In 2019, people from most ethnic minority groups were more likely than White British people to live in the most deprived neighbourhoods.

This is a quantitative data collection. This study aimed to collect comprehensive information on all forms of resources (including income and assets) and indicative information on deprivation and style of living in order to define and measure poverty among a representative sample of the population of the United Kingdom. This major study was the result of fifteen years research. In 1964 the Joseph Rowntree Memorial Trust agreed to finance pilot studies on fatherless families, large families and unemployed and disabled people which were then to be followed by a national survey of poverty. In 1967-68, following pilot work, interviews were completed with 2,052 households (6,045 people), in 630 parliamentary constituencies throughout the United Kingdom. Another 1,514 households (3,539 people), were later interviewed in a poor area of Ireland, Scotland, England and Wales to secure information about the populations of the poorest areas. There were mixed reactions to the book’s publication in 1979. The concept of relative deprivation provoked much discussion but the issue of multiple deprivation experienced by individuals and families was largely ignored. Comparatively little attention was paid to certain forms of deprivation - such as deprivation at work and environmental or locational deprivation - although the report gave data about multiple deprivation drawn from 60 indicators. Nearly 50 years later this study was reanalysed in a project funded by Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC). The ‘Advancing Paradata’ project looked at shifts and continuities in the social process of gathering household survey data about poverty. In part it does this through analysis of survey paradata from the 1968 Poverty in the UK survey. Paradata captures the gamut of by-products of the collection of survey data and is of interest in understanding and improving survey quality and costs. The main focus has been on automatically captured macro items, but this is now expanding to include interviewer-generated observations. For the ‘Advancing Paradata’ project, information available only on paper questionnaires at the UK Data Archive was converted into digitised form and related metadata was created. A sample of 100 survey booklets has been selected for this collection. These booklets were chosen because they have significant quantities of marginalia written on the booklets. These booklets are available via the UK Data Service QualiBank, an online tool for browsing, searching and citing the content of selected qualitative data collections held at the UK Data Service. Names of survey respondents have been removed to protect confidentiality.

Model-based estimates of the proportion of households with mean weekly income lower than 60% of the national median weekly income, by middle layer super output area, England and Wales.

Between 2018 and 2022, people in households in the ‘other’, Asian and black ethnic groups were the most likely to be in persistent low income, both before and after housing costs, out of all ethnic groups.

The English Indices of Deprivation 2010 provide a relative measure of deprivation at small area level across England. Areas are ranked from least deprived to most deprived on seven different dimensions of deprivation and an overall composite measure of multiple deprivation. Most of the data underlying the 2010 Indices are for the year 2008. The domains used in the Indices of Deprivation 2010 are: income deprivation; employment deprivation; health deprivation and disability; education deprivation; crime deprivation; barriers to housing and services deprivation; and living environment deprivation. Each of these domains has its own scores and ranks, allowing users to focus on specific aspects of deprivation. In addition, two supplementary indices measure income deprivation amongst children - the Income Deprivation Affecting Children Index (IDACI) - and older people - the Income Deprivation Affecting Older People Index (IDAOPI).This data was then combined with the LSOA boundaries in ArcGIS. The first data column is the Index of Multiple Deprivation Score. The second data column is the Rank of the Index of Multiple Deprivation Score. The LSOA with a rank of 1 is the most deprived, and 32482 the least deprived, on this overall measure. The IMD 2010 was constructed by combining the seven transformed domain scores, using the following weights: * Income (22.5%) * Employment (22.5%) * Health and Disability (13.5%) * Education, Skills and Training (13.5%) * Barriers to Housing and Services (9.3%) * Crime (9.3%) * Living Environment (9.3%) The the seven domain indices are each presented in separate tables available from the DCLG website. Data sourced from Data.gov.uk: http://data.gov.uk/dataset/index-of-multiple-deprivation and LSOA data from ONS Geoportal: https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/geoportal/catalog/main/home.page (the dataset date in this case refers to the date the data was uploaded). GIS vector data. This dataset was first accessioned in the EDINA ShareGeo Open repository on 2013-12-06 and migrated to Edinburgh DataShare on 2017-02-22.

