All population characteristics in the table were identical for the synthetic microdata and the American Community Survey data.

GLA 2012 round ward-level population projections by 5yr age groups using 2009 SHLAA-based housing trajectories. These differ from the standard ward projections in that development data is used to distribute population at ward level, but the overall borough-level projection is constrained to the 2012 round Trend-based projection found here. Ward projections consistent with the 2012 round SHLAA-based borough projections can be found here. There is a custom age range tool available for this data. For links to the GLA's full range of demographic projections click here .

Overview of congressional districts and white/ non-white population per considered state.

Tpop_T11_top6perfamPedigree and EBVs for Scots pine case study, for branch-and-bound optimization by OPSELResende_BPPedigree and EBVs for loblolly pine case study for branch-and-bound optimization by OPSEL

Pennsylvania population categories from the ACS 2017 survey.

Background To maintain populations of microbial cells under controlled conditions of growth and environment for an indefinite duration is a prerequisite for experimentally evolving natural isolates of wild-type species or recombinant strains. This goal is beyond the scope of current continuous culture apparatus because these devices positively select mutants that evade dilution, primarily through attachment to vessel surfaces, resulting in persistent sub-populations of uncontrollable size and growth rate. Results To overcome this drawback, a device with two growth chambers periodically undergoing transient phases of sterilization was designed. The robustness of this device was assessed by propagating an E. coli strain under permanent thymine starvation for over 880 days, i.e. metabolic conditions notoriously known to lead to cell death and clogging of cultivation vessels. Ten thousand generations were required to obtain a descendant lineage that could resist thymine starvation and had recovered wild-type growth rate. Conclusions This approach provides a technological framework for the diversification and improvement of microbial strains by long-term adaptation to inescapable metabolic constraints. An E. coli strain that is totally resistant to thymineless death was selected.

Productive performance constraint imposes that productive performance P(u,T) stays over a minimal productive performance Pb (the minimal annual number of grazing days per hectare associated with a grazing strategy u). Cattle feeding requirement constraint imposes that cattle demand q.u(t) is always lower than the available biomass B*(t). Cattle density constraint is an upper threshold u# on cattle density u(t) during the nesting month. A habitat quality constraint imposes grass height to remain within a minimal hb and maximal h# grass heights during chick rearing. Population size constraint imposes that populations size N(t) stays over a minimum population size Nb throughout time.

Fifty precincts, 30 Cyan party, 20 Yellow party.

This dataset tracks the updates made on the dataset "Long term adaptation of a microbial population to a permanent metabolic constraint: overcoming thymineless death by experimental evolution of" as a repository for previous versions of the data and metadata.

Ten districts, 6 fully Cyan, 4 fully Yellow.

We consider age-structured models with an imposed refractory period between births. These models can be used to formulate alternative population control strategies to China's one-child policy. By allowing any number of births, but with an imposed delay between births, we show how the total population can be decreased and how a relatively older age distribution can be generated. This delay represents a more "continuous" form of population management for which the strict one-child policy is a limiting case. Such a policy approach could be more easily accepted by society. Our analyses provide an initial framework for studying demographics and how social constraints influence population structure.

This dataset includes the raw population data for 1981 China and 2000 Japan, and some Matlab code files used to process such raw data and produce predictions.

Genetic variation for individual traits is typically abundant, but for some multivariate combinations it is very low, suggesting that evolutionary limits might be generated by the geometric distribution of genetic variance. To test this prediction, we artificially selected along all eight genetic eigenvectors of a set of eight quantitative traits in Drosophila serrata. After six generations of 50% truncation selection, at least one replicate population of all treatments responded to selection, allowing us to reject a null genetic subspace as a cause of evolutionary constraint in this system. However, while all three replicate populations of the first five selection treatments displayed a significant response, the remaining three, characterized by low genetic variance in their selection indexes in the base population, displayed inconsistent responses to selection. The observation that only four of the nine replicate populations evolved in response to the direct selection applied to them in these low genetic variance treatments, led us to conclude that a nearly null subspace did limit evolution. Dimensions associated with low genetic variance are often found in multivariate analyses of standing genetic variance in morphological traits, suggesting that the nearly null genetic subspace may be a common mechanism of evolutionary constraint in nature.

Yearly citation counts for the publication titled "Body‐mass constraints on foraging behaviour determine population and food‐web dynamics".

