This is the replication package for the following paper: Railways, Growth, and Industrialization in a Developing German Economy, 1829-1910. The paper studies the average and heterogeneous effects of railway access on parish-level population, income, and industrialization in Württemberg during the Industrial Revolution. The package contains data and code replicating the paper's tables and figures.

In the year 1500, the share of Western Europe's population living in urban areas was just six percent, but this rose to 31 percent by the end of the 19th century. Despite this drastic change, development was quite slow between 1500 and 1800, and it was not until the industrial revolution when there was a spike in urbanization. As Britain was the first region to undergo the industrial revolution, from around the 1760s until the 1840s, these areas were the most urbanized in Europe by 1890. The Low Countries Prior to the 19th century, Belgium and the Netherlands had been the most urbanized regions due to the legacy of their proto-industrial areas in the medieval period, and then the growth of their port cities during the Netherlands' empirical expansion (Belgium was a part of the Netherlands until the 1830s). Belgium was also quick to industrialize in the 1800s, and saw faster development than its larger, more economically powerful neighbors, France and Germany. Least-urban areas Ireland was the only Western European region with virtually no urbanization in the 16th and 17th century, but the industrial growth of Belfast and Dublin (then major port cities of the British Empire) saw this change by the late-1800s. The region of Scandinavia was the least-urbanized area in Western Europe by 1890, but it saw rapid economic growth in Europe during the first half of the following century.

It is estimated that Europe had an urbanization rate of approximately 8.5 percent in the year 1800. The Netherlands and Belgium were some of the most heavily urbanized regions, due the growth of port cities such as Rotterdam and Antwerp during Netherlands' empirical expansion, and the legacy of urbanization in the region, which stems from its wool and craft industries in medieval times. Additionally, the decline of their agricultural sectors and smaller territories contributed to a lower rural population. Scotland and England had also become more urban throughout the British Empire's growth, although the agricultural revolution of the previous two centuries, along with the first industrial revolution, then led to more rapid urbanization during the 19th century. In contrast, there was a large imbalance between the east and west of the continent; the two largest empires, Austria and Russia, had the lowest levels of urbanization in Europe in 1800, due to their vast territories, lower maritime presence, and lack of industrial development.

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Industrial Films market size is USD XX million in 2023 and will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of XX% from 2024 to 2031.

The global Industrial Films market will expand significantly by XX% CAGR between 2024 to 2031.
North America held the major market of more than XX% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million in 2023 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of XX % from 2024 to 2031.
Europe accounted for a share of over XX% of the global market size of USD XX million.
Asia Pacific held a market of around XX% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million in 2023 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of XX% from 2024 to 2031.
Latin America's market will have more than XX% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million in 2023 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) ofXX% from 2024 to 2031.
Middle East and Africa held the major market of around XX% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million in 2023 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 20.9% from 2024 to 2031.
The LDPE segment is set to rise due to its growing awareness of its remarkable flexibility and capacity to take on a variety of forms.
The industrial films market is driven by profiting from the urban-industrial revolution, increasing construction activities, growing product demand in the agricultural sector, and innovations in industrial films
The agriculture sector held the highest Industrial Films market revenue share in 2023.

Market Dynamics of

Industrial Films Market:

Key Drivers of the Industrial Films Market

Profiting from the urban-industrial revolution: The market for industrial films has been significantly impacted by the worldwide upsurge in industrialization and urbanization. According to World Bank data, there was a significant increase in both residential and commercial buildings from 2000 to 2021, with an approximate 4.4 billion increase in the global urban population. Source- https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/overview The need for industrial films used in construction for purposes like surface protection and lamination is naturally driven by this urban expansion. According to the British Plastics Federation, 1.7 million tonnes of Plastic materials are produced. This will increase demand for packaged goods, which will further strengthen the importance of industrial films in packaging. Source- https://www.bpf.co.uk/industry/Default.aspx The symbiotic growth of cities and industries has led to an increasing demand for industrial films, highlighting their crucial position in the contemporary urban-industrial landscape.

Increasing construction activities: It is expected that increasing building activity and projects in developing countries will propel the market's future growth. A company is involved in construction activities if it designs, develops, and constructs buildings using construction materials. Industrial films are used in the construction of buildings and commercial offices to provide unique lighting and visual effects. The estimated seasonally adjusted annual rate of construction spending in February 2024 was $2,091.5 billion. The projection for February 2024 is 10.7 percent (±1.3 percent) higher than the estimate for February 2023, which was $1,889.6 billion. (Source:https://www.census.gov/construction/c30/pdf/release.pdf ) Therefore, the growing number of building projects and activities in emerging nations is what is driving the market's expansion. Thus, the market CAGR is being driven by this aspect.

Growing product demand in the agricultural sector: The primary factor driving the increase in demand for industrial films in the agriculture industry is their cost-effectiveness when compared to traditional farming methods. Industrial films provide a financially viable way to increase crop yields and shield crops from unfavorable weather. By acting as a barrier and regulating temperature and water evaporation, these films create the ideal microenvironment for plant growth. Accurate climate control is especially important in greenhouse farming, where this technology is quite helpful. Industrial coatings also minimize soil erosion and help suppress weeds, which increases ...

