Components of population change by economic region, single year of age, five-year age group and gender for the period from July 1 to June 30, annual, based on the Standard Geographical Classification (SGC) 2021. The components include births, deaths, immigrants, net emigration, emigrants, returning emigrants, net temporary emigration, net interprovincial migration, net intraprovincial migration, net non-permanent residents and residual deviation.

It is presumed that the first humans migrated from Siberia to North America approximately twelve thousand years ago, where they then moved southwards to warmer lands. It was not until many centuries later that humans returned to the north and began to settle regions that are now part of Canada. Despite a few short-lived Viking settlements on Newfoundland around the turn of the first millennium CE, the Italian explorer Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot), became the first European to explore the coast of North America in the late 1400s. The French and British crowns both made claims to areas of Canada throughout the sixteenth century, but real colonization and settlement did not begin until the early seventeenth century. Over the next 150 years, France and Britain competed to take control of the booming fur and fishing trade, and to expand their overseas empires. In the Seven Year's War, Britain eventually defeated the French colonists in North America, through superior numbers and a stronger agriculture resources in the southern colonies, and the outcome of the war saw France cede practically all of it's colonies in North America to the British.

Increased migration and declining native populations

The early 1800s saw a large influx of migrants into Canada, with the Irish Potato Famine bringing the first wave of mass-migration to the country, with further migration coming from Scandinavia and Northern Europe. It is estimated that the region received just shy of one million migrants from the British Isles alone, between 1815 and 1850, which helped the population grow to 2.5 million in the mid-1800s and 5.5 million in 1900. It is also estimated that infectious diseases killed around 25 to 33 percent of all Europeans who migrated to Canada before 1891, and around a third of the Canadian population is estimated to have emigrated southwards to the United States in the 1871-1896 period. From the time of European colonization until the mid-nineteenth century, the native population of Canada dropped from roughly 500,000 (some estimates put it as high as two million) to just over 100,000; this was due to a mixture of disease, starvation and warfare, instigated by European migration to the region. The native population was generally segregated and oppressed until the second half of the 1900s; Native Canadians were given the vote in 1960, and, despite their complicated and difficult history, the Canadian government has made significant progress in trying to include indigenous cultures in the country's national identity in recent years. As of 2020, Indigenous Canadians make up more than five percent of the total Canadian population, and a higher birth rate means that this share of the population is expected to grow in the coming decades.

Independence and modern Canada

Canadian independence was finally acknowledged in 1931 by the Statute of Westminster, putting it on equal terms with the United Kingdom within the Commonwealth; virtually granting independence and sovereignty until the Canada Act of 1982 formalized it. Over the past century, Canada has had a relatively stable political system and economy (although it was hit particularly badly by the Wall Street Crash of 1929). Canada entered the First World War with Britain, and as an independent Allied Power in the Second World War; Canadian forces played pivotal roles in a number of campaigns, notably Canada's Hundred Days in WWI, and the country lost more than 100,000 men across both conflicts. The economy boomed in the aftermath of the Second World War, and a stream of socially democratic programs such as universal health care and the Canadian pension plan were introduced, which contributed to a rise in the standard of living. The post war period also saw various territories deciding to join Canada, with Newfoundland joining in 1949, and Nunavut in 1999. Today Canada is among the most highly ranked in countries in terms of civil liberties, quality of life and economic growth. It promotes and welcomes immigrants from all over the world and, as a result, it has one of the most ethnically diverse and multicultural populations of any country in the world. As of 2020, Canada's population stands at around 38 million people, and continues to grow due to high migration levels and life expectancy, and a steady birth rate.

This table presents the 2021 and 2016 population and dwelling counts, land area and population density for Canada, the provinces and the territories. It also shows the percentage change in the population and dwelling counts between 2016 and 2021.

