of a disabled person meets the harmonised standard for measuring disability and is in line with the Equality Act (2010).

Housing

A household is classified as deprived in the housing dimension if the household's accommodation is either overcrowded, in a shared dwelling, or has no central heating.

Young adults’ (18–24 years old) demographics (in numbers and percentages)a.

Housing Research Notes are a series of analytical reports from the Greater London Authority focusing on individual issues of relevance to housing policy in London. The most recent Housing Research Note (published in November 2023) estimates the annual cost to the NHS of homes in poor condition in London. It also estimates the cost of repairing all the homes in London that are in poor condition, calculating how long it would take the savings to pay off the repair costs. The analysis is broken down by tenure and compared with the same figures for the rest of England. Previous Housing Research Notes have analysed topics including housing supply, Help to Buy policy, short-term lettings, international comparisons, the factors behind increasing private rents and race equality. The Housing Research Notes are listed below in reverse date order: HRN 11 (2023) The cost of poor housing in London (November 2023) HRN 10 (2023) The affordability impacts of new housing supply: A summary of recent research (August 2023) HRN 09 (2023) Understanding recent rental trends in London’s private rental market (June 2023) HRN 08 (2022) Housing and race equality in London (March 2022) HRN 07 (2021) Who moves into social housing in London? (November 2021) HRN 06 (2021) An analysis of housing floorspace per person (February 2021) HRN 05 (2020) Intermediate housing: The evidence base (August 2020) HRN 04 (2020) Short-term and holiday letting in London (February 2020) HRN 03 (2019) Housing in four world cities: London, New York, Paris and Tokyo (April 2019) HRN 02 (2018) Help to Buy in London (September 2018) HRN 01 (2018) The profile of London's new homes in 2016/17: Analysis of the London Development Database (May 2018)

This project investigated the character and development of London’s eastern suburb by examining the life of the inhabitants of the extra-mural parishes of St Botolph Aldgate and Holy Trinity Minories from c.1550-c.1700. Covering just under 80 acres running south from the parish of St Botolph Bishopsgate to the Thames, this area experienced a population explosion during the early modern period, from c.3,500 inhabitants in 1540, over 11,000 by 1650, to nearly 20,000 by 1700. The area offers a population with a unique range of social and economic experiences which allow the greatest possible scope for studying suburban living in early modern London. Moreover, it also offers an unprecedented array of sources, including parish registers, records of poor relief, numerous taxation and household listings, and the observations of the parish clerks of St Botolph.

The project had three main aims. The first involves a full family reconstitution and demographic analysis of the area’s parish registers - the largest reconstitution yet attempted from English registers. Relevant issues here are seasonality of mortality across the period, and the impact of maternal feeding practices. The second area of research involved study of the status, wealth and arrangement of the domestic units within the two parishes. Major themes here concern the levels of poverty and overseas immigration, the impact of London’s growth on existing social structures and whether communities of wealth congregated in different areas of the suburb. Finally, the third project strand concerned the topographical development of the area, specifically the expansion of its housing stock. Subjects of interest here included the residence patterns and spatial characteristics of the population, variables such as housing quality and amenity, and rental values.

The project aimed to reconstruct the lives of paupers using the unusually rich poor law records for St. Martin-in-the-Fields, Westminster across the long-eighteenth century. The main objectives were:
1. To discover and analyse the characteristics of recipients of both indoor and outdoor relief with a view to understanding their total life situation, the frequency with which they received relief, and the duration of that relief.
2. To analyse the changing experience of children and old people within the welfare system.
3. Wherever possible, to uncover the familial and life-cycle circumstances of the pauper population, and how alterations in these circumstances were related to poor law payments and interactions with the institutions of relief.
4. To produce some basic statistical measures of poor relief including long-run patterns of expenditure on the poor.
5. To compare material derived from the pauper biographies of Westminster with those from other settlements and parishes, both in the capital and elsewhere.

CI = Confidence Interval.aAdjusted for Age, Gender, Ethnicity.