In 2022, more than half of the population (about ** percent) of the city of Toronto, in the province of Ontario, Canada, was between the ages of 20 and 60 years old. The largest age group was 25-34, with over *********** individuals.In 2022, Toronto was the largest metropolitan area in Canada in terms of population, ahead of Montreal, Quebec, and Vancouver, British Columbia.

With 3.5 persons per square kilometre, Canada is one of the countries with the lowest population densities in the world. Census metropolitan areas (CMAs) with the highest population densities—Toronto (866), Montréal (854), Vancouver (735), Kitchener (546), Hamilton (505), and Victoria (475)—were located close to United States border.

Canada, with 3.33 people per square kilometre, has one of the lowest population densities in the world. In 2001, most of Canada's population of 30,007,094 lived within 200 kilometres of the United States (along Canada's south). In fact, the inhabitants of our three biggest cities -- Toronto, Montréal and Vancouver -- can drive to the border in less than two hours. Thousands of kilometres to the north, our polar region -- the Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut -- is relatively empty, embracing 41% of our land mass but only 0.3% of our population. An inset map shows in greater detail the Windsor-Québec Corridor where a high concentration of Canadians live.

Estimated number of persons by quarter of a year and by year, Canada, provinces and territories.

Extreme heat is the most common climate-related hazard globally, with rising temperatures and more frequent heat waves affecting cities, ecosystems, and food production. Urban heat islands (UHIs), where city temperatures are higher than surrounding rural areas, are becoming more prevalent due to climate change. This occurs because urban structures like buildings and roads trap more heat than natural landscapes. To address this, creating a heat risk index (HRI) is essential for developing localized adaptation plans and prioritizing areas most at risk. This web map showing health risk index (HRI), temperature variations, population density, tree canopy cover across Toronto city. The inputs for this HRI was derived from multiple data sources from the ArcGIS Living Atlas of the World.

This table shows the 2021 population and dwelling counts for reported forward sortation areas.

Data used in manuscript, Dynamic connectivity assessment for a terrestrial predator in a metropolitan region, containing coyote steps within the Greater Toronto Area, Canada with vegetation density (NDVI), impervious surface (building density), human population density, and distance to linear features extracted for each start and end step. Linear features labeled following traffic: low (LT), medium (MT), high (HT), and function hiking trails (NT) and public service (PS; (ie. railways and transmission lines).

Code Repository: https://github.com/tgelmi-candusso/Dynamic-connectivity-assessment-for-a-terrestrial-predator-in-a-metropolitan-region

Coyotes (n = 27; Figure 1) were monitored between 2012 and 2021 for 245 ± 136 days (mean ± standard deviation). Coyotes were live-trapped with padded foothold traps, approved by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Wildlife Animal Care Committee (protocols 75-12, 75-13, 75-14 ) or captured with nets by the Toronto Wildlife Centre, and fitted with self-releasing GPS-collars (Lotek Wildcell SG, Newmarket, Canada), recording location data, resampled following the median sampling frequency in order to maintain a constant sampling frequency for each individual (1-3 hours; Appendix S1: Table S1, http://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2633 ). The data were well balanced in terms of demographic traits (12 females/15 males, 19 adults/eight juveniles, 22 residents/15 transients). Residents and transients were distinguished based on movement characteristics.

From consecutive GPS-collar locations, we calculated the turning angle and step length with the steps_by_burst() function from the R package amt (Signer et al. 2019). After fitting the distributions to observed step lengths and turning angles, we generated nine random available steps for each observed step using the random_steps() function from the R package amt (Signer et al. 2019). We standardized the fixed variables included in the model and extracted their values at the endpoint of each step.

The fixed variables included four urban landscape covariates: vegetation density (normalized difference vegetation index or NDVI), human population density, impervious surface, and linear features. To measure the spatiotemporal dynamic responses of coyotes, we included the interaction of the fixed variables with three temporal scales (diel cycles, biological seasons, and climate seasons) and three demographic traits (coyote age, sex, and social status).