Population ecology has classically focused on pairwise species interactions, hindering the description of general patterns and processes of population abundance at large spatial scales. Here we use the Metabolic Theory of Ecology as a framework to formulate and test a model that yields predictions linking population density to the physiological constraints of body size and temperature on individual metabolism, and the ecological constraints of trophic structure and species richness on energy partitioning among species. Our model was tested by applying Bayesian quantile regression to a comprehensive reef-fish community database, from which we extracted density data for 5609 populations spread across 49 sites around the world. Our results indicate that population density declines markedly with increases in community species richness and that, after accounting for richness, energetic constraints are manifested most strongly for the most abundant species, which generally are of small body size and occupy lower trophic groups. Overall, our findings suggest that, at the global scale, factors associated with community species richness are the major drivers of variation in population density. Given that populations of species-rich tropical systems exhibit markedly lower maximum densities, they may be particularly susceptible to stochastic extinction.

dryaddata#File 1 - population data on development rate

Populations collected may-aug 2009 by David Berger

Data collected sept 2009 - feb 2010 by David Berger & Richard Walters.

Region Population Lat:Long Lines
north Stockholm 59.34 : 18.07 8
north Nykoping 58.62 : 16.94 9
central Bayreuth 49.92 : 11.56 11
central Vienna 48.21 : 16.35 12
central Zurich 47.35 : 8.53 13
south Arezzo 43.52 : 11.57 7
south Perugia 43.15 : 12.18 11

Description of coloumns in data file:

id = individual. population = population of origin. region = region of origin. latitude = latitude of origin. temperature = experimental temperature in which development rate was measured. food level = flies were raised on either excess (high) or limited (low) food. line = the name of the isofemale line to which each measured fly belonged. replicate = the glas vial containing a subset of flies from an isofemale line in a specific temperature (10-20 flies). development time = the time in days it took f...

Trade-offs among life-history traits are central to evolutionary theory. In quantitative genetic terms, trade-offs may be manifested as negative genetic covariances relative to the direction of selection on phenotypic traits. Although the expression and selection of ecologically important phenotypic variation are fundamentally multivariate phenomena, the in situ quantification of genetic covariances is challenging. Even for life-history traits, where well-developed theory exists with which to relate phenotypic variation to fitness variation, little evidence exists from in situ studies that negative genetic covariances are an important aspect of the genetic architecture of life-history traits. In fact, the majority of reported estimates of genetic covariances among life-history traits are positive. Here we apply theory of the genetics and selection of life histories in organisms with complex life cycles to provide a framework for quantifying the contribution of multivariate genetically based relationships among traits to evolutionary constraint. We use a Bayesian framework to link pedigree-based inference of the genetic basis of variation in life-history traits to evolutionary demography theory regarding how life histories are selected. Our results suggest that genetic covariances may be acting to constrain the evolution of female life-history traits in a wild population of red deer Cervus elaphus: genetic covariances are estimated to reduce the rate of adaptation by about 40%, relative to predicted evolutionary change in the absence of genetic covariances. Furthermore, multivariate phenotypic (rather than genetic) relationships among female life-history traits do not reveal this constraint.

Yearly citation counts for the publication titled "Injection molding optimization with weld line design constraint using distributed multi-population genetic algorithm".

Paper Abstract: The US urban population increased by almost 50 percent between 1980 and 2020, with this growth heavily concentrated in the Sun Belt and at the fringes of metropolitan areas. This paper considers the role of housing supply in shaping the growth of cities and neighborhoods. Housing supply constraints have meant that demand growth has increasingly manifested as price growth rather than as increases in housing units or population in larger and denser metropolitan areas and neighborhoods. New housing is provided at increasingly higher cost in areas that have higher intensity of existing development and more restrictive regulatory environments. Both forces have strengthened over time, making quantity supplied less responsive to growing demand, driving housing price growth in many areas, and pushing housing quantity growth further out into urban fringes. As a result of such pressures on the cost of new construction, the US has recently experienced more rapid price growth and a declining influence of new construction on the housing stock.

AbstractOverdominance, or a fitness advantage of a heterozygote over both homozygotes, can occur commonly with adaptation to a new optimum phenotype. We model how such overdominant polymorphisms can reduce the evolvability of diploid populations, uncovering a novel form of epistatic constraint on adaptation. The fitness load caused by overdominant polymorphisms can most readily be ameliorated by evolution at tightly linked loci; therefore traits controlled by multiple loosely linked loci are predicted to be strongly constrained. The degree of constraint is also sensitive to the shape of the relationship between phenotype and fitness, and the constraint caused by overdominance can be strong enough to overcome the effects of clonal interference on the rate of adaptation for a trait. These results point to novel influences on evolvability that are specific to diploids and interact with genetic architecture, and they predict a source of stochastic variability in eukaryotic evolution experiments or cases of rapid evolution in nature. Usage notesCode and AnalysesThis zip contains the C code, R scripts, and simulation data files used to make all figures and quantitative comparisons.overdominance_dryad_submission.zip

Observed and predicted number of breeding females summed across four hoary marmot social groups from the Ruby Range, Yukon, 2007–2009. Predictions were based on model-averaged breeding probability estimates derived from the same study site in 1999–2004, assuming one litter per breeding female per season. Predictions were rounded to the nearest whole number.Observed versus predicted number of breeding females.