This is the replication package for the following paper: Railways, Growth, and Industrialization in a Developing German Economy, 1829-1910. The paper studies the average and heterogeneous effects of railway access on parish-level population, income, and industrialization in Württemberg during the Industrial Revolution. The package contains data and code replicating the paper's tables and figures.

In the year 1500, the share of Western Europe's population living in urban areas was just six percent, but this rose to 31 percent by the end of the 19th century. Despite this drastic change, development was quite slow between 1500 and 1800, and it was not until the industrial revolution when there was a spike in urbanization. As Britain was the first region to undergo the industrial revolution, from around the 1760s until the 1840s, these areas were the most urbanized in Europe by 1890. The Low Countries Prior to the 19th century, Belgium and the Netherlands had been the most urbanized regions due to the legacy of their proto-industrial areas in the medieval period, and then the growth of their port cities during the Netherlands' empirical expansion (Belgium was a part of the Netherlands until the 1830s). Belgium was also quick to industrialize in the 1800s, and saw faster development than its larger, more economically powerful neighbors, France and Germany. Least-urban areas Ireland was the only Western European region with virtually no urbanization in the 16th and 17th century, but the industrial growth of Belfast and Dublin (then major port cities of the British Empire) saw this change by the late-1800s. The region of Scandinavia was the least-urbanized area in Western Europe by 1890, but it saw rapid economic growth in Europe during the first half of the following century.

In the past four centuries, the population of the Thirteen Colonies and United States of America has grown from a recorded 350 people around the Jamestown colony in Virginia in 1610, to an estimated 346 million in 2025. While the fertility rate has now dropped well below replacement level, and the population is on track to go into a natural decline in the 2040s, projected high net immigration rates mean the population will continue growing well into the next century, crossing the 400 million mark in the 2070s. Indigenous population Early population figures for the Thirteen Colonies and United States come with certain caveats. Official records excluded the indigenous population, and they generally remained excluded until the late 1800s. In 1500, in the first decade of European colonization of the Americas, the native population living within the modern U.S. borders was believed to be around 1.9 million people. The spread of Old World diseases, such as smallpox, measles, and influenza, to biologically defenseless populations in the New World then wreaked havoc across the continent, often wiping out large portions of the population in areas that had not yet made contact with Europeans. By the time of Jamestown's founding in 1607, it is believed the native population within current U.S. borders had dropped by almost 60 percent. As the U.S. expanded, indigenous populations were largely still excluded from population figures as they were driven westward, however taxpaying Natives were included in the census from 1870 to 1890, before all were included thereafter. It should be noted that estimates for indigenous populations in the Americas vary significantly by source and time period. Migration and expansion fuels population growth The arrival of European settlers and African slaves was the key driver of population growth in North America in the 17th century. Settlers from Britain were the dominant group in the Thirteen Colonies, before settlers from elsewhere in Europe, particularly Germany and Ireland, made a large impact in the mid-19th century. By the end of the 19th century, improvements in transport technology and increasing economic opportunities saw migration to the United States increase further, particularly from southern and Eastern Europe, and in the first decade of the 1900s the number of migrants to the U.S. exceeded one million people in some years. It is also estimated that almost 400,000 African slaves were transported directly across the Atlantic to mainland North America between 1500 and 1866 (although the importation of slaves was abolished in 1808). Blacks made up a much larger share of the population before slavery's abolition. Twentieth and twenty-first century The U.S. population has grown steadily since 1900, reaching one hundred million in the 1910s, two hundred million in the 1960s, and three hundred million in 2007. Since WWII, the U.S. has established itself as the world's foremost superpower, with the world's largest economy, and most powerful military. This growth in prosperity has been accompanied by increases in living standards, particularly through medical advances, infrastructure improvements, clean water accessibility. These have all contributed to higher infant and child survival rates, as well as an increase in life expectancy (doubling from roughly 40 to 80 years in the past 150 years), which have also played a large part in population growth. As fertility rates decline and increases in life expectancy slows, migration remains the largest factor in population growth. Since the 1960s, Latin America has now become the most common origin for migrants in the U.S., while immigration rates from Asia have also increased significantly. It remains to be seen how immigration restrictions of the current administration affect long-term population projections for the United States.

About this dataset

Context

The dataset tabulates the data for the Industrial Township, Minnesota population pyramid, which represents the Industrial township population distribution across age and gender, using estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates. It lists the male and female population for each age group, along with the total population for those age groups. Higher numbers at the bottom of the table suggest population growth, whereas higher numbers at the top indicate declining birth rates. Furthermore, the dataset can be utilized to understand the youth dependency ratio, old-age dependency ratio, total dependency ratio, and potential support ratio.

