Canada, with 3.33 people per square kilometre, has one of the lowest population densities in the world. In 2001, most of Canada's population of 30,007,094 lived within 200 kilometres of the United States (along Canada's south). In fact, the inhabitants of our three biggest cities -- Toronto, Montréal and Vancouver -- can drive to the border in less than two hours. Thousands of kilometres to the north, our polar region -- the Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut -- is relatively empty, embracing 41% of our land mass but only 0.3% of our population. An inset map shows in greater detail the Windsor-Québec Corridor where a high concentration of Canadians live.

With 3.5 persons per square kilometre, Canada is one of the countries with the lowest population densities in the world. Census metropolitan areas (CMAs) with the highest population densities—Toronto (866), Montréal (854), Vancouver (735), Kitchener (546), Hamilton (505), and Victoria (475)—were located close to United States border.

Estimated number of persons by quarter of a year and by year, Canada, provinces and territories.

Customer initiated service requests received by 3-1-1 Contact Centre from 2022. Service requests refer only to those call types that generate a requ​​es​​t to a City of Vancouver department to provide service.This dataset contains location information such as address or intersection where service was requested and the local area corresponding to the case (incident) location. ​Due to the volume of records, we segmented the service requests data into multiple datasets. See 3-1-1 service requests 2009-2021 dataset for records from 2009 to 2021.​ Note​The 3-1-1 case management system started collecting case service requests data on June 1, 2009. The system was upgraded on August 17, 2022. Department, Division or Call Types beginning with ZZ – OLD refers to obsolete types used in the past. Generally, another call type within the same division, or another division within the same department replaced the obsolete type. When reviewing case location data spatially, consideration should be given to the City’s urban attributes such as vegetation density, population density, age of infrastructure asset, area specific bylaws, etc. Some case types are associated with city locations.​ Data currency​Records on or after August 17, 2022 are refreshed daily. Records prior to this date are static.​ Data accuracyData are electronically extracted from the 3-1-1 case management system.Address data of some selected service request types is not disclosed to provide privacy protection.There may be addresses that do not return coordinates in the gecoding process. These records will appear in the Table view but not on the Map.​​ Websites for further informationContact the City of Vancouver​

Customer initiated service requests received by 3-1-1 Contact Centre from 2009 to 2021. Service requests refer only to those call types that generate a request to a City of Vancouver department to provide service. This dataset contains location information such as address or intersection where service was requested and the local area corresponding to the case (incident) location.​Due to the volume of records, we segmented the service requests data into multiple datasets. See 3-1-1 service requests for records since 2022. Note​The 3-1-1 case management system started collecting case service requests data on June 1, 2009. The system was upgraded on August 17, 2022. Department, Division or Call Types beginning with ZZ – OLD refers to obsolete types used in the past. Generally, another call type within the same division, or another division within the same department replaced the obsolete type. When reviewing case location data spatially, consideration should be given to the City’s urban attributes such as vegetation density, population density, age of infrastructure asset, area specific bylaws, etc. Some case types are associated with city locations.​​​ Data currency​Data are static Data accuracyData are electronically extracted from the 3-1-1 case management system.Address data of some selected service request types was not disclosed to provide privacy protection.There may be addresses that do not return coordinates in the gecoding process. These records will appear in the Table view but not on the Map. Websites for further information​​Contact the City of Vancouver​