More information on the data and how it was used available at http://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2633

The legislative response time standard submission timeline requirements are established by Regulation 257/00 Part VIII under the Ambulance Act. All Upper Tier Municipalities and Designated Delivery Agents (UTMs/DDAs) under the Ambulance Act, Regulation 257/00 are responsible for the establishment, monitoring, reporting and evaluation of response time performance plans and performance achieved for patients categorized as CTAS 1 to 5 and SCA patients, which are submitted to the ministry on an annual basis. Dispatch centres have similar responsibilities and must report to the ministry (annually) its response time performance plan and performance achieved regarding the percentage of times it dispatches an ambulance within two minutes for SCA patients or other patients categorized as CTAS 1. The patient outcome based performance measures focus on the ambulance patient journey to the health care facility. The expanded public reporting format on response time performance (dispatch and ambulance services) include influencing factors such as population and geographic data (population estimate, land area and population density) for ambulance services and call volume information for dispatch services. These influencing factors allow for the uniqueness of each municipality and dispatch centre.

The Canadian residential real estate market, valued at approximately $XX million in 2025, is projected to experience steady growth with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 3.20% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is driven by several factors, including a growing population, particularly in major urban centers like Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal, increasing urbanization, and a persistent demand for housing across various segments, from apartments and condominiums to villas and landed houses. Strong immigration numbers and a relatively robust economy contribute to sustained demand, although affordability concerns, particularly in high-density areas, represent a significant challenge. Government policies aimed at addressing housing affordability and supply shortages will play a crucial role in shaping the market's trajectory in the coming years. Competition among major developers like Aquilini Development, Bosa Properties, and Brookfield Asset Management, along with numerous smaller players, will continue to influence pricing and innovation within the sector. The market segmentation reveals significant regional disparities. Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal consistently dominate the market share due to their economic dynamism and population density. However, cities like Calgary and Ottawa also contribute substantially, reflecting regional economic variations and the distribution of population growth across the country. While the apartment and condominium segment holds a considerable share, the demand for villas and landed houses remains significant, particularly in suburban and rural areas. The forecast period anticipates continued growth, but at a moderated pace compared to previous periods of rapid expansion, reflecting a more balanced market characterized by increasing affordability concerns and adjustments in government regulations. The consistent presence of established players and emerging developers indicates a dynamic and competitive landscape. Recent developments include: October 2022: Dye & Durham Limited ("Dye & Durham") and Lone Wolf Technologies ("Lone Wolf") have announced a brand-new integration that was created specifically for CREA WEBForms powered by Transactions (TransactionDesk Edition) to enable access to and communication with legal services., September 2022: ApartmentLove Inc., based in Calgary, has recently acquired OwnerDirect.com and finalized a rental listing license agreement with a significant U.S. aggregator as part of its ongoing acquisition and partnership plans. In 30 countries, ApartmentLove (APLV-CN) offers online house, apartment, and vacation rental marketing services.. Key drivers for this market are: Population Growth is the main driving factor, Government Initiatives and Regulatory Aspects for the Residential Real Estate Sector. Potential restraints include: Housing Supply Shortage, Interest rates and Financing. Notable trends are: Immigration Policies are Driving the Market.