Key observations

• Youth dependency ratio, which is the number of children aged 0-14 per 100 persons aged 15-64, for Industrial Township, Minnesota, is 32.1.
• Old-age dependency ratio, which is the number of persons aged 65 or over per 100 persons aged 15-64, for Industrial Township, Minnesota, is 31.6.
• Total dependency ratio for Industrial Township, Minnesota is 63.8.
• Potential support ratio, which is the number of youth (working age population) per elderly, for Industrial Township, Minnesota is 3.2.

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates.

Age groups:

• Under 5 years
• 5 to 9 years
• 10 to 14 years
• 15 to 19 years
• 20 to 24 years
• 25 to 29 years
• 30 to 34 years
• 35 to 39 years
• 40 to 44 years
• 45 to 49 years
• 50 to 54 years
• 55 to 59 years
• 60 to 64 years
• 65 to 69 years
• 70 to 74 years
• 75 to 79 years
• 80 to 84 years
• 85 years and over

Variables / Data Columns

• Age Group: This column displays the age group for the Industrial township population analysis. Total expected values are 18 and are define above in the age groups section.
• Population (Male): The male population in the Industrial township for the selected age group is shown in the following column.
• Population (Female): The female population in the Industrial township for the selected age group is shown in the following column.
• Total Population: The total population of the Industrial township for the selected age group is shown in the following column.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

Recommended for further research

This dataset is a part of the main dataset for Industrial township Population by Age. You can refer the same here

It is estimated that Europe had an urbanization rate of approximately 8.5 percent in the year 1800. The Netherlands and Belgium were some of the most heavily urbanized regions, due the growth of port cities such as Rotterdam and Antwerp during Netherlands' empirical expansion, and the legacy of urbanization in the region, which stems from its wool and craft industries in medieval times. Additionally, the decline of their agricultural sectors and smaller territories contributed to a lower rural population. Scotland and England had also become more urban throughout the British Empire's growth, although the agricultural revolution of the previous two centuries, along with the first industrial revolution, then led to more rapid urbanization during the 19th century. In contrast, there was a large imbalance between the east and west of the continent; the two largest empires, Austria and Russia, had the lowest levels of urbanization in Europe in 1800, due to their vast territories, lower maritime presence, and lack of industrial development.

During the eighteenth century, it is estimated that France's population grew by roughly fifty percent, from 19.7 million in 1700, to 29 million by 1800. In France itself, the 1700s are remembered for the end of King Louis XIV's reign in 1715, the Age of Enlightenment, and the French Revolution. During this century, the scientific and ideological advances made in France and across Europe challenged the leadership structures of the time, and questioned the relationship between monarchial, religious and political institutions and their subjects. France was arguably the most powerful nation in the world in these early years, with the second largest population in Europe (after Russia); however, this century was defined by a number of costly, large-scale conflicts across Europe and in the new North American theater, which saw the loss of most overseas territories (particularly in North America) and almost bankrupted the French crown. A combination of regressive taxation, food shortages and enlightenment ideologies ultimately culminated in the French Revolution in 1789, which brought an end to the Ancien Régime, and set in motion a period of self-actualization.

War and peace

After a volatile and tumultuous decade, in which tens of thousands were executed by the state (most infamously: guillotined), relative stability was restored within France as Napoleon Bonaparte seized power in 1799, and the policies of the revolution became enforced. Beyond France's borders, the country was involved in a series of large scale wars for two almost decades, and the First French Empire eventually covered half of Europe by 1812. In 1815, Napoleon was defeated outright, the empire was dissolved, and the monarchy was restored to France; nonetheless, a large number of revolutionary and Napoleonic reforms remained in effect afterwards, and the ideas had a long-term impact across the globe. France experienced a century of comparative peace in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars; there were some notable uprisings and conflicts, and the monarchy was abolished yet again, but nothing on the scale of what had preceded or what was to follow. A new overseas colonial empire was also established in the late 1800s, particularly across Africa and Southeast Asia. Through most of the eighteenth and nineteenth century, France had the second largest population in Europe (after Russia), however political instability and the economic prioritization of Paris meant that the entire country did not urbanize or industrialize at the same rate as the other European powers. Because of this, Germany and Britain entered the twentieth century with larger populations, and other regions, such as Austria or Belgium, had overtaken France in terms of industrialization; the German annexation of Alsace-Lorraine in the Franco-Prussian War was also a major contributor to this.