AbstractCities can have profound impacts on ecosystems, yet our understanding of these impacts is currently limited. First, the effects of socioeconomic dimensions of human society are often overlooked. Second, correlative analyses are common, limiting our causal understanding of mechanisms. Third, most research has focused on terrestrial systems, ignoring aquatic systems that also provide important ecosystem services. Here we compare the effects of human population density and low-income prevalence on the macroinvertebrate communities and ecosystem processes within water-filled artificial tree holes. We hypothesized that these human demographic variables would affect tree holes in different ways via changes in temperature, water nutrients, and the local tree hole environment. We recruited community scientists across Greater Vancouver (Canada) to provide host trees and tend 50 tree holes over 14 weeks of colonization. We quantified tree hole ecosystems in terms of aquatic invertebrates, litter decomposition, and chlorophyll-a. We compiled potential explanatory variables from field measurements, satellite images, or census databases. Using structural equation models, we showed that invertebrate abundance was affected by low-income prevalence but not human population density. This was driven by cosmopolitan species of Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) with known associations to anthropogenic containers. Invertebrate diversity and abundance were also affected by environmental factors, such as temperature, elevation, water nutrients, litter quantity, and exposure. By contrast, invertebrate biomass, chlorophyll-a, and litter decomposition were not affected by any measured variables. In summary, this study shows that some urban ecosystems can be largely unaffected by human population density. Our study also demonstrates the potential of using artificial tree holes as a standardized, replicated habitat for studying urbanization. Finally, by combining community science and urban ecology, we were able to involve our local community in this pandemic research pivot. This abstract is quoted from the original article "Insects in the city: Determinants of a contained aquatic microecosystem across an urbanized landscape" in Ecology (2023) by DS Srivastava et al. MethodsThese methods are quoted in abbreviated form from the original article [please also see README.md file for details on each script and data file, including description of every variable]: We installed 73 artificial tree holes (hereafter tree holes) throughout Greater Vancouver, specifically the cities of Vancouver, Abbottsford, Burnaby, Chilliwack, Delta, Maple Ridge, New Westminster, North Vancouver, Port Moody, Richmond, Surrey, and West Vancouver. We constructed artificial tree holes from black plastic buckets (950 ml, height: 12.2cm, diameter:11.5cm). Near the rim, we drilled 1-cm holes for water overflow and covered these with 1mm mesh to prevent loss of insects and litter (Figure 2a). We attached each tree hole to a deciduous tree with a cable tie, about 1.3 m above ground, before adding leaf litter and bottled spring water. The leaf litter consisted of dried (60°C for two days) and pre-weighed Acer macrophyllum (Sapindaceae) leaves collected in November 2020, both loose (2.50 g) and in a 0.5 mm mesh leaf bag (0.200 g). We filled each tree hole with ~750 ml spring water (Western FamilyTM). Community scientists were instructed to monitor water level in the tree holes during the experiment, topping up tree holes when they became half-empty with extra bottles of water (same brand) that we provided. We also added an iButtonTM temperature logger (Maxim Integrated, San Jose, CA, USA; models DS1921G, DS1921Z, and DS1922L) wrapped in ParafilmTM (Beemis Company, Neenah, WI, USA) and programmed it to collect data every hour for 85 days. We added a small stick to assist ovipositing insects to perch or pupating insects to emerge. We installed all tree holes 21–28 March 2021. We visited all tree holes 17–30 May 2021, to collect data on water chemistry (pH, chlorophyll-a concentration), light availability (canopy cover), potential oviposition cues (host tree diameter, nearby standing water), and potential source populations (distance to water bodies). We measured water pH directly using a calibrated OaktonⓇ pH 450 pH meter. To estimate chlorophyll-a concentration, we extracted 25 mL of water, filtered it through a glass microfiber (0.7 μm) filter, and froze the filters. In the lab, we extracted chlorophyll-a on filters with 90%-acetone. We used a Trilogy Laboratory Fluorometer (Turner Designs, San Jose, CA, USA) to determine chlorophyll-a concentration following Wasmund et al. (2006). To measure canopy cover, we took a photograph directly up by placing a smartphone flat on the tree hole and then used ImageJTM to differentiate open sky from any obstructing cover. We searched within 30m of tree holes for sources of persistent standing water, such as buckets, birdbaths,...

Urban rats (Rattus spp.) are among the most ubiquitous pest species in the world. Previous research has shown that rat abundance is largely determined by features of the environment; however, the specific urban environmental factors that influence rat population density within cities have yet to be clearly identified. Additionally, there are no well described tools or methodologies for conducting an in-depth evaluation of the relationship between urban rat abundance and the environment. In this study, we developed a systematic environmental observation tool using methods borrowed from the field of systematic social observation. This tool, which employed a combination of quantitative and qualitative methodologies, was then used to identify environmental factors associated with the relative abundance of Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) in an inner-city neighborhood of Vancouver, Canada. Using a multivariate zero-inflated negative binomial model, we found that a variety of factors, including specific land use, building condition, and amount of refuse, were related to rat presence and abundance. Qualitative data largely supported and further clarified observed statistical relationships, but also identified conflicting and unique situations not easily captured through quantitative methods. Overall, the tool helped us to better understand the relationship between features of the urban environment and relative rat abundance within our study area and may useful for studying environmental determinants of zoonotic disease prevalence/distribution among urban rat populations in the future.

