In 2019, people from most ethnic minority groups were more likely than White British people to live in the most deprived neighbourhoods.

Model-based estimates of the proportion of households with mean weekly income lower than 60% of the national median weekly income, by middle layer super output area, England and Wales.

Between 2018 and 2022, people in households in the ‘other’, Asian and black ethnic groups were the most likely to be in persistent low income, both before and after housing costs, out of all ethnic groups.

In 2023/24 approximately 3.9 million children in the United Kingdom were living in absolute poverty after housing costs were considered, with a further 6.9 million working-age adults living in this situation, 1.6 million pensioners, and 5,4 million families where someone is disabled.

The English Indices of Deprivation 2010 provide a relative measure of deprivation at small area level across England. Areas are ranked from least deprived to most deprived on seven different dimensions of deprivation and an overall composite measure of multiple deprivation. Most of the data underlying the 2010 Indices are for the year 2008. The domains used in the Indices of Deprivation 2010 are: income deprivation; employment deprivation; health deprivation and disability; education deprivation; crime deprivation; barriers to housing and services deprivation; and living environment deprivation. Each of these domains has its own scores and ranks, allowing users to focus on specific aspects of deprivation. In addition, two supplementary indices measure income deprivation amongst children - the Income Deprivation Affecting Children Index (IDACI) - and older people - the Income Deprivation Affecting Older People Index (IDAOPI).This data was then combined with the LSOA boundaries in ArcGIS. The first data column is the Index of Multiple Deprivation Score. The second data column is the Rank of the Index of Multiple Deprivation Score. The LSOA with a rank of 1 is the most deprived, and 32482 the least deprived, on this overall measure. The IMD 2010 was constructed by combining the seven transformed domain scores, using the following weights: * Income (22.5%) * Employment (22.5%) * Health and Disability (13.5%) * Education, Skills and Training (13.5%) * Barriers to Housing and Services (9.3%) * Crime (9.3%) * Living Environment (9.3%) The the seven domain indices are each presented in separate tables available from the DCLG website. Data sourced from Data.gov.uk: http://data.gov.uk/dataset/index-of-multiple-deprivation and LSOA data from ONS Geoportal: https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/geoportal/catalog/main/home.page (the dataset date in this case refers to the date the data was uploaded). GIS vector data. This dataset was first accessioned in the EDINA ShareGeo Open repository on 2013-12-06 and migrated to Edinburgh DataShare on 2017-02-22.

This method provides statistics on relative deprivation in England, Wales, and Scotland, including:

• The Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) – a measure of overall deprivation
• Domain-specific indices (e.g., income, employment, education, health etc.) that differ by country
• Area rankings and deciles for simplified analysis

Area Types

The indices assess deprivation at a small-area level:

• England & Wales: Lower-layer Super Output Areas (LSOAs)
• Scotland: Data Zones

Ranking & Deciles

Each area is ranked from most to least deprived:

• England: 1 (most deprived) to 32,844 (least deprived)
• Wales: 1 (most deprived) to 1,909 (least deprived)
• Scotland: 1 (most deprived) to 6,976 (least deprived)

The ranks are available in the imdRank field, with domain-specific ranks in fields such as incomeRank, employmentRank, crimeRank, etc.

To simplify, areas are also categorized into deciles (1 = most deprived, 10 = least deprived), available in fields like imdDecile, incomeDecile, employmentDecile, etc.

Mapping & Consumer Platform Adjustments

We use deciles to color-code our deprivation map. However, on our consumer platform, we reversed the ratings scale to match user expectations where higher ratings are associated with higher deprivation.

For example, postcode W6 0LJ (imdDecile 2, a highly deprived area) is displayed as “_Index of Multiple Deprivation - 9/10 or high_” on the consumer platform.

Data Availability

• England & Wales: 2019
• Scotland: 2020

The Department of Communities and Local Government (DCLG) has released the English Indices of Deprivation 2015 (ID2015), which updates the 2010 indices of the same name. The indices are combined together to form the composite Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD).