World Wars and contemporary France

Coming into the 1900s, France had a population of approximately forty million people (officially 38 million* due to to territorial changes), and there was relatively little growth in the first half of the century. France was comparatively unprepared for a large scale war, however it became one of the most active theaters of the First World War when Germany invaded via Belgium in 1914, with the ability to mobilize over eight million men. By the war's end in 1918, France had lost almost 1.4 million in the conflict, and approximately 300,000 in the Spanish Flu pandemic that followed. Germany invaded France again during the Second World War, and occupied the country from 1940, until the Allied counter-invasion liberated the country during the summer of 1944. France lost around 600,000 people in the course of the war, over half of which were civilians. Following the war's end, the country experienced a baby boom, and the population grew by approximately twenty million people in the next fifty years (compared to just one million in the previous fifty years). Since the 1950s, France's economy quickly grew to be one of the strongest in the world, despite losing the vast majority of its overseas colonial empire by the 1970s. A wave of migration, especially from these former colonies, has greatly contributed to the growth and diversity of France's population today, which stands at over 65 million people in 2020.

In 1800, the population of Japan was just over 30 million, a figure which would grow by just two million in the first half of the 19th century. However, with the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate and the restoration of the emperor in the Meiji Restoration of 1868, Japan would begin transforming from an isolated feudal island, to a modernized empire built on Western models. The Meiji period would see a rapid rise in the population of Japan, as industrialization and advancements in healthcare lead to a significant reduction in child mortality rates, while the creation overseas colonies would lead to a strong economic boom. However, this growth would slow beginning in 1937, as Japan entered a prolonged war with the Republic of China, which later grew into a major theater of the Second World War. The war was eventually brought to Japan's home front, with the escalation of Allied air raids on Japanese urban centers from 1944 onwards (Tokyo was the most-bombed city of the Second World War). By the war's end in 1945 and the subsequent occupation of the island by the Allied military, Japan had suffered over two and a half million military fatalities, and over one million civilian deaths.

The population figures of Japan were quick to recover, as the post-war “economic miracle” would see an unprecedented expansion of the Japanese economy, and would lead to the country becoming one of the first fully industrialized nations in East Asia. As living standards rose, the population of Japan would increase from 77 million in 1945, to over 127 million by the end of the century. However, growth would begin to slow in the late 1980s, as birth rates and migration rates fell, and Japan eventually grew to have one of the oldest populations in the world. The population would peak in 2008 at just over 128 million, but has consistently fallen each year since then, as the fertility rate of the country remains below replacement level (despite government initiatives to counter this) and the country's immigrant population remains relatively stable. The population of Japan is expected to continue its decline in the coming years, and in 2020, it is estimated that approximately 126 million people inhabit the island country.

2007 marked the first year where more of the world's population lived in an urban setting than a rural setting. In 1960, roughly a third of the world lived in an urban setting; it is expected that this figure will reach two thirds by 2050. Urbanization is a fairly new phenomenon; for the vast majority of human history, fewer than five percent of the world lived in urban areas, due to the dependency on subsistence agriculture. Advancements in agricultural practices and technology then coincided with the beginning of the industrial revolution in Europe in the late 19th century, which resulted in waves of urbanization to meet the demands of emerging manufacturing industries. This trend was replicated across the rest of the world as it industrialized over the following two centuries, and the most significant increase coincided with the industrialization of the most populous countries in Asia. In more developed economies, urbanization remains high even as economies de-industrialize, due to a variety of factors such as housing availability, labor demands in service industries, and social trends.

Although European economic history provides essentially no support for the view that education of the general population has a positive causal effect on economic growth, a recent paper by Becker, Hornung and Woessmann (Education and catch-up in the Industrial Revolution, 2011) claims that such education had a significant impact on Prussian industrialisation. I show that the instrumental variable they use to identify the causal effect of education is correlated with variables that influenced industrialisation but were omitted from their regression models. Once this specification error is corrected, the evidence shows that education of the general population had, if anything, a negative causal impact on industrialisation in Prussia.

