About this dataset

Context

The dataset tabulates the Long Island town population distribution across 18 age groups. It lists the population in each age group along with the percentage population relative of the total population for Long Island town. The dataset can be utilized to understand the population distribution of Long Island town by age. For example, using this dataset, we can identify the largest age group in Long Island town.

Key observations

The largest age group in Long Island, Maine was for the group of age 30 to 34 years years with a population of 33 (11%), according to the ACS 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates. At the same time, the smallest age group in Long Island, Maine was the Under 5 years years with a population of 4 (1.33%). Source: U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates

Age groups:

• Under 5 years
• 5 to 9 years
• 10 to 14 years
• 15 to 19 years
• 20 to 24 years
• 25 to 29 years
• 30 to 34 years
• 35 to 39 years
• 40 to 44 years
• 45 to 49 years
• 50 to 54 years
• 55 to 59 years
• 60 to 64 years
• 65 to 69 years
• 70 to 74 years
• 75 to 79 years
• 80 to 84 years
• 85 years and over

Variables / Data Columns

• Age Group: This column displays the age group in consideration
• Population: The population for the specific age group in the Long Island town is shown in this column.
• % of Total Population: This column displays the population of each age group as a proportion of Long Island town total population. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

Recommended for further research

This dataset is a part of the main dataset for Long Island town Population by Age. You can refer the same here

About this dataset

Context

The dataset tabulates the data for the Long Island, Maine population pyramid, which represents the Long Island town population distribution across age and gender, using estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2018-2022 5-Year Estimates. It lists the male and female population for each age group, along with the total population for those age groups. Higher numbers at the bottom of the table suggest population growth, whereas higher numbers at the top indicate declining birth rates. Furthermore, the dataset can be utilized to understand the youth dependency ratio, old-age dependency ratio, total dependency ratio, and potential support ratio.

Key observations

• Youth dependency ratio, which is the number of children aged 0-14 per 100 persons aged 15-64, for Long Island, Maine, is 39.7.
• Old-age dependency ratio, which is the number of persons aged 65 or over per 100 persons aged 15-64, for Long Island, Maine, is 47.0.
• Total dependency ratio for Long Island, Maine is 86.8.
• Potential support ratio, which is the number of youth (working age population) per elderly, for Long Island, Maine is 2.1.

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2018-2022 5-Year Estimates.

Age groups:

• Under 5 years
• 5 to 9 years
• 10 to 14 years
• 15 to 19 years
• 20 to 24 years
• 25 to 29 years
• 30 to 34 years
• 35 to 39 years
• 40 to 44 years
• 45 to 49 years
• 50 to 54 years
• 55 to 59 years
• 60 to 64 years
• 65 to 69 years
• 70 to 74 years
• 75 to 79 years
• 80 to 84 years
• 85 years and over

Variables / Data Columns

• Age Group: This column displays the age group for the Long Island town population analysis. Total expected values are 18 and are define above in the age groups section.
• Population (Male): The male population in the Long Island town for the selected age group is shown in the following column.
• Population (Female): The female population in the Long Island town for the selected age group is shown in the following column.
• Total Population: The total population of the Long Island town for the selected age group is shown in the following column.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

Recommended for further research

This dataset is a part of the main dataset for Long Island town Population by Age. You can refer the same here

Graph and download economic data for Resident Population in Nassau County, NY (NYNASS9POP) from 1970 to 2024 about Nassau County, NY; New York; NY; residents; population; and USA.

About this dataset

Context

The dataset tabulates the Long Island population distribution across 18 age groups. It lists the population in each age group along with the percentage population relative of the total population for Long Island. The dataset can be utilized to understand the population distribution of Long Island by age. For example, using this dataset, we can identify the largest age group in Long Island.

Key observations

The largest age group in Long Island, KS was for the group of age 0-4 years with a population of 16 (16.16%), according to the 2021 American Community Survey. At the same time, the smallest age group in Long Island, KS was the 50-54 years with a population of 0 (0.00%). Source: U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2017-2021 5-Year Estimates.

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2017-2021 5-Year Estimates.

Age groups:

• Under 5 years
• 5 to 9 years
• 10 to 14 years
• 15 to 19 years
• 20 to 24 years
• 25 to 29 years
• 30 to 34 years
• 35 to 39 years
• 40 to 44 years
• 45 to 49 years
• 50 to 54 years
• 55 to 59 years
• 60 to 64 years
• 65 to 69 years
• 70 to 74 years
• 75 to 79 years
• 80 to 84 years
• 85 years and over

Variables / Data Columns

• Age Group: This column displays the age group in consideration
• Population: The population for the specific age group in the Long Island is shown in this column.
• % of Total Population: This column displays the population of each age group as a proportion of Long Island total population. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

Recommended for further research

This dataset is a part of the main dataset for Long Island Population by Age. You can refer the same here

3.024 (persons) in 2010.