The IMD measures relative deprivation across small areas of England called Lower Super Output Areas (LSOAs). Datasets come from 2015, 2010 and 2007. Whilst historical datasets can be compared, there are caveats:

• LSOA definitions have changed between the 2015 and 2010 releases. As such, some locations will not be comparable at all.

• The variables used to define each indices of deprivation have been updated with each publication. As such, changes in apparent deprivation may reflect these changes in methodology rather than actual changes in local circumstance.

Compared to 2010, four out of the five Cambridgeshire districts now rank as more deprived nationally; Cambridge City ranks as less deprived.

Cambridgeshire now (in IMD 2015) has 16 LSOAs in the 20% most deprived nationally – this is compared to 9 in 2010. Two are in Cambridge City, two are in Huntingdonshire and 12 are in Fenland. Four Fenland LSOAs are in the 10% most deprived nationally.

As with 2007 and 2010, Fenland has the highest levels of deprivation in Cambridgeshire, followed by Cambridge City, East Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire then South Cambridgeshire.

Linked below are:

• IMD2015 data for Cambridgeshire and Peterborough

• Map of IMD2015 national rankings for Cambridgeshire and Peterborough

• IMD2010 and 2007 data for Cambridgeshire.

Between April 2008 and March 2024, households from the Pakistani and Bangladeshi ethnic groups were the most likely to live in low income out of all ethnic groups, before and after housing costs.

This dataset is published as Open DataScottish Index of Multiple Deprivation, Small Area Population Estimates, and Child Poverty The Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation 2020 is the Scottish Government’s official tool for identifying those places in Scotland suffering from deprivation. It incorporates several different aspects of deprivation (employment, income, health, education, skills and training, geographic access, crime and housing), combining them into a single index.The 2020 Index provides a relative ranking for small areas in Scotland, defined by the Scottish Neighbourhood Statistics (SNS) Data Zone 2011 geography, from 1 (most deprived) to 6,976 (least deprived). By identifying small areas where there are concentrations of multiple deprivation, the SIMD can be used to target policies and resources at the places with greatest need. The SIMD also provides a rank for each data zone within each of the seven domains, and therefore it is possible to look at individual aspects of deprivation for each area, as well as the overall level of deprivation.National Records of Scotland Small Area Population Estimates (2021)Child Poverty by Datazone (2022/23)

United Kingdom UK: Poverty Headcount Ratio at $5.50 a Day: 2011 PPP: % of Population data was reported at 0.700 % in 2015. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.500 % for 2014. United Kingdom UK: Poverty Headcount Ratio at $5.50 a Day: 2011 PPP: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 0.700 % from Dec 2004 (Median) to 2015, with 12 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.200 % in 2004 and a record low of 0.400 % in 2012. United Kingdom UK: Poverty Headcount Ratio at $5.50 a Day: 2011 PPP: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s UK – Table UK.World Bank: Poverty. Poverty headcount ratio at $5.50 a day is the percentage of the population living on less than $5.50 a day at 2011 international prices. As a result of revisions in PPP exchange rates, poverty rates for individual countries cannot be compared with poverty rates reported in earlier editions.; ; World Bank, Development Research Group. Data are based on primary household survey data obtained from government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments. Data for high-income economies are from the Luxembourg Income Study database. For more information and methodology, please see PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/index.htm).; ; The World Bank’s internationally comparable poverty monitoring database now draws on income or detailed consumption data from more than one thousand six hundred household surveys across 164 countries in six regions and 25 other high income countries (industrialized economies). While income distribution data are published for all countries with data available, poverty data are published for low- and middle-income countries and countries eligible to receive loans from the World Bank (such as Chile) and recently graduated countries (such as Estonia) only. The aggregated numbers for low- and middle-income countries correspond to the totals of 6 regions in PovcalNet, which include low- and middle-income countries and countries eligible to receive loans from the World Bank (such as Chile) and recently graduated countries (such as Estonia). See PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/WhatIsNew.aspx) for definitions of geographical regions and industrialized countries.

The Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) identifies areas of deprivation in each local authority area, and also for smaller areas within each local authority area known as Lower Layer Super Output Areas (LSOAs). These are similar to Middlesbrough's electoral wards.The 2015 IMD was published by the Department of Communities and Local Government.The IMD is a relative measure of deprivation and is based on a variety of indicators which have been combined into the categories listed below. The index is designed to give greater weight to certain categories which are considered to be a more significant factor in the experience of deprivation:Income Deprivation domain (weighting 22.5%); Employment Deprivation domain (22.5%);Health Deprivation and Disability domain (13.5%);Education, Skills and Training Deprivation domain (13.5%);Barriers to Housing and Services domain (9.3%);Crime domain (9.3%);Living Environment Deprivation domain (9.3%).Each of the 32,844 LSOAs in England are assigned a score based on deprivation levels and also a rank based on each of the scores. Rankings for the 326 English districts and boroughs are also calculated. Middlesbrough has a rank of average score of 6 (increased from 8 in 2010) meaning it is the 6th most deprived local authority area in England.Estimated ward ranksWhilst the IMD produces results for LSOAs, it is possible to estimate national ward ranks based on the LSOA scores. The table below shows the IMD overall rankings for Middlesbrough wards for 2015 and 2010 and also highlights rank change, with ranks being out of 7,522 (number of wards in England), where rank 1 is most deprived.Estimated ward ranks key.jpgOf the twenty Middlesbrough wards, six have improved their ranking and fourteen have got worse.Six wards (30%) are in the most deprived 1% in EnglandSeven (35%) in the most deprived 3%Ten wards (50%) are in the most deprived 10%At ward-level the biggest improvers amongst the most deprived areas are Central (from 23 in 2010 to 30 in 2015) and Ayresome (from 581 in 2010 to 681 in 2015).All six Middlesbrough wards in the top 1% most deprived wards nationally have increased their ranking (become more deprived), the most significant being North Ormesby which is now ranked the second most deprived ward nationally.You can compare IMD for each of the domains (income, employment, health and disability, education and skills, barriers to housing, crime and living environment) in each of the wards in Middlesbrough.

Part 1 out of 4 For more information, see: http://www.endchildpoverty.org.uk/poverty-in-your-area-2016/ Estimated rates of child poverty from 2016 and 2018 on the level of child poverty in each constituency, local authority and ward in the UK before and after housing costs. Data is split across 26 xlsx files. For more information, visit http://www.endchildpoverty.org.uk/poverty-in-your-area-2016/ and https://mss.carto.com/viz/064da52a-2edc-4b7b-a709-f3697a5928b0/public_map Visualisations on % children living in poverty can be found here: https://mss.carto.com/viz/064da52a-2edc-4b7b-a709-f3697a5928b0/public_map Estimated rates of child poverty from 2016 and 2018 on the level of child poverty in each constituency, local authority and ward in the UK before and after housing costs. Data is split across 26 xlsx files. For more information, visit http://www.endchildpoverty.org.uk/poverty-in-your-area-2016/ and https://mss.carto.com/viz/064da52a-2edc-4b7b-a709-f3697a5928b0/public_map

As of 2023/24 approximately 11.6 million people were living in relative poverty in the United Kingdom, with that number increasing to over 14.2 million when housing costs are considered.

This dataset contains a range of measures which form the Indices of Deprivation 2015 at LSOA level. The boundaries used have been generalised by 50 metres (point remove) for web display. This dataset has been curated mainly for education/teaching purposes. The Index of Multiple Deprivation ranks every small area in England from 1 (most deprived area) to 32,844 (least deprived area). It is common to describe how relatively deprived a small area is by saying whether it falls among the most deprived 10 per cent, 20 per cent or 30 per cent of small areas in England (although there is no definitive cut-off at which an area is described as ‘deprived’). To help with this, deprivation ‘deciles’ are published alongside ranks. This dataset has been published to show the show the IMD Ranks and Deciles for each LSOA for Education purposes. The Indices of Deprivation 2015 provide a set of relative measures of deprivation for small areas (Lower-layer Super Output Areas*) across England, based on seven domains of deprivation. The domains were combined using the following weights to produce the overall Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD):Income Deprivation (22.5%) Employment Deprivation (22.5%) Education, Skills and Training Deprivation (13.5%) Health Deprivation and Disability (13.5%) Crime (9.3%) Barriers to Housing and Services (9.3%) Living Environment Deprivation (9.3%). Please refer to this web page from Department for Communities and Local Government for more information on the dataset.