The provide detailed statistical tables for 18 scenarios by single year of the projection period (2001 to 2017). For each of the scenarios, data are available for persons who identify with each of the following three groups: the North American Indian population, the Métis or the Inuit. All three groups were projected separately for each of the ten provinces and three territories. However, the subprovincial and subterritorial level shown for the three groups varies as it depends on the groups' size. For the North American Indians, future numbers were calculated for the urban parts of all census metropolitan areas (CMAs), urban areas outside CMAs, rural areas and reserves. For the Métis, places of residence were grouped into urban parts of CMAs, urban areas outside CMAs and rural areas, which also include reserves. Because of their relatively small size, the Inuit population was projected separately for urban and rural locations only. This information is further broken down by age and sex. The 18 scenarios, as well as scenario-specific assumptions on the future trend in fertility and internal migration, are presented in the table below. In addition to these two components of population growth, all scenarios assumed declining mortality and negligible importance of international migration to the change of the size of three Aboriginal groups. The statistical tables of this CD-ROM are organized into three sections: 1 - Aboriginal groups - The projected population by Aboriginal group, type of residence, province/territory and sex for the 18 scenarios by single year from 2001 to 2017; 2 - Age and sex - The projected population by Aboriginal group, type of residence, age group and sex for the 18 scenarios by single year from 2001 to 2017; and 3 - Province/territory - The projected total Aboriginal population by province/territory, age group, sex and type of residence for the 18 scenarios for 2001 and 2017. The statistical tables are supplementary to the publication Projections of the Aboriginal populations, Canada, provinces and territories: 2001 to 2017 (catalogue no. 91-547). For current population projections for Canada, provinces, and territories data refer to Statistics Canada Access data by All-Aboriginal Groups here Access data by Age and Sex here Access data by Provinces and Territories here

Components of population growth, annual: births, deaths, immigrants, emigrants, returning emigrants, net temporary emigrants, net interprovincial migration, net non-permanent residents, residual deviation.

Footnotes: 1 Population estimates based on the Standard Geographical Classification (SGC) 2016 as delineated in the 2016 Census. 2 A census metropolitan area (CMA) or a census agglomeration (CA) is formed by one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000 of which 50,000 or more must live in the core based on adjusted data from the previous Census of Population Program. A CA must have a core population of at least 10,000 also based on data from the previous Census of Population Program. To be included in the CMA or CA, other adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, as measured by commuting flows derived from data on place of work from the previous Census Program. If the population of the core of a CA falls below 10,000, the CA is retired from the next census. However, once an area becomes a CMA, it is retained as a CMA even if its total population declines below 100,000 or the population of its core falls below 50,000. All areas inside the CMA or CA that are not population centres are rural areas. When a CA has a core of at least 50,000, based on data from the previous Census of Population, it is subdivided into census tracts. Census tracts are maintained for the CA even if the population of the core subsequently falls below 50,000. All CMAs are subdivided into census tracts (2016 Census Dictionary, catalogue number 98-301-X2016001). 3 An area outside census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations is made up of all areas (within a province or territory) unallocated to a census metropolitan area (CMA) or census agglomeration (CA). 4 The population growth, which is used to calculate population estimates of census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations (table 17100135), is comprised of the components of population growth (table 17100136). 5 This table replaces table 17100079. 6 The components of population growth for census metropolitan areas (CMAs) and census agglomerations (CAs) sometimes had to be calculated using information at the census division level, using the geographic conversion method. This method involves using the population component calculated at the level of the CD(s) in which the CMA or CA is located and applying a ratio corresponding to the proportion of the CMA or CA population included in the corresponding CD(s). For periods prior to 2005/2006, all demographic components for all CMAs and CAs were calculated using geographic conversions. For the periods from 2005/2006 to 2010/2011 inclusively, emigration and internal migration components for areas that were not CMAs according to the 2011 SGC were calculated using geographic conversions. For the periods 2011/2012 to 2015/2016 inclusively, the emigration and internal migration components of regions that were not CMAs or CAs according to the 2011 SGC were calculated using geographic conversions. For the relevant demographic components, trends should be interpreted with caution where the method of calculation has changed over time. This caveat applies particularly to the intraprovincial migration component, for which the assumptions of the geographic conversion method are more at risk of not being met. 7 Period from July 1 to June 30. 8 Age on July 1. 9 The estimates for deaths are preliminary for 2020/2021, updated for 2019/2020 and final up to 2018/2019. Preliminary and updated estimates of deaths were produced by Demography Division, Statistics Canada (see definitions, data sources and methods record number 3601 and 3608) with the exception of Quebec's data which are taken from the estimates of "l'Institut de la statistique du Québec" (ISQ) and then adjusted to Statistics Canada's provincial estimates. Final data were produced by Health Statistics Division Statistics Canada (see definitions data sources and methods record number 3233). However before 2011 the final estimates may differ from the data released by the Health Statistics Division due to the imputation of certain unknown values. In addition for estimates of deaths the age represents age at the beginning of the period (July 1st) and not the age at the time of occurrence as with the Health Statistics Division data."

