Chart and table of population level and growth rate for the Sydney, Australia metro area from 1950 to 2025.

In June 2022, it was estimated that around 7.3 percent of Australians were aged between 25 and 29, and the same applied to people aged between 30 and 34. All in all, about 55 percent of Australia’s population was aged 35 years or older as of June 2022. At the same time, the age distribution of the country also shows that the share of children under 14 years old was still higher than that of people over 65 years old. A breakdown of Australia’s population growth Australia is the sixth-largest country in the world, yet with a population of around 26 million inhabitants, it is only sparsely populated. Since the 1970s, the population growth of Australia has remained fairly constant. While there was a slight rise in the Australian death rate in 2022, the birth rate of the country decreased after a slight rise in the previous year. The fact that the birth rate is almost double the size of its death rate gives the country one of the highest natural population growth rates of any high-income country.
National distribution of the population Australia’s population is expected to surpass 28 million people by 2028. The majority of its inhabitants live in the major cities. The most populated states are New South Wales, Victoria, and Queensland. Together, they account for over 75 percent of the population in Australia.

Humans have been living on the continent of Australia (name derived from "Terra Australis"; Latin for "the southern land") for approximately 65,000 years, however population growth was relatively slow until the nineteenth century. Europeans had made some contact with Australia as early as 1606, however there was no significant attempt at settlement until the late eighteenth century. By 1800, the population of Australia was approximately 350,000 people, and the majority of these were Indigenous Australians. As colonization progressed the number of ethnic Europeans increased while the Australian Aboriginal population was decimated through conflict, smallpox and other diseases, with some communities being exterminated completely, such as Aboriginal Tasmanians. Mass migration from Britain and China After the loss of its American colonies in the 1780s, the British Empire looked to other parts of the globe to expand its sphere of influence. In Australia, the first colonies were established in Sydney, Tasmania and Western Australia. Many of these were penal colonies which became home to approximately 164,000 British and Irish convicts who were transported to Australia between 1788 and 1868. As the decades progressed, expansion into the interior intensified, and the entire country was claimed by Britain in 1826. Inland colonization led to further conflict between European settlers and indigenous Australians, which cost the lives of thousands of natives. Inward expansion also saw the discovery of many natural resources, and most notably led to the gold rushes of the 1850s, which attracted substantial numbers of Chinese migrants to Australia. This mass migration from non-European countries eventually led to some restrictive policies being introduced, culminating with the White Australia Policy of 1901, which cemented ethnic-European dominance in Australian politics and society. These policies were not retracted until the second half of the 1900s. Independent Australia Australia changed its status to a British dominion in 1901, and eventually became independent in 1931. Despite this, Australia has remained a part of the British Commonwealth, and Australian forces (ANZAC) fought with the British and their Allies in both World Wars, and were instrumental in campaigns such as Gallipoli in WWI, and the South West Pacific Theater in WWII. The aftermath of both wars had a significant impact on the Australian population, with approximately 90 thousand deaths in both world wars combined, as well as 15 thousand deaths as a result of the Spanish flu pandemic following WWI, although Australia experienced a significant baby boom following the Second World War. In the past fifty years, Australia has promoted immigration from all over the world, and now has one of the strongest economies and highest living standards in the world, with a population that has grown to over 25 million people in 2020.

This map shows population and land use in Sydney and the County of Cumberland. It was prepared by the Department of Main Roads.

The scale is 1 mile = 1 inch. The map is in two parts.


(SR Map Nos.52693-94). 2 sheets.

Note:
This description is extracted from Concise Guide to the State Archives of New South Wales, 3rd Edition 2000.

Migrants from the United Kingdom have long been Australia’s primary immigrant group and in 2023 there were roughly 960 thousand English-born people living in Australia. India and China held second and third place respectively with regard to Australia’s foreign-born population. The relative dominance of Asian countries in the list of top ten foreign-born residents of Australia represents a significant shift in Australia’s immigration patterns over the past few decades. Where European-born migrants had previously overshadowed other migrant groups, Australian migration figures are now showing greater migration numbers from neighboring countries in Asia and the Pacific. A history of migration Australia is often referred to as an ‘immigrant nation’, alongside the United States, Canada, and New Zealand. Before the Second World War, migrants to Australia were almost exclusively from the UK, however after 1945, Australia’s immigration policy was broadened to attract economic migrants and temporary skilled migrants. These policy changes saw and increase in immigrants particularly from Greece and Italy. Today, Australia maintains its status as an ‘’Immigrant nation’’, with almost 30 percent of the population born overseas and around 50 percent of the population having both that were born overseas. Australian visas The Australian immigration program has two main categories of visa, permanent and temporary. The permanent visa category offers three primary pathways: skilled, family and humanitarian. The skilled visa category is by far the most common, with more than a million permanent migrants living in Australia on this visa category at the last Australian census in 2021. Of the temporary visa categories, the higher education visa is the most popular, exceeding 180 thousand arrivals in 2023.