In 2023/24, 26.4 percent of children in the United Kingdom were defined as living in absolute poverty, compared with 16.9 percent of working-age adults, 13.2 percent of pensioners, and 20 percent of families where someone is disabled.

As of 2023/24 approximately 11.6 million people were living in relative poverty in the United Kingdom, with that number increasing to over 14.2 million when housing costs are considered.

Between April 2008 and March 2024, households from the Pakistani and Bangladeshi ethnic groups were the most likely to live in low income out of all ethnic groups, before and after housing costs.

The dataset contains details on Households with Children in financial deprivation before housing costs (BHC) and after housing costs (AHC) by Middle Super output area. This dataset paints a more detailed picture of low income households with children taking into account the varied cost of housing across Leicester.

This method provides statistics on relative deprivation in England, Wales, and Scotland, including:

• The Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) – a measure of overall deprivation
• Domain-specific indices (e.g., income, employment, education, health etc.) that differ by country
• Area rankings and deciles for simplified analysis

Area Types

The indices assess deprivation at a small-area level:

• England & Wales: Lower-layer Super Output Areas (LSOAs)
• Scotland: Data Zones

Ranking & Deciles

Each area is ranked from most to least deprived:

• England: 1 (most deprived) to 32,844 (least deprived)
• Wales: 1 (most deprived) to 1,909 (least deprived)
• Scotland: 1 (most deprived) to 6,976 (least deprived)

The ranks are available in the imdRank field, with domain-specific ranks in fields such as incomeRank, employmentRank, crimeRank, etc.

To simplify, areas are also categorized into deciles (1 = most deprived, 10 = least deprived), available in fields like imdDecile, incomeDecile, employmentDecile, etc.

Mapping & Consumer Platform Adjustments

We use deciles to color-code our deprivation map. However, on our consumer platform, we reversed the ratings scale to match user expectations where higher ratings are associated with higher deprivation.

For example, postcode W6 0LJ (imdDecile 2, a highly deprived area) is displayed as “_Index of Multiple Deprivation - 9/10 or high_” on the consumer platform.

Data Availability

• England & Wales: 2019
• Scotland: 2020

The English Indices of Deprivation 2010 provide a relative measure of deprivation at small area level across England. Areas are ranked from least deprived to most deprived on seven different dimensions of deprivation and an overall composite measure of multiple deprivation. Most of the data underlying the 2010 Indices are for the year 2008. The domains used in the Indices of Deprivation 2010 are: income deprivation; employment deprivation; health deprivation and disability; education deprivation; crime deprivation; barriers to housing and services deprivation; and living environment deprivation. Each of these domains has its own scores and ranks, allowing users to focus on specific aspects of deprivation. In addition, two supplementary indices measure income deprivation amongst children - the Income Deprivation Affecting Children Index (IDACI) - and older people - the Income Deprivation Affecting Older People Index (IDAOPI). This data is available for Birmingham specific and for the UK as a whole. Licence: http://reference.data.gov.uk/id/open-government-licence Birmingham 2010 Overall.excel - https://data.birmingham.gov.uk/dataset/87394513-1745-45cb-b766-1ff106a6481a/resource/82d657eb-23e6-402a-9398-eebd049e5756/download/birminghamimdoverallscore2010.xlsx

Rates of poverty and persistent poverty in 2017 are included for the UK and EU, including characteristics, measures of material deprivation and well-being.

Part 4 out of 4 For more information, see: http://www.endchildpoverty.org.uk/poverty-in-your-area-2016/ Estimated rates of child poverty from 2016 and 2018 on the level of child poverty in each constituency, local authority and ward in the UK before and after housing costs. Data is split across 26 xlsx files. For more information, visit http://www.endchildpoverty.org.uk/poverty-in-your-area-2016/ and https://mss.carto.com/viz/064da52a-2edc-4b7b-a709-f3697a5928b0/public_map Visualisations on % children living in poverty can be found here: https://mss.carto.com/viz/064da52a-2edc-4b7b-a709-f3697a5928b0/public_map Estimated rates of child poverty from 2016 and 2018 on the level of child poverty in each constituency, local authority and ward in the UK before and after housing costs. Data is split across 26 xlsx files. For more information, visit http://www.endchildpoverty.org.uk/poverty-in-your-area-2016/ and https://mss.carto.com/viz/064da52a-2edc-4b7b-a709-f3697a5928b0/public_map

Numbers and percentages of children in poverty for Borough and London Wards (at 31 August each year).
This Children in Low-Income Families Local Measure shows the proportion of children living in families in receipt of out-of-work (means-tested) benefits or in receipt of tax credits where their reported income is less than 60 per cent of UK median income.