The earliest point where scientists can make reasonable estimates for the population of global regions is around 10,000 years before the Common Era (or 12,000 years ago). Estimates suggest that Asia has consistently been the most populated continent, and the least populated continent has generally been Oceania (although it was more heavily populated than areas such as North America in very early years). Population growth was very slow, but an increase can be observed between most of the given time periods. There were, however, dips in population due to pandemics, the most notable of these being the impact of plague in Eurasia in the 14th century, and the impact of European contact with the indigenous populations of the Americas after 1492, where it took almost four centuries for the population of Latin America to return to its pre-1500 level. The world's population first reached one billion people in 1803, which also coincided with a spike in population growth, due to the onset of the demographic transition. This wave of growth first spread across the most industrially developed countries in the 19th century, and the correlation between demographic development and industrial or economic maturity continued until today, with Africa being the final major region to begin its transition in the late-1900s.

2007 marked the first year where more of the world's population lived in an urban setting than a rural setting. In 1960, roughly a third of the world lived in an urban setting; it is expected that this figure will reach two thirds by 2050. Urbanization is a fairly new phenomenon; for the vast majority of human history, fewer than five percent of the world lived in urban areas, due to the dependency on subsistence agriculture. Advancements in agricultural practices and technology then coincided with the beginning of the industrial revolution in Europe in the late 19th century, which resulted in waves of urbanization to meet the demands of emerging manufacturing industries. This trend was replicated across the rest of the world as it industrialized over the following two centuries, and the most significant increase coincided with the industrialization of the most populous countries in Asia. In more developed economies, urbanization remains high even as economies de-industrialize, due to a variety of factors such as housing availability, labor demands in service industries, and social trends.

Approximately 41 million people immigrated to the United States of America between the years 1820 and 1957. During this time period, the United States expanded across North America, growing from 23 to 48 states, and the population grew from approximately 10 million people in 1820, to almost 180 million people by 1957. Economically, the U.S. developed from being an agriculturally focused economy in the 1820s, to having the highest GDP of any single country in the 1950s. Much of this expansion was due to the high numbers of agricultural workers who migrated from Europe, as technological advances in agriculture had lowered the labor demand. The majority of these migrants settled in urban centers, and this fueled the growth of the industrial sector.

American industrialization and European rural unemployment fuel migration The first major wave of migration came in the 1850s, and was fueled largely by Irish and German migrants, who were fleeing famine or agricultural depression at the time. The second boom came in the 1870s, as the country recovered from the American Civil War, and the Second Industrial Revolution took off. The final boom of the nineteenth century came in the 1880s, as poor harvests and industrialization in Europe led to mass emigration. Improvements in steam ship technology and lower fares led to increased migration from Eastern and Southern Europe at the turn of the century (particularly from Italy). War and depression reduces migration Migration to the U.S. peaked at the beginning of the 20th century, before it fluctuated greatly at the beginning of the 20th century. This was not only due to the disruptions to life in Europe caused by the world wars, but also the economic disruption of the Great Depression in the 1930s. The only period between 1914 and 1950 where migration was high was during the 1920s. However, the migration rate rose again in the late 1940s, particularly from Latin America and Asia. The historically high levels of migration from Europe has meant that the most common ethnicity in the U.S. has been non-Hispanic White since the early-colonial period, however increased migration from Latin America, Asia and Africa, and higher fertility rates among ethnic minorities, have seen the Whites' share of the total population fall in recent years (although it is still over three times larger than any other group.

In the first quarter of 2024, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Tunisia increased by 0.2 percent compared to the same quarter of 2023. Moreover, it rose by 0.6 percent compared to the previous quarter. Following the economic impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, the GDP decreased by -1 percent in the first quarter of 2021, compared to the previous year. Economic recovery after COVID-19 As of the first quarter of 2024, Tunisia’s GDP experienced a growth rate of 0.2 percent, recovering from the decline in the two previous quarters. However, in 2020, the Tunisian GDP growth rate assumed a negative value for the first time since 2012. Previously, negative growth had been recorded in 2011 concurrently with the Jasmine Revolution. The economy then gradually recovered after 2020, with the GDP expanding by 4.61 percent in 2021 and 0.42 percent in 2023. After declining in 2020, the GDP per capita was also set to grow again to reach around 4,416 U.S. dollars by 2027. Overall, Tunisia is a small economy and ranks among the countries with the lowest GDP per capita in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Compared to other countries in the region, its territory is not particularly rich in oil and gas. Its industries mainly operate in textiles, mining and phosphates, and agri-food. Main sectors to drive economic growth The economy of Tunisia is largely based on the tertiary sector, with services contributing around 60 percent to the GDP. Within this sector, the tourism industry is particularly profitable. Tourists are especially attracted by the country’s seaside resorts, as well as the suggestive landscapes of the Sahara Desert. The global tourism industry was hit hard by the COVID-19 crisis and Tunisia registered a significant fall in the annual number of tourists in 2020, however, the sector managed to recover, with 6.89 million arrivals in 2023. Agriculture represents another significant driver of economic growth, accounting for around 10 percent of the country’s GDP and employing roughly 14 percent of the working population. Cereals lead the domestic agricultural production, while olive oil, dates, and fish represent the main exports.