In 2022, India overtook China as the world's most populous country and now has almost 1.46 billion people. China now has the second-largest population in the world, still with just over 1.4 billion inhabitants, however, its population went into decline in 2023. Global population As of 2025, the world's population stands at almost 8.2 billion people and is expected to reach around 10.3 billion people in the 2080s, when it will then go into decline. Due to improved healthcare, sanitation, and general living conditions, the global population continues to increase; mortality rates (particularly among infants and children) are decreasing and the median age of the world population has steadily increased for decades. As for the average life expectancy in industrial and developing countries, the gap has narrowed significantly since the mid-20th century. Asia is the most populous continent on Earth; 11 of the 20 largest countries are located there. It leads the ranking of the global population by continent by far, reporting four times as many inhabitants as Africa. The Demographic Transition The population explosion over the past two centuries is part of a phenomenon known as the demographic transition. Simply put, this transition results from a drastic reduction in mortality, which then leads to a reduction in fertility, and increase in life expectancy; this interim period where death rates are low and birth rates are high is where this population explosion occurs, and population growth can remain high as the population ages. In today's most-developed countries, the transition generally began with industrialization in the 1800s, and growth has now stabilized as birth and mortality rates have re-balanced. Across less-developed countries, the stage of this transition varies; for example, China is at a later stage than India, which accounts for the change in which country is more populous - understanding the demographic transition can help understand the reason why China's population is now going into decline. The least-developed region is Sub-Saharan Africa, where fertility rates remain close to pre-industrial levels in some countries. As these countries transition, they will undergo significant rates of population growth

Lake and river ice seasonality (dates of ice freeze and breakup) responds sensitively to climatic change and variability. We analyzed climate-related changes using direct human observations of ice freeze dates (1443-2014) for Lake Suwa, Japan, and of ice breakup dates (1693-2013) for Torne River, Finland. We found a rich array of changes in ice seasonality of two inland waters from geographically distant regions: namely a shift towards later ice formation for Suwa and earlier spring melt for Torne, increasing frequencies of years with warm extremes, changing inter-annual variability, waning of dominant inter-decadal quasi-periodic dynamics, and stronger correlations of ice seasonality with atmospheric CO2 concentration and air temperature after the start of the Industrial Revolution. Although local factors, including human population growth, land use change, and water management influence Suwa and Torne, the general patterns of ice seasonality are similar for both systems, suggesting that global processes including climate change and variability are driving the long-term changes in ice seasonality.

Prior to the American Civil War, New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio were the most populous states in the Union, each with between two and four million inhabitants. Industrialization in the north was one of the key drivers of population growth during this period, through both internal and external migration, and Illinois saw the largest population growth during the 1860s largely due to the expansion of industry around Chicago. The gradual industrialization of the north in the early 1800s also contributed to the decline of slavery in the Union states, and the economic differences between the Union and Confederacy was a key factor in both the build-up to the Civil War, as well as the Union's eventual victory in 1865.

About this dataset

Context

The dataset tabulates the data for the Industry, PA population pyramid, which represents the Industry population distribution across age and gender, using estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates. It lists the male and female population for each age group, along with the total population for those age groups. Higher numbers at the bottom of the table suggest population growth, whereas higher numbers at the top indicate declining birth rates. Furthermore, the dataset can be utilized to understand the youth dependency ratio, old-age dependency ratio, total dependency ratio, and potential support ratio.

Key observations

• Youth dependency ratio, which is the number of children aged 0-14 per 100 persons aged 15-64, for Industry, PA, is 22.6.
• Old-age dependency ratio, which is the number of persons aged 65 or over per 100 persons aged 15-64, for Industry, PA, is 39.5.
• Total dependency ratio for Industry, PA is 62.1.
• Potential support ratio, which is the number of youth (working age population) per elderly, for Industry, PA is 2.5.

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates.

Age groups:

• Under 5 years
• 5 to 9 years
• 10 to 14 years
• 15 to 19 years
• 20 to 24 years
• 25 to 29 years
• 30 to 34 years
• 35 to 39 years
• 40 to 44 years
• 45 to 49 years
• 50 to 54 years
• 55 to 59 years
• 60 to 64 years
• 65 to 69 years
• 70 to 74 years
• 75 to 79 years
• 80 to 84 years
• 85 years and over

Variables / Data Columns

• Age Group: This column displays the age group for the Industry population analysis. Total expected values are 18 and are define above in the age groups section.
• Population (Male): The male population in the Industry for the selected age group is shown in the following column.
• Population (Female): The female population in the Industry for the selected age group is shown in the following column.
• Total Population: The total population of the Industry for the selected age group is shown in the following column.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

Recommended for further research

This dataset is a part of the main dataset for Industry Population by Age. You can refer the same here

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Industrial Films market size is USD XX million in 2023 and will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of XX% from 2024 to 2031.