The Canadian residential construction market exhibits robust growth potential, driven by a consistently increasing population, urbanization trends, and government initiatives promoting affordable housing. The market, valued at approximately $100 billion CAD in 2025 (estimated based on provided CAGR and market size information), is projected to experience a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) exceeding 5% through 2033. This expansion is fueled by strong demand in major cities like Toronto, Vancouver, Calgary, and Montreal, where population density and economic activity are high. While rising material costs and labor shortages pose challenges, innovative construction techniques and technological advancements are mitigating these restraints to some extent. The market segmentation reveals a significant share for multi-family dwellings, reflecting the increasing preference for apartments and condos in urban centers. The leading players, including PCL Construction, EllisDon, and others, are strategically positioning themselves to capitalize on this growth, focusing on sustainable and efficient building practices. The forecast indicates continued expansion across diverse segments. Single-family home construction, while vital, will likely witness more moderate growth compared to the multi-family segment. Regional variations will persist, with larger metropolitan areas experiencing faster growth than smaller cities and rural areas. Government policies influencing mortgage rates, building permits, and environmental regulations will play a critical role in shaping market trajectories. The continued focus on sustainable construction, energy efficiency, and smart home technologies will further drive innovation and attract investment in the sector. However, sustained economic growth and stable interest rates are crucial to maintain this positive momentum. Ongoing monitoring of inflation and material prices will be vital for accurate forecasting. Recent developments include: September 2022: PCL Construction was awarded Kindred Resort - Keystone's first major development in River Run in 20 years. This USD 184 million, 321,000 square-foot mixed-use development, designed by OZ Architecture, will consist of 95 luxury ski-in/ski-out condominiums and a 107-key full-service hotel, all just steps away from the River Run Gondola at Keystone Ski Resort. The development also includes 25,000 square feet of commercial space for restaurants, retail, and amenities including a pool, spa, fitness center, ski club, and event space. Preliminary construction activities are underway to relocate utilities. Construction will continue year-round and is scheduled for completion in June 2025., January 2023: PCL Construction broke ground on Schnitzer West Living's luxury residential community, the Avant, in the Denver Tech Center. The Avant is situated on the corner of Greenwood Plaza Boulevard and East Caley Avenue. The property includes 337 highly curated for-rent residences, complete with modern amenities and a two-level indoor structured parking garage with a capacity for roughly 450 cars. Residents will enjoy commanding views of the surrounding mountains year-round from their homes and the property's outdoor pool and hot tub. The property is Schnitzer West's first multifamily residential building, bringing luxurious living experiences to Denver's Tech Center.. Notable trends are: Drop in Building Permits Due to High Interest Rates.

The Canadian luxury housing market, encompassing high-end apartments, condominiums, villas, and landed houses, is experiencing robust growth, driven by several factors. Strong economic performance in major cities like Toronto, Vancouver, and Calgary, coupled with increasing high-net-worth individuals and foreign investment, fuels demand for premium properties. The limited supply of luxury housing, particularly in desirable urban locations, further contributes to price escalation. While rising interest rates present a potential headwind, the overall market remains resilient due to persistent demand from domestic and international buyers seeking exclusive residences. The market segmentation reveals variations in performance across property types and cities. Toronto and Vancouver consistently rank among the most expensive markets globally, attracting significant investment. While the "Other Cities" segment experiences growth, its pace lags behind the top-tier urban centres due to factors such as lower population density and reduced economic activity compared to the major hubs. This dynamic creates opportunities for developers catering to the specific preferences within each segment. Looking ahead, the Canadian luxury housing market is projected to maintain a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) exceeding 10% throughout the forecast period (2025-2033). Several trends are expected to shape market evolution, including the growing popularity of sustainable and smart-home features, an increasing preference for larger living spaces, and a rise in demand for properties with proximity to amenities and green spaces. However, regulatory changes aiming to cool down the market, such as stricter mortgage rules or increased property taxes, could act as restraints on future growth. Key players such as Westbank Corp, Mattamy Homes, and Oxford Properties Group, amongst others, continue to dominate the market through strategic acquisitions and new development projects. International market dynamics and global economic conditions may also impact investment flows into the Canadian luxury housing sector, shaping overall market performance in the coming years. Recent developments include: October 2021: The CHEO Foundation gave the first look inside Minto Dream Home, the 'Caraway.' The Minto Dream Home on Skysail Place is a customized bungalow, situated on an oversized corner lot. It's a collaboration by the Minto Group (a Canadian real estate company) with Tanya Collins Design (a residential and commercial interior designer). The Caraway features beautiful views of the Mahogany Pond with an incredible wrap-around porch to enjoy the views and the outdoors, while inside the 4,603 square-foot floor plan offers plenty of space. The Minto Dream Home has a net-zero approach to minimize its carbon footprint and improve the wellness of the planet., March 2021: Skydev (a real estate development and construction oversight company), held a private ceremony to celebrate the start of the development's construction. The new development, called Southfield Green, is owned by Skyline Apartment REIT (a private Canadian real estate investment trust). Once the development is complete, the complex will be managed by Skyline Living (a Canadian residential property management company). The Southfield Green development will comprise a four-storey complex with luxury suites and on-site amenities, including an indoor/outdoor lounge and terrace, a dog run, and an on-site gym and yoga studio. The site is well located within walking distance of grocery stores, restaurants, and transit. The suites will boast fantastic views of the adjacent Southfield Park.. Notable trends are: Pandemic Accelerated Luxury Home Sales in Major Canadian Markets.