About this dataset

Context

The dataset tabulates the Non-Hispanic population of Long Island by race. It includes the distribution of the Non-Hispanic population of Long Island across various race categories as identified by the Census Bureau. The dataset can be utilized to understand the Non-Hispanic population distribution of Long Island across relevant racial categories.

Key observations

With a zero Hispanic population, Long Island is 100% Non-Hispanic. Among the Non-Hispanic population, the largest racial group is White alone with a population of 138 (96.50% of the total Non-Hispanic population).

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates.

Racial categories include:

• White
• Black or African American
• American Indian and Alaska Native
• Asian
• Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
• Some other race
• Two or more races (multiracial)

Variables / Data Columns

• Race: This column displays the racial categories (for Non-Hispanic) for the Long Island
• Population: The population of the racial category (for Non-Hispanic) in the Long Island is shown in this column.
• % of Total Population: This column displays the percentage distribution of each race as a proportion of Long Island total Non-Hispanic population. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

Recommended for further research

This dataset is a part of the main dataset for Long Island Population by Race & Ethnicity. You can refer the same here

13 (sq.mile) in 1990.

1.446 (persons) in 1990.

1.503 (persons) in 1990.

A dataset listing New York counties by population for 2024.

About this dataset

Context

The dataset tabulates the population of Long Island by race. It includes the population of Long Island across racial categories (excluding ethnicity) as identified by the Census Bureau. The dataset can be utilized to understand the population distribution of Long Island across relevant racial categories.

Key observations

The percent distribution of Long Island population by race (across all racial categories recognized by the U.S. Census Bureau): 96.50% are white and 3.50% are multiracial.

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates.

Racial categories include:

• White
• Black or African American
• American Indian and Alaska Native
• Asian
• Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
• Some other race
• Two or more races (multiracial)

Variables / Data Columns

• Race: This column displays the racial categories (excluding ethnicity) for the Long Island
• Population: The population of the racial category (excluding ethnicity) in the Long Island is shown in this column.
• % of Total Population: This column displays the percentage distribution of each race as a proportion of Long Island total population. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

Recommended for further research

This dataset is a part of the main dataset for Long Island Population by Race & Ethnicity. You can refer the same here

The EcoTrends project was established in 2004 by Dr. Debra Peters (Jornada Basin LTER, USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range) and Dr. Ariel Lugo (Luquillo LTER, USDA-FS Luquillo Experimental Forest) to support the collection and analysis of long-term ecological datasets. The project is a large synthesis effort focused on improving the accessibility and use of long-term data. At present, there are ~50 state and federally funded research sites that are participating and contributing to the EcoTrends project, including all 26 Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites and sites funded by the USDA Agriculture Research Service (ARS), USDA Forest Service, US Department of Energy, US Geological Survey (USGS) and numerous universities. Data from the EcoTrends project are available through an exploratory web portal (http://www.ecotrends.info). This web portal enables the continuation of data compilation and accessibility by users through an interactive web application. Ongoing data compilation is updated through both manual and automatic processing as part of the LTER Provenance Aware Synthesis Tracking Architecture (PASTA). The web portal is a collaboration between the Jornada LTER and the LTER Network Office. The following dataset from Harvard Forest (HFR) contains percent urban population measurements in percent units and were aggregated to a yearly timescale.

About this dataset

Context

The dataset tabulates the population of Long Island town by gender, including both male and female populations. This dataset can be utilized to understand the population distribution of Long Island town across both sexes and to determine which sex constitutes the majority.

Key observations

There is a slight majority of female population, with 53.0% of total population being female. Source: U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates.

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates.

Scope of gender :

Please note that American Community Survey asks a question about the respondents current sex, but not about gender, sexual orientation, or sex at birth. The question is intended to capture data for biological sex, not gender. Respondents are supposed to respond with the answer as either of Male or Female. Our research and this dataset mirrors the data reported as Male and Female for gender distribution analysis. No further analysis is done on the data reported from the Census Bureau.

Variables / Data Columns

• Gender: This column displays the Gender (Male / Female)
• Population: The population of the gender in the Long Island town is shown in this column.
• % of Total Population: This column displays the percentage distribution of each gender as a proportion of Long Island town total population. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

Recommended for further research

This dataset is a part of the main dataset for Long Island town Population by Race & Ethnicity. You can refer the same here

The U.S. Census Bureau conducts the Island Areas Censuses in partnership with the governments of American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands to comply with the legal requirements set forth in Title 13 of the United States Code and to meet the specific data needs of the Island Areas. The 2020 Island Areas Censuses counted people living in the U.S. Island Areas using a long-form questionnaire to meet the Island Areas' data needs for demographic, social, economic, and housing unit information. This long-form questionnaire was similar to the American Community Survey questionnaire used in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. With the release of the 2020 IAC Demographic Profile, the Census Bureau provides summary statistics for the Island Areas, including selected demographic and housing characteristics for places and minor civil divisions (MCDs).