Abstract

The Born in Bradford study is tracking the health and wellbeing of over 13,500 children, and their parents born at Bradford Royal Infirmary between March 2007 and December 2010.

Documentation

Born in Bradford is a prospective pregnancy and birth cohort established to examine how genetic, nutritional, environmental, behavioral and social factors affect health and development during childhood, and subsequently adult life, in a deprived multi-ethnic population. It was developed in close consultation with local communities, clinicians and policy makers with commitment from the outset to undertake research that would both inform interventions to improve health in the city and generate robust science relevant to similar communities in the UK and across the world. Between 2007 and 2011 information on a wide range of characteristics were collected from 12,453 women (and 3,356 partners) who experienced 13,778 pregnancies and delivered 13,818 live births.

Source

Notes

Data Presentation: Born in Bradford Data

Born in Bradford Data Dictionary

Born in Bradford has a number of unique strengths: a) Composition. Half of all the families recruited are living in the UK’s most deprived wards, and 45% are of Pakistani origin. Half of Pakistani-origin mothers and fathers were born outside the UK and over half are related to their partner. This combination enhances the opportunity to study the interplay of deprivation, ethnicity, migration and cultural characteristics and their relationship to social, economic and health outcomes research relevant to many communities across the world.

b) Rich characterization. Detailed information has been collected from parents about demographic, economic, lifestyle, cultural, medical and health factors. Pregnancy oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT), have been completed in 85% of the cohort and in combination with repeat fetal ultrasound data and subsequent follow-up growth and adiposity (repeat skinfolds, weight and height from birth to current age) will enable BiB uniquely to explore ethnic differences in body composition trajectories through infancy and childhood.

c) Genetic and biomarker data. Maternal, neonatal and follow-up child blood samples have provided biomarker measures of adiposity and immunity, together with stored samples, for which funding has been secured, to assess targeted NMR metabolites in maternal pregnancy fasting samples, cord-blood and infant samples taken at 12-24 months. Genome wide data is available for 9000+ mothers and 8000+ children and funding has been secured for DNA methylation of 1000 mother-child pairs. Our BiB biobank contains 200,000 stored samples.

d) System-wide coverage. The study has successfully linked primary and secondary care, radiology, laboratory and local authority data. This successful data linkage to routine health and education data will allow life-time follow up of clinical outcomes for BiB children and their parents, and educational attainment for children.

e) Community involvement. Close links with members of the public and particularly with cohort members allow the co-production of research in terms of the identification of research questions, monitoring the demands research makes on participants and discussion of the implementation of findings. The study has strong community roots and city-wide support.

Full details of the cohort and related publications can be found on the website

Patient characteristics Children born in the city of Bradford Claims years: 2007-2011 12,453 women with 13,776 pregnancies and 3,448 of their partners Cord blood samples have been obtained and stored and DNA extraction on 10,000 mother\offspring pairs. Sex: Adults: 12,453 women, 3,448 males

Application

If you are interested in working with these data, the application packet, with examples, can be found here: Born in Bradford Application Packet

This dataset shows the proportion of children living in families receiving out of work benefits for each local authority in England.

The StatXplore Children in low-income families' local area statistics (CiLIF) provides information on the number of children living in Relative low income by local area across the United Kingdom.The summary Statistical Release and tables which also show the proportions of children living in low income families are available here: Children in low income families: local area statistics - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)Statistics on the number of children (by age) in low income families by financial year are published on Stat-Xplore. Figures are calibrated to the Households Below Average Income (HBAI) survey regional estimates of children in low income but provide more granular local area information not available from the HBAI, for example by Local Authority, Westminster Parliamentary Constituency and Ward.

Relative low-income is defined as a family in low income Before Housing Costs (BHC) in the reference year. A family must have claimed Child Benefit and at least one other household benefit (Universal Credit, tax credits, or Housing Benefit) at any point in the year to be classed as low income in these statistics. Gross income measure is Before Housing Costs (BHC) and includes contributions from earnings, state support and pensions.