This measure provides a broad proxy for relative low income child poverty as set out in the Child Poverty Act 2010, and enables analysis at a local level. Statistics are published at various levels of geography providing an annual snapshot as at 31 August from 2006 onwards. The definitive national measure of relative child poverty as set out in the Child Poverty Act 2010, is contained in the DWP Households Below Average Income (HBAI) publication series.

Children in families in receipt of CTC (<60% median income) or IS/JSA: Number of children living in families in receipt of Child Tax Credit whose reported income is less than 60 per cent of the median income or in receipt of Income Support or Income-Based Jobseekers Allowance.

For National Statistics data on child poverty at Region, please refer to the Department of Work and Pensions' Households Below Average Income publication which uses the relative child poverty measure as set out in the Child Poverty Act 2010. The small area estimates are not directly comparable with the national figures. The publication can be found on the DWP website: https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/households-below-average-income-hbai--2

More information, including Lower Super Outper Area data from HMRC.

Data for years 2006 to 2010 in the HMRC archive.

The Children in low-income families' local area statistics (CiLIF), provides information on the number and proportion of children living in Absolute low income by local area across the United Kingdom.The summary Statistical Release and tables which also show the proportions of children living in low income families are available here: Children in low income families: local area statistics - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)Statistics on the number of children in low income families by financial year are published on Stat-Xplore. Figures are calibrated to the Households Below Average Income (HBAI) survey regional estimates of children in low income but provide more granular local area information not available from the HBAI, for example by Local Authority, Westminster Parliamentary Constituency and Ward.Absolute low-income is defined as a family in low income Before Housing Costs (BHC) in the reference year in comparison with incomes in 2010/11. A family must have claimed Child Benefit and at least one other household benefit (Universal Credit, tax credits, or Housing Benefit) at any point in the year to be classed as low income in these statistics. Gross income measure is Before Housing Costs (BHC) and includes contributions from earnings, state support and pensions.

Statistical disclosure control has been applied with Stat-Xplore, which guards against the identification of an individual claimant.

United Kingdom UK: Poverty Headcount Ratio at $5.50 a Day: 2011 PPP: % of Population data was reported at 0.700 % in 2015. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.500 % for 2014. United Kingdom UK: Poverty Headcount Ratio at $5.50 a Day: 2011 PPP: % of Population data is updated yearly, averaging 0.700 % from Dec 2004 (Median) to 2015, with 12 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.200 % in 2004 and a record low of 0.400 % in 2012. United Kingdom UK: Poverty Headcount Ratio at $5.50 a Day: 2011 PPP: % of Population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s UK – Table UK.World Bank: Poverty. Poverty headcount ratio at $5.50 a day is the percentage of the population living on less than $5.50 a day at 2011 international prices. As a result of revisions in PPP exchange rates, poverty rates for individual countries cannot be compared with poverty rates reported in earlier editions.; ; World Bank, Development Research Group. Data are based on primary household survey data obtained from government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments. Data for high-income economies are from the Luxembourg Income Study database. For more information and methodology, please see PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/index.htm).; ; The World Bank’s internationally comparable poverty monitoring database now draws on income or detailed consumption data from more than one thousand six hundred household surveys across 164 countries in six regions and 25 other high income countries (industrialized economies). While income distribution data are published for all countries with data available, poverty data are published for low- and middle-income countries and countries eligible to receive loans from the World Bank (such as Chile) and recently graduated countries (such as Estonia) only. The aggregated numbers for low- and middle-income countries correspond to the totals of 6 regions in PovcalNet, which include low- and middle-income countries and countries eligible to receive loans from the World Bank (such as Chile) and recently graduated countries (such as Estonia). See PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/WhatIsNew.aspx) for definitions of geographical regions and industrialized countries.