The plate contains four maps of 60 minute rainfalls (in millimetres) for a 2 year return period, a 5 year return period, a 10 year return period and a 25 year return period. Each map has a detailed inset of the Vancouver area. These four maps were not analyzed for the mountainous parts of Canada in British Columbia and the Yukon because of the limited number of stations, the non-representative nature of the valley stations and the variability of precipitation owing to the orographic effects. From the incomplete data, it is impossible to draw accurate isolines of short duration rainfall amounts on maps of national scale. Point values for all stations west of the Rocky Mountain range and in the Yukon have been plotted for durations of less than 24 hours. For the Vancouver metropolitan area, recording rain gauges have been in operation for several years. For some of these stations point rainfall data have been plotted on inset maps. The density of climatological stations varies widely as does population density. In general, the accuracy of the analysis increases with station density. North of latitude 55 degrees North, there are only five stations. Therefore, the isoline analyses represent extrapolations beyond the station values. Whenever sufficient data were available for interpretation, isolines were drawn as solid lines. The scale of the map used for Canada dictates the use of an isoline interval of 8 millimetres.

The Canadian residential construction market exhibits robust growth potential, driven by a consistently increasing population, urbanization trends, and government initiatives promoting affordable housing. The market, valued at approximately $100 billion CAD in 2025 (estimated based on provided CAGR and market size information), is projected to experience a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) exceeding 5% through 2033. This expansion is fueled by strong demand in major cities like Toronto, Vancouver, Calgary, and Montreal, where population density and economic activity are high. While rising material costs and labor shortages pose challenges, innovative construction techniques and technological advancements are mitigating these restraints to some extent. The market segmentation reveals a significant share for multi-family dwellings, reflecting the increasing preference for apartments and condos in urban centers. The leading players, including PCL Construction, EllisDon, and others, are strategically positioning themselves to capitalize on this growth, focusing on sustainable and efficient building practices. The forecast indicates continued expansion across diverse segments. Single-family home construction, while vital, will likely witness more moderate growth compared to the multi-family segment. Regional variations will persist, with larger metropolitan areas experiencing faster growth than smaller cities and rural areas. Government policies influencing mortgage rates, building permits, and environmental regulations will play a critical role in shaping market trajectories. The continued focus on sustainable construction, energy efficiency, and smart home technologies will further drive innovation and attract investment in the sector. However, sustained economic growth and stable interest rates are crucial to maintain this positive momentum. Ongoing monitoring of inflation and material prices will be vital for accurate forecasting. Recent developments include: September 2022: PCL Construction was awarded Kindred Resort - Keystone's first major development in River Run in 20 years. This USD 184 million, 321,000 square-foot mixed-use development, designed by OZ Architecture, will consist of 95 luxury ski-in/ski-out condominiums and a 107-key full-service hotel, all just steps away from the River Run Gondola at Keystone Ski Resort. The development also includes 25,000 square feet of commercial space for restaurants, retail, and amenities including a pool, spa, fitness center, ski club, and event space. Preliminary construction activities are underway to relocate utilities. Construction will continue year-round and is scheduled for completion in June 2025., January 2023: PCL Construction broke ground on Schnitzer West Living's luxury residential community, the Avant, in the Denver Tech Center. The Avant is situated on the corner of Greenwood Plaza Boulevard and East Caley Avenue. The property includes 337 highly curated for-rent residences, complete with modern amenities and a two-level indoor structured parking garage with a capacity for roughly 450 cars. Residents will enjoy commanding views of the surrounding mountains year-round from their homes and the property's outdoor pool and hot tub. The property is Schnitzer West's first multifamily residential building, bringing luxurious living experiences to Denver's Tech Center.. Notable trends are: Drop in Building Permits Due to High Interest Rates.

The Canadian residential real estate market, valued at approximately $XX million in 2025, is projected to experience steady growth with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 3.20% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is driven by several factors, including a growing population, particularly in major urban centers like Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal, increasing urbanization, and a persistent demand for housing across various segments, from apartments and condominiums to villas and landed houses. Strong immigration numbers and a relatively robust economy contribute to sustained demand, although affordability concerns, particularly in high-density areas, represent a significant challenge. Government policies aimed at addressing housing affordability and supply shortages will play a crucial role in shaping the market's trajectory in the coming years. Competition among major developers like Aquilini Development, Bosa Properties, and Brookfield Asset Management, along with numerous smaller players, will continue to influence pricing and innovation within the sector. The market segmentation reveals significant regional disparities. Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal consistently dominate the market share due to their economic dynamism and population density. However, cities like Calgary and Ottawa also contribute substantially, reflecting regional economic variations and the distribution of population growth across the country. While the apartment and condominium segment holds a considerable share, the demand for villas and landed houses remains significant, particularly in suburban and rural areas. The forecast period anticipates continued growth, but at a moderated pace compared to previous periods of rapid expansion, reflecting a more balanced market characterized by increasing affordability concerns and adjustments in government regulations. The consistent presence of established players and emerging developers indicates a dynamic and competitive landscape. Recent developments include: October 2022: Dye & Durham Limited ("Dye & Durham") and Lone Wolf Technologies ("Lone Wolf") have announced a brand-new integration that was created specifically for CREA WEBForms powered by Transactions (TransactionDesk Edition) to enable access to and communication with legal services., September 2022: ApartmentLove Inc., based in Calgary, has recently acquired OwnerDirect.com and finalized a rental listing license agreement with a significant U.S. aggregator as part of its ongoing acquisition and partnership plans. In 30 countries, ApartmentLove (APLV-CN) offers online house, apartment, and vacation rental marketing services.. Key drivers for this market are: Population Growth is the main driving factor, Government Initiatives and Regulatory Aspects for the Residential Real Estate Sector. Potential restraints include: Housing Supply Shortage, Interest rates and Financing. Notable trends are: Immigration Policies are Driving the Market.