The global Industrial Films market will expand significantly by XX% CAGR between 2024 to 2031.
North America held the major market of more than XX% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million in 2023 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of XX % from 2024 to 2031.
Europe accounted for a share of over XX% of the global market size of USD XX million.
Asia Pacific held a market of around XX% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million in 2023 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of XX% from 2024 to 2031.
Latin America's market will have more than XX% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million in 2023 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) ofXX% from 2024 to 2031.
Middle East and Africa held the major market of around XX% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million in 2023 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 20.9% from 2024 to 2031.
The LDPE segment is set to rise due to its growing awareness of its remarkable flexibility and capacity to take on a variety of forms.
The industrial films market is driven by profiting from the urban-industrial revolution, increasing construction activities, growing product demand in the agricultural sector, and innovations in industrial films
The agriculture sector held the highest Industrial Films market revenue share in 2023.

Market Dynamics of

Industrial Films Market:

Key Drivers of the Industrial Films Market

Profiting from the urban-industrial revolution: The market for industrial films has been significantly impacted by the worldwide upsurge in industrialization and urbanization. According to World Bank data, there was a significant increase in both residential and commercial buildings from 2000 to 2021, with an approximate 4.4 billion increase in the global urban population. Source- https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/overview The need for industrial films used in construction for purposes like surface protection and lamination is naturally driven by this urban expansion. According to the British Plastics Federation, 1.7 million tonnes of Plastic materials are produced. This will increase demand for packaged goods, which will further strengthen the importance of industrial films in packaging. Source- https://www.bpf.co.uk/industry/Default.aspx The symbiotic growth of cities and industries has led to an increasing demand for industrial films, highlighting their crucial position in the contemporary urban-industrial landscape.

Increasing construction activities: It is expected that increasing building activity and projects in developing countries will propel the market's future growth. A company is involved in construction activities if it designs, develops, and constructs buildings using construction materials. Industrial films are used in the construction of buildings and commercial offices to provide unique lighting and visual effects. The estimated seasonally adjusted annual rate of construction spending in February 2024 was $2,091.5 billion. The projection for February 2024 is 10.7 percent (±1.3 percent) higher than the estimate for February 2023, which was $1,889.6 billion. (Source:https://www.census.gov/construction/c30/pdf/release.pdf ) Therefore, the growing number of building projects and activities in emerging nations is what is driving the market's expansion. Thus, the market CAGR is being driven by this aspect.

Growing product demand in the agricultural sector: The primary factor driving the increase in demand for industrial films in the agriculture industry is their cost-effectiveness when compared to traditional farming methods. Industrial films provide a financially viable way to increase crop yields and shield crops from unfavorable weather. By acting as a barrier and regulating temperature and water evaporation, these films create the ideal microenvironment for plant growth. Accurate climate control is especially important in greenhouse farming, where this technology is quite helpful. Industrial coatings also minimize soil erosion and help suppress weeds, which increases ...

As per Cognitive Market Research's latest published report, the Global Fully Dissolvable Frac Plugs market size was $254.11 million in 2024 and it is forecasted to reach $412.65 million by the end of 2030. Fully Dissolvable Frac Plugs Industry's Compound Annual Growth Rate will be 8.43% from 2024 to 2031. Market Dynamics of the Fully Dissolvable Frac Plug Market

Market Drivers of the Fully Dissolvable Frac Plug Market

Increasing demand for hydraulic fracturing in the oil and gas industry

The growth of the fully dissolvable frac plugs market is primarily driven by the increasing demand for hydraulic fracturing in the oil and gas industry. The emergence of the shale revolution, particularly in the United States has significantly increased the demand for hydraulic fracturing. Fracking is the key to unlocking large U.S. shale resources. Hydraulic fracturing is a drilling method used to extract petroleum (oil) or natural gas from deep in the earth. Modern hydraulic fracturing has been used commercially for decades, the technological idea behind surging U.S. oil and natural gas output. For example, according to the U.S. Energy Department, up to 95% of new wells drilled today are hydraulically fractured, which accounts for two-thirds of total U.S. marketed natural gas production and about half of U.S. crude oil production.

