In 2048, the population in Manitoba is projected to reach about 1.84 million people. This is compared to a population of 1.46 million people in 2024.

Microsatellite raw data of 6 loci for boreal chickadees across North AmericaThe file contains the raw sizes for six microsatellite loci. Regions were isolated using M13-labelled target-site specific primers and run on a 6% gel using a LI-COR 4300 DNA Analyzer. Sizes were scored by hand relative to 4 standards and a mystery plate. Samples were either collected in the field or were provided by museums (see SI).HDY-12-OR0281-microsatellite raw data.xlsx

The population genetic structure of northern boreal species has been strongly influenced both by the Quaternary glaciations and the presence of contemporary barriers, such as mountain ranges and rivers. We used a combination of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), nuclear microsatellites and spatial distribution modelling to study the population genetic structure of the boreal chickadee (Poecile hudsonicus), a resident passerine, and to investigate whether historical or contemporary barriers have influenced this northern species. MtDNA data showed evidence of eastern and western groups, with secondary admixture occurring in central Canada. This suggests that the boreal chickadee probably persisted in multiple glacial refugia, one in Beringia and at least one in the east. Palaeo-distribution modelling identified suitable habitat in Beringia (Alaska), Atlantic Canada and the southern United States, and correspond to divergence dates of 60–96 kya. Pairwise FST values for both mtDNA and microsatellites were significant for all comparisons involving Newfoundland, though mtDNA data suggest a more recent separation. Furthermore, unlike mtDNA data, nuclear data support population connectivity among the continental populations, possibly due to male-biased dispersal. Although both are significant, the isolation-by-distance signal is much stronger for mtDNA (r2=0.51) than for microsatellites (r2=0.05), supporting the hypothesis of male-biased dispersal. The population structure of the boreal chickadee was influenced by isolation in multiple refugia and contemporary barriers. In addition to geographical distance, physical barriers such as the Strait of Belle Isle and northern mountains in Alaska are restricting gene flow, whereas the Rocky Mountains in the west are a porous barrier.

Contained within the 3rd Edition (1957) of the Atlas of Canada is a map comprised of two condensed maps showing Aboriginal population. The main map shows an attempt to depict the Aboriginal ethnic and linguistic situation as it existed when the various Aboriginal peoples were first met by Europeans. It is based on a similar map which accompanied Bulletin 65 of the National museum of Canada - Indians of Canada by Diamond Jeness, first published in 1932. As Canada was first explored almost wholly in an east to west direction, the time of first European contact varies from place to place. Europeans met the Aboriginal peoples of the Labrador coast as early as the eleventh century A.D., while, on the other hand, many tribes in the far west and north-west remained unknown until late in the nineteenth century A.D. It must also be understood that this map is valid only for a limited period of time before and after the first European contact in any area. The fact that a given tribe was found in a certain area in 1600 A.D., for example, is no basis for assuming that it was there several centuries earlier. Of the groups shown, the Beothuk, Tsetsaut and Nicola are now extinct. The small scale inset map and graph that accompany the main map give a general picture of the distribution of Canada's Aboriginal population in 1951.

Contained within the 3rd Edition (1957) of the Atlas of Canada is a map comprised of two condensed maps showing Aboriginal population. The main map shows an attempt to depict the Aboriginal ethnic and linguistic situation as it existed when the various Aboriginal peoples were first met by Europeans. It is based on a similar map which accompanied Bulletin 65 of the National museum of Canada - Indians of Canada by Diamond Jeness, first published in 1932. As Canada was first explored almost wholly in an east to west direction, the time of first European contact varies from place to place. Europeans met the Aboriginal peoples of the Labrador coast as early as the eleventh century A.D., while, on the other hand, many tribes in the far west and north-west remained unknown until late in the nineteenth century A.D. It must also be understood that this map is valid only for a limited period of time before and after the first European contact in any area. The fact that a given tribe was found in a certain area in 1600 A.D., for example, is no basis for assuming that it was there several centuries earlier. Of the groups shown, the Beothuk, Tsetsaut and Nicola are now extinct. The small scale inset map and graph that accompany the main map give a general picture of the distribution of Canada's Aboriginal population in 1951.

aArithmetic mean.bAnnualized population growth calculated as geometric mean.