Between 2001 and 2006, Canada’s population grew by 5.4%. Only two provinces, Alberta and Ontario and three territories registered growth rates above the national average. The three Maritime provinces (Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick) had the smallest population growth, while Newfoundland and Labrador and Saskatchewan experienced population declines. In 2006, about 21.5 million people, almost two-thirds of Canada’s population lived in 33 census metropolitan areas (CMAs). Between 2001 and 2006, the population of these CMAs climbed 6.9%, faster that the national average. Barrie registered the fastest population growth of any CMA (19.2%), followed by Calgary (13.4%), Oshawa (11.6%) and Edmonton (10.4%).

This thematic map presents the population change in Canada based on 2006 census data at three levels of geography: province, census division (CD), and census sub-division (CSD). Population change is a measurement of the difference in total population counts for each area between 2001 and 2006.

Note: Areas at the CSD level with no associated data will display with a value of 0. Map Service published and hosted by Esri Canada, © 2011.

Content Source(s):

Statistics Canada. 2007. Population and dwelling counts, for Canada and census divisions, 2006 and 2001 censuses - 100% data (table). Population and Dwelling Count Highlight Tables. 2006 Census. Statistics Canada. 2007. Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, 2006 and 2001 censuses - 100% data (table). Population and Dwelling Count Highlight Tables. 2006 Census. Statistics Canada. 2007. Population and dwelling counts, for Canada and census subdivisions (municipalities) with 5,000-plus population, 2006 and 2001 censuses - 100% data (table). Population and Dwelling Count Highlight Tables. 2006 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 97-550-XWE2006002. Ottawa. Released March 13, 2007. Coordinate System: Web Mercator Auxiliary Sphere (WKID 102100)

The provide detailed statistical tables for 18 scenarios by single year of the projection period (2001 to 2017). For each of the scenarios, data are available for persons who identify with each of the following three groups: the North American Indian population, the Métis or the Inuit. All three groups were projected separately for each of the ten provinces and three territories. However, the subprovincial and subterritorial level shown for the three groups varies as it depends on the groups' size. For the North American Indians, future numbers were calculated for the urban parts of all census metropolitan areas (CMAs), urban areas outside CMAs, rural areas and reserves. For the Métis, places of residence were grouped into urban parts of CMAs, urban areas outside CMAs and rural areas, which also include reserves. Because of their relatively small size, the Inuit population was projected separately for urban and rural locations only. This information is further broken down by age and sex. The 18 scenarios, as well as scenario-specific assumptions on the future trend in fertility and internal migration, are presented in the table below. In addition to these two components of population growth, all scenarios assumed declining mortality and negligible importance of international migration to the change of the size of three Aboriginal groups. The statistical tables of this CD-ROM are organized into three sections: Aboriginal groups - The projected population by Aboriginal group, type of residence, province/territory and sex for the 18 scenarios by single year from 2001 to 2017; Age and sex - The projected population by Aboriginal group, type of residence, age group and sex for the 18 scenarios by single year from 2001 to 2017; and Province/territory - The projected total Aboriginal population by province/territory, age group, sex and type of residence for the 18 scenarios for 2001 and 2017. The statistical tables are supplementary to the publication Projections of the Aboriginal populations, Canada, provinces and territories: 2001 to 2017 (catalogue no. 91-547).