As of October 2024, around ****** Japanese residents lived in Sydney, marking ***** consecutive years of growth. Australia was one of the countries with the highest number of Japanese residents.

Household Travel Survey (HTS) is the most comprehensive source of personal travel data for the Sydney Greater Metropolitan Area (GMA). This data explores average weekday travel patterns for residents in Sydney GMA.\r \r The Household Travel Survey (HTS) collects information on personal travel behaviour. The study area for the survey is the Sydney Greater Metropolitan Area (GMA) which includes Sydney Greater Capital City Statistical Area (GCCSA), parts of Illawarra and Hunter regions. All residents of occupied private dwellings within the Sydney GMA are considered within scope of the survey and are randomly selected to participate.\r The HTS has been running continuously since 1997/981 and collects data for all days through the year – including during school and public holidays.\r \r Typically, approximately 2,000-3,000 households participate in the survey annually. Data is collected on all trips made over a 24-hour period by all members of the participating households.\r \r Annual estimates from the HTS are usually produced on a rolling basis using multiple years of pooled data for each reporting year2. All estimates are weighted to the Australian Bureau of Statistics’ Estimated Resident Population, corresponding to the year of collection3. Unless otherwise stated, all reported estimates are for an average weekday.\r \r \r \r Due to disruptions in data collection resulting from the lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic, post-COVID releases of HTS data are based on a lower sample size than previous HTS releases. To ensure integrity of the results and mitigate risk of sampling errors some post-COVID results have been reported differently to previous years. Please see below for more information on changes to HTS post-COVID (2020/21 onwards).\r \r 1. Data collection for the HTS was suspended during lock-down periods announced by the NSW Government due to COVID-19.\r \r 2. Exceptions apply to the estimates for 2020/21 which are based on a single year of sample as it was decided not to pool the sample with data collected pre-COVID-19. \r \r 3. HTS population estimates are also slightly lower than those reported in the ABS census as the survey excludes overseas visitors and those in non-private dwellings.\r \r Changes to HTS post-COVID (2020/21 onwards)\r \r HTS was suspended from late March 2020 to early October 2020 due to the impact and restrictions of COVID-19, and again from July 2021 to October 2021 following the Delta wave of COVID-19. Consequently, both the 2020/21 and 2021/22 releases are based on a reduced data collection period and smaller samples.\r \r Due to the impact of changed travel behaviours resulting from COVID-19 breaking previous trends, HTS releases since 2020/21 have been separated from pre-COVID-19 samples when pooled. As a result, HTS 2020/21 was based on a single wave of data collection which limited the breadth of geography available for release. Subsequent releases are based on pooled post-COVID samples to expand the geographies included with reliable estimates.\r \r Disruption to the data collection during, and post-COVID has led to some adjustments being made to the HTS estimates released post-COVID:\r \r SA3 level data has not been released for 2020/21 and 2021/22 due to low sample collection.\r LGA level data for 2021/22 has been released for selected LGAs when robust Relative Standard Error (RSE) for total trips are achieved\r Mode categories for all geographies are aggregated differently to the pre-COVID categories\r Purpose categories for some geographies are aggregated differently across 2020/21 and 2021/22.\r A new data release – for six cities as defined by the Greater Sydney Commission - is included since 2021/22.\r Please refer to the Data Document for 2022/23 (PDF, 262.54 KB) for further details.\r \r \r RELEASE NOTE\r \r The latest release of HTS data is 15 May 2025. This release includes Region, LGA, SA3 and Six Cities data for 2023/24. Please see 2023/24 Data Document for details.\r \r A revised dataset for LGAs and Six Cities for HTS 2022/23 data has also been included in this release on 15 May 2025. If you have downloaded HTS 2022/23 data by LGA and/or Six Cities from this link prior to 15/05/2025, we advise you replace it with the revised tables. If you have been supplied bespoke data tables for 2022/23 LGAs and/or Six Cities, please request updated tables.\r \r Revisions to HTS data may be made on previously published data as new sample data is appended to improve reliability of results. Please check this page for release dates to ensure you are using the most current version or create a subscription (https://opendata.transport.nsw.gov.au/subscriptions) to be notified of revisions and future releases.\r

Population data for Callitris monticola collected during targeted surveys during January 2023. Data collection follows the Flora Connections protocol

Since the 1960s, Australia's urbanization rate has consistently been above 80 percent, and in 2024 it has reached its highest ever rate at 86.75 percent. Historically, Australia has been one of the most urbanized countries in the world, due to high rates of immigration since the 20th century, which were generally to coastal, urban areas. However, despite its high urbanization rate, Australia is among the largest countries in the world; therefore its population density is among the lowest in the world.