Musk Oxen populations are estimated from observations taken during aerial surveys. Hunting permits are given out based on pre-calving populations. A reestablished population of muskoxen in northeastern Alaska and northwestern Canada declined between 1999 and 2006. In April 2008, biologists from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) flew a pre-calving muskox census across the Arctic Refuge in Game Management Unit 26C (Unit 26C) between the Canning River and the United States-Canada border and between the Beaufort Sea coast and the foothills of the Brooks Range. During the census, we counted 44 muskoxen in 3 groups in Unit 26C on the coastal plain of the Arctic Refuge. During censuses in 2006 and 2007, we observed 1 muskox and 5 muskoxen in this same area. Radiotelemetry showed that groups moved into Unit 26C from east and west of the Arctic Refuge in 2007-2008. Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G) biologists reported that muskox numbers remained stable in Unit 26B west of the Arctic Refuge where they are conducting an extensive study. This suggests that abundance of muskoxen in northeastern Alaska is about 250 and that the total population is about 350 animals, assuming 100 muskoxen are still in northwestern Canada. Federal subsistence hunting regulations state that permits to hunt muskoxen in Unit 26C (Arctic Refuge) cannot exceed 3% of the number seen during the precalving census. Because we saw 44 muskoxen during the precalving census, a drawing was held in Kaktovik and we issued 1 permit to take 1 male muskox in Unit 26C during the 2008-2009 hunting season (July 15, 2008 – March 30, 2009).

What? An aerial wildlife population survey is used in Cape Breton Highlands National Park to estimate moose (Alces alces) population density. When? Monitoring frequency for this measure occurs every two to three years. Surveys take place in early March when there is snowpack present, the weather is stable, and sightability is increased by sun angle and day length. How? The population survey uses a random stratified design. The study area is Cape Breton Highlands National Park (950km2) and is divided up into Survey Units (SU’s) or “blocks”. Survey units are numbered sequentially in rows running from west to east, beginning in the north. Stratification lines are flown along transects running through the center point of each survey unit, and cluster analysis is used to assign all survey units a moose density stratum: High, Medium or Low. Survey units are randomly selected from each stratum to be flown in the block survey. 50 survey units are initially selected (35 Low, 10 Medium, 5 High), with more survey units added as necessary to obtain a population estimate with a 90% confidence interval. Why? Moose are the top herbivore in Cape Breton Highlands National Park. Benefiting from favourable conditions following a spruce budworm outbreak and, having no significant natural predators, the moose population has become hyperabundant, resulting in negative impacts to the parks forest ecosystem. This survey every helps to monitor changes in moose density in the park, and determine if it is at a sustainable level (ie. within the natural range of variability observed in predator controlled populations).

In 2024, Russia had the largest population among European countries at ***** million people. The next largest countries in terms of their population size were Turkey at **** million, Germany at **** million, the United Kingdom at **** million, and France at **** million. Europe is also home to some of the world’s smallest countries, such as the microstates of Liechtenstein and San Marino, with populations of ****** and ****** respectively. Europe’s largest economies Germany was Europe’s largest economy in 2023, with a Gross Domestic Product of around *** trillion Euros, while the UK and France are the second and third largest economies, at *** trillion and *** trillion euros respectively. Prior to the mid-2000s, Europe’s fourth-largest economy, Italy, had an economy that was of a similar sized to France and the UK, before diverging growth patterns saw the UK and France become far larger economies than Italy. Moscow and Istanbul the megacities of Europe Two cities on the eastern borders of Europe were Europe’s largest in 2023. The Turkish city of Istanbul, with a population of 15.8 million, and the Russian capital, Moscow, with a population of 12.7 million. Istanbul is arguably the world’s most famous transcontinental city with territory in both Europe and Asia and has been an important center for commerce and culture for over 2,000 years. Paris was the third largest European city with a population of ** million, with London being the fourth largest at *** million.

Russia is the largest country in the world by far, with a total area of just over 17 million square kilometers. After Antarctica, the next three countries are Canada, the U.S., and China; all between 9.5 and 10 million square kilometers. The figures given include internal water surface area (such as lakes or rivers) - if the figures were for land surface only then China would be the second largest country in the world, the U.S. third, and Canada (the country with more lakes than the rest of the world combined) fourth. Russia Russia has a population of around 145 million people, putting it in the top ten most populous countries in the world, and making it the most populous in Europe. However, it's vast size gives it a very low population density, ranked among the bottom 20 countries. Most of Russia's population is concentrated in the west, with around 75 percent of the population living in the European part, while around 75 percent of Russia's territory is in Asia; the Ural Mountains are considered the continental border. Elsewhere in the world Beyond Russia, the world's largest countries all have distinctive topographies and climates setting them apart. The United States, for example, has climates ranging from tundra in Alaska to tropical forests in Florida, with various mountain ranges, deserts, plains, and forests in between. Populations in these countries are often concentrated in urban areas, and are not evenly distributed across the country. For example, around 85 percent of Canada's population lives within 100 miles of the U.S. border; around 95 percent of China lives east of the Heihe–Tengchong Line that splits the country; and the majority of populations in large countries such as Australia or Brazil live near the coast.