The provide detailed statistical tables for 18 scenarios by single year of the projection period (2001 to 2017). For each of the scenarios, data are available for persons who identify with each of the following three groups: the North American Indian population, the Métis or the Inuit. All three groups were projected separately for each of the ten provinces and three territories. However, the subprovincial and subterritorial level shown for the three groups varies as it depends on the groups' size. For the North American Indians, future numbers were calculated for the urban parts of all census metropolitan areas (CMAs), urban areas outside CMAs, rural areas and reserves. For the Métis, places of residence were grouped into urban parts of CMAs, urban areas outside CMAs and rural areas, which also include reserves. Because of their relatively small size, the Inuit population was projected separately for urban and rural locations only. This information is further broken down by age and sex. The 18 scenarios, as well as scenario-specific assumptions on the future trend in fertility and internal migration, are presented in the table below. In addition to these two components of population growth, all scenarios assumed declining mortality and negligible importance of international migration to the change of the size of three Aboriginal groups. The statistical tables of this CD-ROM are organized into three sections: Aboriginal groups - The projected population by Aboriginal group, type of residence, province/territory and sex for the 18 scenarios by single year from 2001 to 2017; Age and sex - The projected population by Aboriginal group, type of residence, age group and sex for the 18 scenarios by single year from 2001 to 2017; and Province/territory - The projected total Aboriginal population by province/territory, age group, sex and type of residence for the 18 scenarios for 2001 and 2017. The statistical tables are supplementary to the publication Projections of the Aboriginal populations, Canada, provinces and territories: 2001 to 2017 (catalogue no. 91-547).

This table presents the 2021 and 2016 population and dwelling counts, land area, population density and population ranking for census metropolitan areas or census agglomerations. It also shows the percentage change in the population and dwelling counts between 2016 and 2021.

Contained within the 3rd Edition (1957) of the Atlas of Canada is a plate that shows two condensed maps, and three sets of graphs to show population change for the period 1851 to 1951. The top map shows the percent changes in population in eastern Canada for the period 1851 to 1901 (Newfoundland data is for 1857 to 1901). The bottom map shows the percent changes in population for Canada for the period 1901 to 1951 (Northwest Territories data is for 1911 to 1951). The first set of graphs show birth, death and natural increase rates per 1000 population for the period 1931 to 1951 for Canada and the provinces. The second set shows the changes in density of population for the period 1851 to 1951 for Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Ontario, Quebec, the Western Provinces and Canada. The third graph shows the percent increase in Canada's total population by decade for the period 1851 to 1951.

Footnotes: 1 Population estimates based on the Standard Geographical Classification (SGC) 2011 as delineated in the 2011 Census. 2 A census metropolitan area (CMA) is formed by one or more adjacent municipalities centred on a population centre (known as the core). A CMA must have a total population of at least 100,000 of which 50,000 or more must live in the core. To be included in the CMA, other adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with the core, as measured by commuting flows derived from previous census place of work data. Once an area becomes a CMA, it is retained as a CMA even if its total population declines below 100,000 or the population of its core falls below 50,000. Small population centres with a population count of less than 10,000 are called fringe. All areas inside the CMA that are not population centres are rural areas. All CMAs are subdivided into census tracts. 3 Postcensal estimates are based on the latest census counts adjusted for census net undercoverage (including adjustment for incompletely enumerated Indian reserves) and for the estimated population growth that occurred since that census. Intercensal estimates are based on postcensal estimates and census counts adjusted of the censuses preceding and following the considered year. 4 Preliminary postcensal population estimates for census metropolitan areas (CMAs) in Quebec and British Columbia were prepared by l'Institut de la statistique du Québec" (ISQ) and BC Stats Ministry of Labour and Citizens' Services respectively. Estimates for Quebec were based on statistics derived from the registration file for insured people of the "Régie de l'assurance-maladie". Estimates for British Columbia were produced using a regression model based upon changes in residential electrical (hydro) connections and Ministry of Health Client Registry counts. These estimates were controlled to Statistics Canada provincial estimates. Please note that for these two specific cases the component method is not applicable."5 Population estimates for July 1 are final intercensal from 2001 to 2010, final postcensal for 2011 to 2013, updated postcensal for 2014 to 2016 and preliminary postcensal for 2017. 6 The population growth, which is used to calculate population estimates of Census metropolitan areas (CANSIM 051-0056), is comprised of the components of population growth (CANSIM 051-0057). 7 This table replaces CANSIM table 051-0046. 8 Please refer to table 17100135 for more recent data. 9 Age at July 1.