Using life-history data from the literature and the RAMAS Metapop program, we conducted simulations using a single population and a metapopulation to assess the risk of population explosion of the copepod Pseudodiaptomus marinus released into the harbour from ballast water. Parameters which affected the explosion included initial density, population structure, and transport or dispersal rate. In general, this model provided a useful tool for assessing the risk of invasion and establishment by NIS. However, this approach is not comprehensive since it only considers survival after release from a ballast tank and it assumes a niche is available in the recipient habitat. The model may be useful to compare risk of establishment between NIS with varying life history parameters, and to identify which paramenters most affect NIS establishment.

The Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida Carpenter, 1864) is one of four species of oysters established in British Columbia (BC), Canada, and the only naturally occurring oyster in BC (Bourne 1997; Gillespie 1999, 2009). O. lurida reaches the northern limit of its range in the Central Coast of British Columbia at Gale Passage, Campbell Island, approximately 52°12’N, 128°24’W (Gillespie 2009). First Nations historically utilized Olympia oysters for food and their shells for ornamentation (Ellis and Swan 1981; Harbo 1997). European settlers harvested Olympia oysters commercially from the early 1800s until the early 1930s when stocks became depleted and the industry moved towards other larger, introduced oyster species (Bourne 1997; Quayle 1988). Since that time, Olympia oysters have likely maintained stable populations in BC, but have not recovered to abundance levels observed prior to the late 1800s (Gillespie 1999, 2009). Olympia oysters were designated a species of Special Concern by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) in 2000 and 2010 and listed under the Species at Risk Act (SARA) in 2003 (DFO 2009; COSEWIC 2011). A management plan was developed and posted to the SARA Public Registry in 2009 (DFO 2009). One of the objectives of this plan was to ensure maintenance of the relative abundance (density) of Olympia oyster at index sites. The plan also recommended development of a survey protocol for determining relative abundance (density) estimates. In response, a Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat (CSAS) Research Document was completed recommending a survey method for Olympia oysters (Norgard et al. 2010); a CSAS Science Advisory Report (DFO 2010) for selection of index sites was also completed. Thirteen index sites were chosen from a mixture of previously surveyed sites, and by random site selection. In 2014, a fourteenth site was added at Joes Bay in the Broken Group area in partnership with Parks Canada. The selected sites provided a representative sample of Olympia oyster populations in different geographic zones in the Pacific region and span the much of the range of Olympia oysters in BC. The number of sites was reduced to six in 2018 so that annual surveys could be completed to better understand population dynamics and identify long-term trends.

The plate contains four maps of 60 minute rainfalls (in millimetres) for a 2 year return period, a 5 year return period, a 10 year return period and a 25 year return period. Each map has a detailed inset of the Vancouver area. These four maps were not analyzed for the mountainous parts of Canada in British Columbia and the Yukon because of the limited number of stations, the non-representative nature of the valley stations and the variability of precipitation owing to the orographic effects. From the incomplete data, it is impossible to draw accurate isolines of short duration rainfall amounts on maps of national scale. Point values for all stations west of the Rocky Mountain range and in the Yukon have been plotted for durations of less than 24 hours. For the Vancouver metropolitan area, recording rain gauges have been in operation for several years. For some of these stations point rainfall data have been plotted on inset maps. The density of climatological stations varies widely as does population density. In general, the accuracy of the analysis increases with station density. North of latitude 55 degrees North, there are only five stations. Therefore, the isoline analyses represent extrapolations beyond the station values. Whenever sufficient data were available for interpretation, isolines were drawn as solid lines. The scale of the map used for Canada dictates the use of an isoline interval of 8 millimetres.