This dataset is published as Open DataScottish Index of Multiple Deprivation, Small Area Population Estimates, and Child Poverty The Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation 2020 is the Scottish Government’s official tool for identifying those places in Scotland suffering from deprivation. It incorporates several different aspects of deprivation (employment, income, health, education, skills and training, geographic access, crime and housing), combining them into a single index.The 2020 Index provides a relative ranking for small areas in Scotland, defined by the Scottish Neighbourhood Statistics (SNS) Data Zone 2011 geography, from 1 (most deprived) to 6,976 (least deprived). By identifying small areas where there are concentrations of multiple deprivation, the SIMD can be used to target policies and resources at the places with greatest need. The SIMD also provides a rank for each data zone within each of the seven domains, and therefore it is possible to look at individual aspects of deprivation for each area, as well as the overall level of deprivation.National Records of Scotland Small Area Population Estimates (2021)Child Poverty by Datazone (2022/23)

Abstract

The Born in Bradford study is tracking the health and wellbeing of over 13,500 children, and their parents born at Bradford Royal Infirmary between March 2007 and December 2010.

Documentation

Born in Bradford is a prospective pregnancy and birth cohort established to examine how genetic, nutritional, environmental, behavioral and social factors affect health and development during childhood, and subsequently adult life, in a deprived multi-ethnic population. It was developed in close consultation with local communities, clinicians and policy makers with commitment from the outset to undertake research that would both inform interventions to improve health in the city and generate robust science relevant to similar communities in the UK and across the world. Between 2007 and 2011 information on a wide range of characteristics were collected from 12,453 women (and 3,356 partners) who experienced 13,778 pregnancies and delivered 13,818 live births.

Source

Notes

Data Presentation: Born in Bradford Data

Born in Bradford Data Dictionary

Born in Bradford has a number of unique strengths: a) Composition. Half of all the families recruited are living in the UK’s most deprived wards, and 45% are of Pakistani origin. Half of Pakistani-origin mothers and fathers were born outside the UK and over half are related to their partner. This combination enhances the opportunity to study the interplay of deprivation, ethnicity, migration and cultural characteristics and their relationship to social, economic and health outcomes research relevant to many communities across the world.

b) Rich characterization. Detailed information has been collected from parents about demographic, economic, lifestyle, cultural, medical and health factors. Pregnancy oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT), have been completed in 85% of the cohort and in combination with repeat fetal ultrasound data and subsequent follow-up growth and adiposity (repeat skinfolds, weight and height from birth to current age) will enable BiB uniquely to explore ethnic differences in body composition trajectories through infancy and childhood.

c) Genetic and biomarker data. Maternal, neonatal and follow-up child blood samples have provided biomarker measures of adiposity and immunity, together with stored samples, for which funding has been secured, to assess targeted NMR metabolites in maternal pregnancy fasting samples, cord-blood and infant samples taken at 12-24 months. Genome wide data is available for 9000+ mothers and 8000+ children and funding has been secured for DNA methylation of 1000 mother-child pairs. Our BiB biobank contains 200,000 stored samples.

d) System-wide coverage. The study has successfully linked primary and secondary care, radiology, laboratory and local authority data. This successful data linkage to routine health and education data will allow life-time follow up of clinical outcomes for BiB children and their parents, and educational attainment for children.

e) Community involvement. Close links with members of the public and particularly with cohort members allow the co-production of research in terms of the identification of research questions, monitoring the demands research makes on participants and discussion of the implementation of findings. The study has strong community roots and city-wide support.

Full details of the cohort and related publications can be found on the website

Patient characteristics Children born in the city of Bradford Claims years: 2007-2011 12,453 women with 13,776 pregnancies and 3,448 of their partners Cord blood samples have been obtained and stored and DNA extraction on 10,000 mother\offspring pairs. Sex: Adults: 12,453 women, 3,448 males

Application

If you are interested in working with these data, the application packet, with examples, can be found here: Born in Bradford Application Packet