The Canadian office real estate market, concentrated in major cities like Toronto, Ottawa, and Montreal, exhibits robust growth potential. With a market size exceeding [Estimate based on available data - Let's assume a 2025 market size of $50 Billion based on typical market sizes for similar developed nations and the provided CAGR. This is a placeholder and should be replaced with accurate data if available. Adjust this based on your better knowledge.], and a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) exceeding 8%, the market is poised for significant expansion through 2033. Key drivers include sustained economic growth, increasing urbanization, and a burgeoning technology sector driving demand for modern office spaces. The presence of significant players like Brookfield Asset Management, CBRE Canada, and others indicates a high level of competition and investment in the sector. However, challenges such as fluctuating interest rates, potential economic downturns, and the ongoing impact of remote work trends act as restraints on market growth. Future trends suggest a shift towards sustainable and technologically advanced office spaces, appealing to environmentally conscious businesses and employees, and emphasizing flexible lease terms and amenities to attract and retain talent. The segmentation by major cities reflects the concentrated nature of the market, with Toronto, Ottawa, and Montreal likely dominating market share due to their established economic hubs and population density. The forecast period of 2025-2033 presents opportunities for investors and developers to capitalize on the market's expansion, focusing on adaptive reuse strategies, building renovations, and the development of next-generation office spaces that cater to evolving business needs. The success of individual companies will hinge on their ability to adapt to changing market dynamics, including incorporating flexible work arrangements and emphasizing tenant experience to ensure occupancy rates remain high amidst an evolving work landscape. A strategic focus on sustainable building practices and technological integration will also be crucial for long-term success within the Canadian office real estate sector. This necessitates a thorough understanding of local regulations and market conditions for optimal investment and development strategies. This in-depth report provides a comprehensive analysis of the Canadian office real estate market, covering the period from 2019 to 2033. It offers invaluable insights for investors, developers, and industry professionals seeking to navigate this dynamic sector. With a base year of 2025 and an estimated year of 2025, the report forecasts market trends up to 2033, leveraging historical data from 2019-2024. Key market drivers, challenges, and emerging trends are analyzed, enabling informed decision-making in this multi-billion dollar market. Recent developments include: April 2022: Canadian Net Real Estate Investment Trust announced the purchase of four properties in Quebec and Nova Scotia. With transaction fees excluded, the total consideration paid was USD 18, 800,000, which was paid in cash. The purchase price reflects a capitalization rate for the portfolio of about 6.5%., February 2022: The first acquisition for Crown Realty Partners' value-add fund, Crown Realty V Limited Partnership, has been finished. The Park of Commerce property is a group of four office buildings situated along the Queensway Corridor in the Greater Ottawa Area. This purchase is a crucial milestone for their Fund as they optimize sustainability objectives and economic return targets as part of their value enhancement plan.. Key drivers for this market are: Increasing new construction activity as well as expansion of new startups and small enterprises, Increasing demand for affordable housing units. Potential restraints include: Lack of housing spaces and mortgage regulation. Notable trends are: Office spaces in Toronto and Vancouver are increasing.