The Australian commercial real estate market, valued at $34.07 billion in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, exhibiting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 8.46% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key drivers. Strong population growth in major cities like Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane is increasing demand for office, retail, and industrial spaces. Furthermore, the burgeoning e-commerce sector is driving significant growth in the logistics and warehousing segments. Government infrastructure investments and a generally positive economic outlook also contribute to this positive market trajectory. While rising interest rates and potential economic slowdown pose some constraints, the long-term fundamentals of the Australian economy and the ongoing need for modern commercial spaces are expected to mitigate these risks. The market is segmented by property type (office, retail, industrial & logistics, hospitality, and others) and by city (Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Canberra, Perth), reflecting diverse investment opportunities and regional variations in growth rates. Sydney and Melbourne are expected to remain dominant, given their established business ecosystems and high population densities. However, other cities such as Brisbane are witnessing significant growth driven by infrastructure development and population influx. The key players in this dynamic market, including Lendlease Corporation, Scentre Group Limited, and Mirvac, are well-positioned to capitalize on these growth opportunities. The segmentation of the market reveals significant potential within specific sectors. The industrial and logistics sector, driven by the e-commerce boom and supply chain optimization efforts, is anticipated to experience particularly strong growth. Similarly, the office sector, while facing some challenges from remote work trends, remains resilient due to the ongoing need for collaborative workspaces and central business district locations. The retail sector will continue to adapt to evolving consumer preferences, with a focus on experience-driven retail and omnichannel strategies. Careful consideration of factors like interest rate fluctuations, construction costs, and regulatory changes will be crucial for investors navigating the complexities of this dynamic market. The forecast period of 2025-2033 offers a promising outlook for sustained growth within this sector. Recent developments include: • October 2023: Costco is planning a major expansion in Australia, with several new warehouses under construction and several prime locations being considered for future locations. Costco currently operates 15 warehouses in Australia, with plans to expand to 20 within the next five years, based on current stores and potential locations., • July 2023: A 45-storey BTR tower will be developed by Lendlease and Japanese developer Daiwa House, completing the final phase of Lendlease's Melbourne Quarter project and its second Build-to-Rent (BTR) project in Australia. The USD 650 million deal, similar to Lend lease's first 443-unit BTR project under construction in the 5.5 hectares of mixed-use space at Brisbane Showground, is a stand-alone investment and is separate from the company's ongoing efforts to build a wider BTR partnership, which will include several assets.. Key drivers for this market are: Rapid Urbanization, Government Initiatives Actively promoting the Construction Activities. Potential restraints include: Rapid Urbanization, Government Initiatives Actively promoting the Construction Activities. Notable trends are: Retail real estate is expected to drive the market.

Population data for Grevillea buxifolia subsp. ecorniculata targeted surveys 2023