In addition, the global demand for energy continues to rise which is driven by population growth and increased industrialization. The increasing focus on cleaner energy sources and efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions have led to a greater focus on natural gas. Natural gas extracted through fracking has lower carbon emissions compared to other fossil fuels such as coal. As a result, the demand for natural gas has risen which simultaneously needs hydraulic fracturing. Fracking is used to extract natural gas from the Marcellus shale formation in the northern Appalachian Basin. The United States is leading the world in natural gas and oil production. For example, around 1.7 million U.S. wells have been completed using the fracking process, producing more than 7 billion barrels of oil and 600 trillion cubic feet of natural gas.

The use of dissolvable frac plugs offers several benefits in the hydraulic fracturing process. They eliminate the need for post-fracture intervention, such as milling or retrieving traditional plugs, which can be time-consuming and costly. The demand for hydraulic fracturing extends beyond the United States. Countries around the world including Canada, China, Argentina, and Australia, are exploring and developing their shale resources. This global exploration and production activity contributes to the demand for hydraulic fracturing technologies and services. These factors influence the demand for the fully dissolvable frac plugs market.

Regulatory Compliance on using environmentally friendly component 

The industry's growing focus on environmental sustainability and regulatory compliance is likely to drive the adoption of dissolvable frac plugs. These plugs offer advantages such as reduced waste generation, minimized environmental impact, and improved wellbore integrity without the need for retrieval operations. As environmental regulations change, dissolvable frac plugs are expected to play a significant role in meeting environmental standards. Dissolvable frac plugs are considered more environmentally friendly than traditional plug systems. Some companies are developing frac plugs made from biodegradable materials, which can break down naturally over time, reducing the need for costly retrieval operations and minimizing environmental impact.

Further, dissolvable plugs have the ability to reduce carbon emission intensity in a way that can be applied on a per-well basis. A recently commissioned environmental impact study by Environmental Resources Management reported that there is a significant and immediate reduction in greenhouse gas emissions when using a fully dissolvable frac plug. For example, dissolvable reduce carbon footprint by 18 % or about 13.3 metric tons of CO2e. Dissolvable plugs that can avoid intervention reduce carbon footprint by 91%, or roughly 67.3 metric tons of CO2e, over composites.

Regulatory compliance and environmental friendliness are important considerations in the oil and gas industry, particularly when it comes to hydraulic fracturing operations. EPA’s ...

pone.0258161.t001 - Rise of the war machines: Charting the evolution of military technologies from the Neolithic to the Industrial Revolution

Pulping Chemicals Market Outlook

The global pulping chemicals market size was valued at approximately USD 6.5 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around USD 9.6 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 4.4% during the forecast period. The growth of this market is primarily driven by the increasing demand for paper and packaging materials, advancements in pulping technology, and the rising emphasis on sustainability in the paper and pulp industry.

One of the primary growth factors for the pulping chemicals market is the burgeoning demand for paper, which remains a staple in various sectors, including education, packaging, and healthcare. Despite the digital revolution, the consumption of paper for packaging and hygiene products has seen a steady incline, especially in developing regions. The growing e-commerce sector also fuels the demand for high-quality packaging materials, necessitating the use of efficient pulping chemicals to produce durable and sustainable paper products.

Another significant driver is the advancements in pulping technologies that enhance the efficiency and yield of pulp production. Innovations such as enzymatic pulping and biobleaching have minimized the environmental impact and reduced the need for harmful chemicals. These advancements are expected to gain further traction as industries move towards more eco-friendly practices, compelling manufacturers to adopt and invest in newer technologies to meet regulatory standards and consumer expectations.

The increased focus on sustainability and environmental regulations plays a crucial role in market growth. Governments worldwide are implementing stringent regulations to minimize the environmental impact of pulp and paper production, encouraging the adoption of eco-friendly pulping chemicals. This includes the use of biodegradable and non-toxic chemicals, which not only comply with environmental standards but also improve the quality of the final product. The shift towards sustainable practices fosters innovation in the development of green chemicals, further propelling the marketÂ’s growth.

In terms of regional outlook, Asia Pacific dominates the pulping chemicals market due to the presence of numerous paper manufacturing units and the high demand for paper products. China and India are the key contributors, driven by rapid industrialization and population growth. North America and Europe also hold significant market shares, supported by technological advancements and stringent environmental regulations. The Middle East & Africa and Latin America are emerging markets, showing potential growth due to increasing investments and expanding industrial activities.

