The UHI index in this analysis is based on a study, Sangiorgio et al. (2020), that quantifies the factors that cause developed areas to heat up. Climate Central adapted the modeling approach in Sangiorgio et al. (2020) using data on the distribution of land cover types in each city (from green space to paved areas) as well as building height and population density, to estimate how urban heat island intensity varies within each of the 44 cities included in this analysis.

This is a cut of the data for census tracts coded for Detroit

description: The goal of this project is to determine the recruitment potential of mallards and other dabbling ducks for use in assessing the effectiveness of management policies. Specifically, the research will determine: (1) the magnitude of recruitment that can be attained through the use of specified, available management techniques, (2) the level of population density that will result from increased recruitment, and (3) the biological factors that will ultimately limit the size of the breeding population. Without this type of information, it is not possible to predict the potential results of management practices designed to maximize mallard production in the northern prairie region. This information will put predictions of the outcome of mallard management on a firm biological basis and will enable waterfowl managers to examine the cost-effectiveness of proposed duck management methods. The Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center assembled a small unit management research team to address 10 separate tasks, each with their own project leader, study areas, objectives, and results. The details of each of these tasks are expanded upon in the document. The study is being conducted on 3 replicates in the following biogeographic regions; the Missouri Coteau (Kulm, ND), the Drift Plain (Jamestown, ND), and the Fergus Falls Till Plain (Detroit Lakes, MN). The USFWS Region 3 and 6 are listed as a small unit management research cooperator in that they provided personnel to help in the breeding pair surveys; provided and helped select study sites, planted and maintained all nesting cover at study sites, and conducted the predator removal program at Detroit Lakes and Fergus Falls.; abstract: The goal of this project is to determine the recruitment potential of mallards and other dabbling ducks for use in assessing the effectiveness of management policies. Specifically, the research will determine: (1) the magnitude of recruitment that can be attained through the use of specified, available management techniques, (2) the level of population density that will result from increased recruitment, and (3) the biological factors that will ultimately limit the size of the breeding population. Without this type of information, it is not possible to predict the potential results of management practices designed to maximize mallard production in the northern prairie region. This information will put predictions of the outcome of mallard management on a firm biological basis and will enable waterfowl managers to examine the cost-effectiveness of proposed duck management methods. The Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center assembled a small unit management research team to address 10 separate tasks, each with their own project leader, study areas, objectives, and results. The details of each of these tasks are expanded upon in the document. The study is being conducted on 3 replicates in the following biogeographic regions; the Missouri Coteau (Kulm, ND), the Drift Plain (Jamestown, ND), and the Fergus Falls Till Plain (Detroit Lakes, MN). The USFWS Region 3 and 6 are listed as a small unit management research cooperator in that they provided personnel to help in the breeding pair surveys; provided and helped select study sites, planted and maintained all nesting cover at study sites, and conducted the predator removal program at Detroit Lakes and Fergus Falls.