Contained within the 3rd Edition (1957) of the Atlas of Canada is a plate that shows two condensed maps, and three sets of graphs to show population change for the period 1851 to 1951. The top map shows the percent changes in population in eastern Canada for the period 1851 to 1901 (Newfoundland data is for 1857 to 1901). The bottom map shows the percent changes in population for Canada for the period 1901 to 1951 (Northwest Territories data is for 1911 to 1951). The first set of graphs show birth, death and natural increase rates per 1000 population for the period 1931 to 1951 for Canada and the provinces. The second set shows the changes in density of population for the period 1851 to 1951 for Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Ontario, Quebec, the Western Provinces and Canada. The third graph shows the percent increase in Canada's total population by decade for the period 1851 to 1951.

For the first time in twenty years, the population of the city of Montreal, located in the Canadian province of Quebec, had declined between 2020 and 2021. The city had indeed lost slightly more than 12,500 male and about 13,200 female inhabitants during this period. In addition, since 2001, the gap between the number of women and men living in Montreal has been narrowing: there were approximately 76,960 more women than men in 2001, compared to 28,930 in 2022. In 2022, Montreal was the second most populous city in the country, behind Toronto, which had approximately 6.7 million inhabitants.

This data package includes data files and an R script to reproduce results reported in the paper "Demographic declines and responses of breeding bird populations to human footprint in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region, Alberta, Canada". Analyses include hierarchical multispecies models applied to data from 31 bird species at 38 Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survivorship (MAPS) stations to assess 10-year (2011–2020) demographic trends and responses to energy sector disturbance (human footprint proportion) in the Athabasca oil sands region of Alberta, Canada. Adult captures, productivity, and residency probability all declined over the study period, and adult apparent survival probability also tended to decline. Trends in adult captures, productivity, and survival were all more negative at stations with larger increases in disturbance over the study period. Species associated with early seral stages were more commonly captured at more disturbed stations, while species typical of mature f...

Components of population change by census division, single year of age, five-year age group and gender for the period from July 1 to June 30, annual, based on the Standard Geographical Classification (SGC) 2021. The components include births, deaths, immigrants, net emigration, emigrants, returning emigrants, net temporary emigration, net interprovincial migration, net intraprovincial migration, net non-permanent residents and residual deviation.

Components of population change by economic region, single year of age, five-year age group and gender for the period from July 1 to June 30, annual, based on the Standard Geographical Classification (SGC) 2021. The components include births, deaths, immigrants, net emigration, emigrants, returning emigrants, net temporary emigration, net interprovincial migration, net intraprovincial migration, net non-permanent residents and residual deviation.

Components of population change by economic region, single year of age, five-year age group and sex for the period from July 1 to June 30, annual, based on the Standard Geographical Classification (SGC) 2016. The components include births, deaths, immigrants, emigrants, returning emigrants, net temporary emigration, net interprovincial migration, net intraprovincial migration, net non-permanent residents and residual deviation.

The provide detailed statistical tables for 18 scenarios by single year of the projection period (2001 to 2017). For each of the scenarios, data are available for persons who identify with each of the following three groups: the North American Indian population, the Métis or the Inuit. All three groups were projected separately for each of the ten provinces and three territories. However, the subprovincial and subterritorial level shown for the three groups varies as it depends on the groups' size. For the North American Indians, future numbers were calculated for the urban parts of all census metropolitan areas (CMAs), urban areas outside CMAs, rural areas and reserves. For the Métis, places of residence were grouped into urban parts of CMAs, urban areas outside CMAs and rural areas, which also include reserves. Because of their relatively small size, the Inuit population was projected separately for urban and rural locations only. This information is further broken down by age and sex. The 18 scenarios, as well as scenario-specific assumptions on the future trend in fertility and internal migration, are presented in the table below. In addition to these two components of population growth, all scenarios assumed declining mortality and negligible importance of international migration to the change of the size of three Aboriginal groups. The statistical tables of this CD-ROM are organized into three sections: Aboriginal groups - The projected population by Aboriginal group, type of residence, province/territory and sex for the 18 scenarios by single year from 2001 to 2017; Age and sex - The projected population by Aboriginal group, type of residence, age group and sex for the 18 scenarios by single year from 2001 to 2017; and Province/territory - The projected total Aboriginal population by province/territory, age group, sex and type of residence for the 18 scenarios for 2001 and 2017. The statistical tables are supplementary to the publication Projections of the Aboriginal populations, Canada, provinces and territories: 2001 to 2017 (catalogue no. 91-547).