The Australian luxury residential property market, valued at $23.88 billion in 2025, is poised for robust growth, exhibiting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 5.75% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key drivers. Strong economic performance in key cities like Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane, coupled with a burgeoning high-net-worth individual (HNWI) population, continues to underpin demand for premium properties. Furthermore, a limited supply of luxury housing stock in prime locations, combined with increasing preference for spacious, high-amenity homes, particularly villas and landed houses, contributes to sustained price appreciation. While rising interest rates present a potential restraint, the resilience of the luxury market segment, driven by wealthier buyers less susceptible to interest rate fluctuations, is expected to mitigate this effect. The market is segmented by property type (apartments/condominiums versus villas/landed houses) and location, with Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane dominating market share, reflecting their established luxury real estate markets and strong economic activity. Prominent developers like Metricon Homes, James Michael Homes, and others cater to this discerning clientele, offering bespoke designs and high-end finishes. The sustained growth trajectory indicates a promising outlook for investors and developers alike, although careful consideration of macroeconomic factors and regulatory changes will remain crucial. The forecast period (2025-2033) anticipates consistent market expansion, driven by ongoing demand from both domestic and international high-net-worth individuals. While the "Other Cities" segment demonstrates potential for growth, Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane are likely to maintain their dominant positions due to existing infrastructure, established luxury markets, and lifestyle appeal. The preference for villas and landed houses is expected to remain strong, reflecting a shift towards larger properties with increased privacy and outdoor space. However, the market will likely see some adjustments in response to economic conditions, including potential shifts in buyer preferences and developer strategies to meet evolving market demands. Maintaining a keen understanding of these dynamics will be critical for navigating the complexities of this dynamic market. Recent developments include: August 2023: Sydney-based boutique developer Made Property laid plans for a new apartment project along Sydney Harbour amid sustained demand for luxury waterfront properties. The Corsa Mortlake development, positioned on Majors Bay in the harbor city’s inner west, will deliver 20 three-bedroom apartments offering house-sized living spaces and ready access to a 23-berth marina accommodating yachts up to 20 meters. With development approval secured for the project, the company is moving quickly to construction. Made Property expects construction to be completed in late 2025., September 2023: A luxurious collection of private apartment residences planned for a prime double beachfront site in North Burleigh was released to the market for the first time with the official launch of ultra-premium apartment development Burly Residences, being delivered by leading Australian developer David Devine and his team at DD Living. The first stage of Burly Residences released to the market includes prestigious two and three-bedroom apartments – with or without multipurpose rooms – and four-bedroom plus multipurpose room apartments that deliver luxury and space with expansive ocean and beach views.. Key drivers for this market are: 4., Increasing Number of High Net-Worth Individuals (HNWIs). Potential restraints include: 4., Increasing Number of High Net-Worth Individuals (HNWIs). Notable trends are: Ultra High Net Worth Population Driving the Demand for Prime Properties.

Public transport services offer a cost-effective, convenient, safe and mostly environmentally friendly travel option to the general public. Prior to the pandemic passenger numbers were growing strongly as the population increased, particularly in Sydney and Melbourne, while public transport fares also expanded. However, travel patterns changed drastically during the pandemic in response to social distancing and lockdown measures, which greatly limited passenger numbers, negatively affecting demand for public transport. Overall, revenue for public transport providers is expected to decline at 3.2% per year over the five years through 2023-24, reaching $28.2 billion. This includes an anticipated increase of 1.9% in 2023-24, partly due to an ongoing, but slow, recovery in the number of commuters. More Australians than ever are living in urban areas, generating strong demand for transport options. Regional cities have also exhibited strong population growth, with residents demanding accessible transport options to and from these towns. Car transport costs and congestion on Australian roads have both increased, encouraging commuters to switch to public transport options. Operators have undertaken efforts to expand their networks and capacity to accommodate growing populations. However, government funding for public transport in many areas has been unable to keep pace with demand, causing some unreliability with services. Public transport providers are set to expand as Australia's population is forecast to increase steadily and workers are expected to increasingly be asked to return to the office, boosting demand for public transport. New capacity and networks across the country are due to open, while improvements to ticketing systems are also set to be implemented. These factors are set to boost passenger use, which, combined with fare increases, is poised to bolster revenue. Additionally, significant investments are being made to make public transport more environmentally friendly, supporting demand from environmentally conscious consumers. Overall, revenue is projected to increase at an average of 1.3% per year over the five years through 2028-29, to total $30.0 billion.