Chemical Fiber Pulp is gaining attention in the pulping chemicals market as an innovative solution that aligns with the industry's shift towards sustainability. This type of pulp is derived from natural fibers through chemical processes, offering an alternative to traditional wood-based pulping methods. The use of chemical fiber pulp not only reduces dependency on forest resources but also enhances the properties of the final product, such as strength and durability. As industries seek to minimize their environmental footprint, the demand for chemical fiber pulp is expected to rise, providing new growth opportunities in the market. Its application in producing high-quality textiles and packaging materials further underscores its potential in driving the future of sustainable pulping solutions.

Type Analysis

The pulping chemicals market by type can be segmented into bleaching chemicals, cooking chemicals, deinking chemicals, and others. Bleaching chemicals hold a substantial share of the market owing to their critical role in improving the brightness and purity of the pulp. These chemicals, including chlorine dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, and ozone, are essential in achieving the desired whiteness and eliminating impurities. The demand for bleaching chemicals is anticipated to grow steadily as consumers and industries continue to prioritize high-quality, white paper products.

Cooking chemicals are another crucial segment, involving chemicals such as sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide. These chemicals are used in the kraft pulping process to break down the lignin that binds the cellulose fibers. The rise in kraft pulp production, known for its strength and durability, drives the demand for cooking chemicals. As the packaging industry expands, the need for kraft pul

In 1800, the region of Germany was not a single, unified nation, but a collection of decentralized, independent states, bound together as part of the Holy Roman Empire. This empire was dissolved, however, in 1806, during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras in Europe, and the German Confederation was established in 1815. Napoleonic reforms led to the abolition of serfdom, extension of voting rights to property-owners, and an overall increase in living standards. The population grew throughout the remainder of the century, as improvements in sanitation and medicine (namely, mandatory vaccination policies) saw child mortality rates fall in later decades. As Germany industrialized and the economy grew, so too did the argument for nationhood; calls for pan-Germanism (the unification of all German-speaking lands) grew more popular among the lower classes in the mid-1800s, especially following the revolutions of 1948-49. In contrast, industrialization and poor harvests also saw high unemployment in rural regions, which led to waves of mass migration, particularly to the U.S.. In 1886, the Austro-Prussian War united northern Germany under a new Confederation, while the remaining German states (excluding Austria and Switzerland) joined following the Franco-Prussian War in 1871; this established the German Empire, under the Prussian leadership of Emperor Wilhelm I and Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. 1871 to 1945 - Unification to the Second World War The first decades of unification saw Germany rise to become one of Europe's strongest and most advanced nations, and challenge other world powers on an international scale, establishing colonies in Africa and the Pacific. These endeavors were cut short, however, when the Austro-Hungarian heir apparent was assassinated in Sarajevo; Germany promised a "blank check" of support for Austria's retaliation, who subsequently declared war on Serbia and set the First World War in motion. Viewed as the strongest of the Central Powers, Germany mobilized over 11 million men throughout the war, and its army fought in all theaters. As the war progressed, both the military and civilian populations grew increasingly weakened due to malnutrition, as Germany's resources became stretched. By the war's end in 1918, Germany suffered over 2 million civilian and military deaths due to conflict, and several hundred thousand more during the accompanying influenza pandemic. Mass displacement and the restructuring of Europe's borders through the Treaty of Versailles saw the population drop by several million more.

Reparations and economic mismanagement also financially crippled Germany and led to bitter indignation among many Germans in the interwar period; something that was exploited by Adolf Hitler on his rise to power. Reckless printing of money caused hyperinflation in 1923, when the currency became so worthless that basic items were priced at trillions of Marks; the introduction of the Rentenmark then stabilized the economy before the Great Depression of 1929 sent it back into dramatic decline. When Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933, the Nazi government disregarded the Treaty of Versailles' restrictions and Germany rose once more to become an emerging superpower. Hitler's desire for territorial expansion into eastern Europe and the creation of an ethnically-homogenous German empire then led to the invasion of Poland in 1939, which is considered the beginning of the Second World War in Europe. Again, almost every aspect of German life contributed to the war effort, and more than 13 million men were mobilized. After six years of war, and over seven million German deaths, the Axis powers were defeated and Germany was divided into four zones administered by France, the Soviet Union, the UK, and the U.S.. Mass displacement, shifting borders, and the relocation of peoples based on ethnicity also greatly affected the population during this time. 1945 to 2020 - Partition and Reunification In the late 1940s, cold war tensions led to two distinct states emerging in Germany; the Soviet-controlled east became the communist German Democratic Republic (DDR), and the three western zones merged to form the democratic Federal Republic of Germany. Additionally, Berlin was split in a similar fashion, although its location deep inside DDR territory created series of problems and opportunities for the those on either side. Life quickly changed depending on which side of the border one lived. Within a decade, rapid economic recovery saw West Germany become western Europe's strongest economy and a key international player. In the east, living standards were much lower, although unemployment was almost non-existent; internationally, East Germany was the strongest economy in the Eastern Bloc (after the USSR), though it eventually fell behind the West by the 1970s. The restriction of movement between the two states also led to labor shortages in t...