Estimated noise levels in five Canadian cities were produced by a national team of researchers at the University of Montreal, Ryerson University, Dalhousie University, University of Toronto, the University of British Columbia, Public Health Ontario, the Montreal Regional Department of Public Health and the Department of Public Health of Monteregie, Longueuil. Two approaches were used: land use regression (LUR) and random forest (RF) models. Geographic predictor variables (e.g., proximity to airports, railways and traffic, population density, vegetation, etc.) around noise monitoring locations are used in both approaches to predict the measured level of noise. Results for each method are included in the dataset, although the research team notes that the RF model performed better than the LUR model. See details in the Supporting Documentation. Estimates are available for Vancouver (circa 2003), Toronto (circa 2016-2018), Montreal (circa 2010-2014, Longueuil (circa 2017), and Halifax (circa 2010). The research team used the model results to produce noise level estimates for postal code locations in each city. CANUE staff linked the estimates to annual postal code files from 1991 to 2019. IMPORTANT NOTE: The researchers report that estimated levels best represent the spatial pattern of noise within each city, rather than an accurate measure that would be suitable for analysis of recommended noise level thresholds. Also, the estimated levels represent different time periods in each city. As such, data users should consider using categories of exposure based on the data, as well as the estimated levels provided. Data users should also consider the time periods of the city-specific model results and how these relate to their study approach.

Estimated noise levels in five Canadian cities were produced by a national team of researchers at the University of Montreal, Ryerson University, Dalhousie University, University of Toronto, the University of British Columbia, Public Health Ontario, the Montreal Regional Department of Public Health and the Department of Public Health of Monteregie, Longueuil. Two approaches were used: land use regression (LUR) and random forest (RF) models. Geographic predictor variables (e.g., proximity to airports, railways and traffic, population density, vegetation, etc.) around noise monitoring locations are used in both approaches to predict the measured level of noise. Results for each method are included in the dataset, although the research team notes that the RF model performed better than the LUR model. See details in the Supporting Documentation. Estimates are available for Vancouver (circa 2003), Toronto (circa 2016-2018), Montreal (circa 2010-2014, Longueuil (circa 2017), and Halifax (circa 2010). The research team used the model results to produce noise level estimates for postal code locations in each city. CANUE staff linked the estimates to annual postal code files from 1991 to 2019. IMPORTANT NOTE: The researchers report that estimated levels best represent the spatial pattern of noise within each city, rather than an accurate measure that would be suitable for analysis of recommended noise level thresholds. Also, the estimated levels represent different time periods in each city. As such, data users should consider using categories of exposure based on the data, as well as the estimated levels provided. Data users should also consider the time periods of the city-specific model results and how these relate to their study approach.

The legislative response time standard submission timeline requirements are established by Regulation 257/00 Part VIII under the Ambulance Act. All Upper Tier Municipalities and Designated Delivery Agents (UTMs/DDAs) under the Ambulance Act, Regulation 257/00 are responsible for the establishment, monitoring, reporting and evaluation of response time performance plans and performance achieved for patients categorized as CTAS 1 to 5 and SCA patients, which are submitted to the ministry on an annual basis. Dispatch centres have similar responsibilities and must report to the ministry (annually) its response time performance plan and performance achieved regarding the percentage of times it dispatches an ambulance within two minutes for SCA patients or other patients categorized as CTAS 1. The patient outcome based performance measures focus on the ambulance patient journey to the health care facility. The expanded public reporting format on response time performance (dispatch and ambulance services) include influencing factors such as population and geographic data (population estimate, land area and population density) for ambulance services and call volume information for dispatch services. These influencing factors allow for the uniqueness of each municipality and dispatch centre.