The Australian taxi industry, currently valued at approximately $3.73 billion (2025 estimated), is experiencing robust growth, projected to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.60% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is fueled by several key factors. Increasing urbanization and population density in major Australian cities like Sydney and Melbourne are driving demand for convenient and efficient transportation solutions. The rising adoption of smartphone technology and the increasing popularity of ride-hailing apps like Uber and Ola are significantly impacting the industry, shifting consumer preferences towards online booking options. Furthermore, the expanding middle class with increased disposable income contributes to higher spending on transportation services, boosting the market. However, the industry faces challenges such as stringent government regulations regarding licensing and fares, intense competition from ride-sharing platforms, and fluctuating fuel prices which impact operational costs. The segmentation of the market reveals a strong preference for online bookings, with a growing demand for SUVs/MPVs reflecting changing consumer needs. Companies like Uber Technologies Inc., Ola, and local players like Legion Cabs and GoCatch are key players vying for market share, adapting to technological advancements and consumer expectations. The competitive landscape fosters innovation, resulting in improved service offerings, technological integrations and more competitive pricing strategies. The future of the Australian taxi industry is dynamic. While the dominance of ride-hailing apps continues to shape the market, traditional taxi services are also adapting, often incorporating technological upgrades to enhance customer experience and operational efficiency. The industry’s growth trajectory will depend on successfully navigating regulatory hurdles, maintaining cost-effectiveness in a competitive landscape, and continuing to meet evolving consumer preferences. Further diversification of services, such as airport transfers and specialized transportation, will be crucial for sustained growth. Regional variations in market penetration exist; larger metropolitan areas naturally experience greater demand and higher adoption of technology compared to more rural regions. The industry's ability to leverage technological innovations to offer efficient, safe, and affordable services will be key to sustained success. This comprehensive report provides a detailed analysis of the Australian taxi industry, covering the period from 2019 to 2033. It leverages historical data (2019-2024), focusing on the base year 2025 and forecasting market trends until 2033. The report examines key market players, including Uber Technologies Inc, Taxi Apps Pty Ltd (GoCatch), GM Cabs, and others, offering invaluable insights for investors, businesses, and policymakers. With a focus on high-growth segments, including ride-hailing and ridesharing services, this report is essential for understanding the dynamic landscape of the Australian taxi market. Recent developments include: October 2022: Ingenico, the most trusted technological partner for payment acceptance, and Live Payments, one of Australia's leading payment service providers, announced their cooperation for long-term strategic partnerships to equip retailers and taxis with seamless and convenient payment and commerce solutions., October 2022: Uber announced the addition of the 500 Polestar 2s from Australia's largest provider of vehicle subscriptions to the rideshare segment. It announced its plans to offer them as the backbone of new electric rideshare from 2023 called Custom Electric for the taxi services in Sydney., April 2023: GM Cabs, the integral taxi service in Australia with a network of 30,000 taxis, announced the official launch of Taxi-Share 2023, a progressive and hybrid taxi service that combines the best of taxis and rideshare under the GM Cabs brand.. Key drivers for this market are: Growing Tourism Industry in Australia. Potential restraints include: Varying Government Regulations on Taxi Services. Notable trends are: Online Booking Holds the Highest Share.

Australia murder/homicide rate per 100K population for 2021 was 0.74, a 13.52% decline from 2020.

<ul style='margin-top:20px;'>

<li>Australia murder/homicide rate per 100K population for 2020 was <strong>0.86</strong>, a <strong>2.98% decline</strong> from 2019.</li>
<li>Australia murder/homicide rate per 100K population for 2019 was <strong>0.89</strong>, a <strong>0.29% increase</strong> from 2018.</li>
<li>Australia murder/homicide rate per 100K population for 2018 was <strong>0.88</strong>, a <strong>4.6% increase</strong> from 2017.</li>
</ul>Intentional homicides are estimates of unlawful homicides purposely inflicted as a result of domestic disputes, interpersonal violence, violent conflicts over land resources, intergang violence over turf or control, and predatory violence and killing by armed groups. Intentional homicide does not include all intentional killing; the difference is usually in the organization of the killing. Individuals or small groups usually commit homicide, whereas killing in armed conflict is usually committed by fairly cohesive groups of up to several hundred members and is thus usually excluded.

Population survey data for Leionema ambiens collected during targeted surveys in Jan 2023

This statistic shows the share of ethnic groups in Australia in the total population. 33 percent of the total population of Australia are english.

Australia’s population

Australia’s ethnic diversity can be attributed to their history and location. The country’s colonization from Europeans is a significant reason for the majority of its population being Caucasian. Additionally, being that Australia is one of the most developed countries closest to Eastern Asia; its Asian population comes as no surprise.

Australia is one of the world’s most developed countries, often earning recognition as one of the world’s economical leaders. With a more recent economic boom, Australia has become an attractive country for students and workers alike, who seek an opportunity to improve their lifestyle. Over the past decade, Australia’s population has slowly increased and is expected to continue to do so over the next several years. A beautiful landscape, many work opportunities and a high quality of life helped play a role in the country’s development. In 2011, Australia was considered to have one of the highest life expectancies in the world, with the average Australian living to approximately 82 years of age.

From an employment standpoint, Australia has maintained a rather low employment rate compared to many other developed countries. After experiencing a significant jump in unemployment in 2009, primarily due to the world economic crisis, Australia has been able to remain stable and slightly increase employment year-over-year.