Multi Pressure HRSG Market Outlook

In 2023, the global market size of the Multi Pressure Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) is projected to reach approximately USD 1.8 billion, with future forecasts indicating a growth to around USD 3.2 billion by 2032. This growth trajectory is characterized by a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.5%. A key factor driving this robust expansion is the increasing demand for energy efficiency and the global shift towards sustainable energy solutions. The integration of HRSGs in power plants to enhance the efficiency of combined cycle power plants is pivotal, as these systems allow for the recovery of waste heat, turning it into useful energy forms, thus reducing the carbon footprint and optimizing energy usage.

One of the primary growth factors in the Multi Pressure HRSG market is the operational efficiency it brings to power generation systems. The ability of these generators to recycle waste heat significantly contributes to enhanced energy efficiency, which is quintessential in an era where carbon emissions need drastic reductions. Governments around the world are increasingly imposing stringent regulations to reduce carbon footprints, and HRSGs offer an effective solution by optimizing heat recovery processes. This regulatory environment is expected to bolster market growth as power plants and industrial operators strive to comply with these evolving standards. Furthermore, the advancement in technology and engineering has made HRSG systems more efficient and cost-effective, driving their adoption across multiple sectors.

The transition towards renewable energy sources and the integration of these technologies with existing systems are also propelling the market forward. Many utilities and industrial sectors are now adopting combined cycle power plants that utilize HRSGs to boost their energy efficiency. This is particularly evident in regions where energy demand is on the rise due to population growth and industrial expansion. Additionally, the investments in smart grid technologies, which emphasize efficiency and reliability, are also expected to create substantial opportunities for the HRSG market as part of a broader energy strategy that includes energy recovery systems.

The industrial sector's growing demand for electricity and heat for various processes further underscores the HRSG market's expansion. Industries such as chemical, refinery, and paper, where continuous and efficient energy supply is crucial, are increasingly incorporating HRSG systems. These sectors benefit significantly from the ability to harness waste heat, thus reducing operational costs and enhancing sustainability. As industries continue to expand, particularly in emerging economies, the demand for HRSGs is expected to remain strong, providing a significant impetus for the market over the forecast period.

Regionally, Asia Pacific is expected to dominate the HRSG market, driven by rapid industrialization and urbanization. The region is experiencing an exponential increase in energy demand, prompting investments in energy-efficient technologies like HRSGs. North America and Europe are also key markets, benefitting from stringent environmental regulations and increasing focus on sustainable energy solutions. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa, while currently smaller markets, are anticipated to offer significant growth opportunities due to ongoing industrial developments and a growing emphasis on efficient energy use.

Design Type Analysis

In the Multi Pressure HRSG market, design type plays a critical role in determining the suitability and efficiency of HRSG systems for various applications. The two primary design types are horizontal and vertical. Horizontal HRSGs are commonly used in applications requiring significant space utilization and offer relatively easier maintenance compared to their vertical counterparts. Their design allows for better access to components, making them suitable for large industrial applications where downtime needs to be minimized. The horizontal design also facilitates the integration with existing infrastructure, making it a preferred choice in retrofit projects.

Vertical HRSGs, on the other hand, are typically employed in environments with spatial constraints. This design is beneficial in urban settings or industries where the plant footprint needs to be minimized. Vertical HRSGs can achieve similar levels of efficiency as horizontal designs but require a different approach to maintenance and operation. These systems are gaining traction in densely populated regions where space is at a premium

Taiwan Employment: New Taipei City: Industry data was reported at 36.000 % in 2010. This records an increase from the previous number of 29.000 % for 2000. Taiwan Employment: New Taipei City: Industry data is updated yearly, averaging 36.000 % from Dec 1990 (Median) to 2010, with 3 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 47.200 % in 1990 and a record low of 29.000 % in 2000. Taiwan Employment: New Taipei City: Industry data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Taiwan – Table TW.G028: Working Age Population and Employment: Population and Housing Census.