The Australian used car market, valued at $69.90 million in 2025, is experiencing robust growth, projected to expand at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 10.12% from 2025 to 2033. This surge is driven by several factors. Firstly, increasing affordability compared to new vehicles makes used cars a more accessible option for a wider range of buyers, particularly younger demographics and budget-conscious consumers. Secondly, the rising popularity of online marketplaces like Gumtree and Carsales.com.au has streamlined the buying and selling process, boosting market transparency and facilitating quicker transactions. Furthermore, the growing preference for SUVs and multi-purpose vehicles (MPVs) is shaping market segmentation, with these categories experiencing disproportionately high demand. However, challenges exist. Fluctuations in fuel prices and the increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) could influence buyer preferences in the coming years. Moreover, stringent vehicle inspection regulations and concerns regarding vehicle history could act as restraints on market expansion. The market's diverse structure, encompassing organized dealerships alongside informal sales channels, further contributes to its dynamic nature. Organized dealerships benefit from established reputations and warranties, while the unorganized sector offers potentially lower prices. The market's regional distribution likely mirrors Australia's population density, with major cities like Sydney and Melbourne contributing significantly to overall sales. While precise regional breakdowns are unavailable, the provided global regional segmentation suggests a concentration within Australia's urban centers. Future growth will depend on managing the evolving landscape of consumer preferences, addressing concerns regarding vehicle quality and transparency, and adapting to the ongoing transition towards sustainable mobility solutions. Further research into specific vehicle types, online versus offline sales channels, and regional variations within Australia would provide more granular insights into the market's intricacies and growth potential. The ongoing influence of economic factors like interest rates and consumer confidence will play a crucial role in shaping the market's trajectory in the coming years. This report provides a detailed analysis of the Australian used car market, encompassing historical data (2019-2024), current estimations (2025), and future forecasts (2025-2033). It offers invaluable insights for businesses and investors navigating this dynamic sector. With a focus on key segments like petrol, diesel, and electric vehicles, the report leverages high-search-volume keywords such as "used cars Australia," "second hand car market Australia," "pre-owned car prices Australia," and "Australian used car industry report" to maximize online visibility. Recent developments include: March 2023: Hyundai Australia announced that it has begun selling used Ioniq 5 models on its company’s website, beginning with 23 vehicles initially., May 2023: Sojitz Corporation acquired full ownership of Albert Automotive Holdings Pty Ltd, which operates a wholesale and retail used car business as part of Dutton Group.. Key drivers for this market are: Quality Assurance is Driving Market Growth in the Country. Potential restraints include: Trust and Transparency in Used Car Remained a Key Challenge for Consumers. Notable trends are: The Online Sales Channel Segment is Expected to be the Fastest Growing Segment Between 2024 and 2029.

Population data collected in targeted field survey as part of Flora Connections project

Divergent trends in the building and infrastructure sectors have constrained the Construction division’s performance through the end of 2024-25, with revenue expected to drop by an annualised 1.2% to $521.2 billion. Rollercoaster-like trends in the residential building market and pandemic-related supply chain disruptions have constrained the performance of homebuilders and many special construction service industries. Still, favourable trends in non-residential building construction and non-building infrastructure construction generate buoyant conditions for some Construction division segments. New house construction surged to a record peak in 2021-22, supported by the Federal Government’s HomeBuilder stimulus and record-low interest rates. Still, new house construction has plunged in recent years following the hike in mortgage interest rates as the RBA seeks to quell inflation. Many small homebuilders have hit the wall in response to intense competition, escalating input costs and plunging profit margins. Conversely, the construction of multi-unit apartments and townhouses has gradually recovered from the deep trough in 2021-22 as investors return to address the severe rental shortages in the face of mounting population pressures. Divisional revenue contracted with the 2023-24 housing slump and is expected to sink 3.2% in 2024-25. Some large prime and specialist trade contractors have derived substantial stimulus from constructing landmark road and rail developments, including the WestConnex motorway in Sydney and the Cross River Rail in Brisbane. Similarly, conditions have been strong for contractors working on non-residential building projects, particularly accelerated growth in the construction of industrial warehouses and distribution facilities. Favourable trends in the residential building market are forecast to underpin modest growth in Construction division revenue at an annualised 1.2% over the five years through 2029-30 to $554.0 billion. Many prime building and special construction contractors will benefit from an upswing in demand for constructing multi-unit dwellings and, to a lesser extent, single-unit housing and home renovations. The housing market will benefit from the initiatives under the National Housing Accord. Construction activity will remain stable in the non-residential market. At the same time, the principal constraint on the Construction division will come from the staged completion of several landmark road and rail projects.