The EcoTrends project was established in 2004 by Dr. Debra Peters (Jornada Basin LTER, USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range) and Dr. Ariel Lugo (Luquillo LTER, USDA-FS Luquillo Experimental Forest) to support the collection and analysis of long-term ecological datasets. The project is a large synthesis effort focused on improving the accessibility and use of long-term data. At present, there are ~50 state and federally funded research sites that are participating and contributing to the EcoTrends project, including all 26 Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites and sites funded by the USDA Agriculture Research Service (ARS), USDA Forest Service, US Department of Energy, US Geological Survey (USGS) and numerous universities. Data from the EcoTrends project are available through an exploratory web portal (http://www.ecotrends.info). This web portal enables the continuation of data compilation and accessibility by users through an interactive web application. Ongoing data compilation is updated through both manual and automatic processing as part of the LTER Provenance Aware Synthesis Tracking Architecture (PASTA). The web portal is a collaboration between the Jornada LTER and the LTER Network Office. The following dataset from Harvard Forest (HFR) contains human population density measurements in numberPerKilometerSquared units and were aggregated to a yearly timescale.

The U.S. Census Bureau conducts the Island Areas Censuses in partnership with the governments of American Samoa, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands to comply with the legal requirements set forth in Title 13 of the United States Code and to meet the specific data needs of the Island Areas. The 2020 Island Areas Censuses counted people living in the U.S. Island Areas using a long-form questionnaire to meet the Island Areas' data needs for demographic, social, economic, and housing unit information. This long-form questionnaire was similar to the American Community Survey questionnaire used in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. With the release of the 2020 IAC Demographic Profile, the Census Bureau provides summary statistics for the Island Areas, including selected demographic and housing characteristics for places and minor civil divisions (MCDs).

This indicator is no longer maintained, and is considered OBSOLETE.

INDICATOR DEFINITION Breeding populations of Adelie penguins at Davis, Mawson and Casey (including Shirley Island and Whitney Point).

TYPE OF INDICATOR There are three types of indicators used in this report: 1. Describes the CONDITION of important elements of a system; 2. Show the extent of the major PRESSURES exerted on a system; 3. Determine RESPONSES to either condition or changes in the condition of a system.

This indicator is one of: CONDITION

RATIONALE FOR INDICATOR SELECTION The breeding population of Adelie penguins is related to resource availability (nesting space and food), behavioural mechanisms (immigration/emigration and breeding effort/success) in addition to climate change and human impacts (fisheries, tourism, pollution, disturbance). Monitoring these colonies and interpretation of the data provides information on changes in the Antarctic ecosystem.

DESIGN AND STRATEGY FOR INDICATOR MONITORING PROGRAM Spatial scale: Colonies near Australian Stations - Casey (lat 66 deg 16' 54.5" S, long 110 deg 31' 39.4" E) Davis (lat 68 deg 34' 35.8" S, long 77 deg 58' 02.6" E) Mawson (lat 67 deg 36' 09.7" S, long 62 deg 52' 25.7" E)

All colonies on - Shirley Island (lat 66 deg 16' 55.9" S, long 110 deg 29' 17.9" E) and Whitney Point (lat 66 deg 15' 08.6" S, long 110 deg 31' 40.1" E)

Frequency: Annual surveys at Shirley Island and Whitney Point. Other colonies every 2-3 years, depending on logistical constraints.

Measurement technique: Each colony is visited and all breeding birds are counted from the ground by two or three personnel performing replicate counts. Supplementary census data are obtained from oblique ground and aerial photographs. All breeding adults in a colony are counted.

Considerations regarding disturbance associated with census visits are also incorporated into monitoring strategies. The lack of annual census data for some colonies does not reduce the value of these long-term monitoring programmes.

RESEARCH ISSUES Adelie Penguin populations throughout East Antarctica have shown sustained, long-term increases for the past 30 or more years; in contrast, populations elsewhere around the Antarctic and on the Antarctic Peninsula have exhibited decreases or no clear long-term trends (Woehler et al. 2001). Greater coverage of colonies throughout the AAT would provide a more accurate estimate of the total annual breeding population in East Antarctica. In addition to basic inventory requirements, data on the population trends would contribute to a better understanding of the role of Adelie penguins in the Antarctic ecosystem, and provide managers with feedback or management strategies.

LINKS TO OTHER INDICATORS

About this dataset

Context

The dataset tabulates the data for the Long Island, KS population pyramid, which represents the Long Island population distribution across age and gender, using estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates. It lists the male and female population for each age group, along with the total population for those age groups. Higher numbers at the bottom of the table suggest population growth, whereas higher numbers at the top indicate declining birth rates. Furthermore, the dataset can be utilized to understand the youth dependency ratio, old-age dependency ratio, total dependency ratio, and potential support ratio.

Key observations

• Youth dependency ratio, which is the number of children aged 0-14 per 100 persons aged 15-64, for Long Island, KS, is 81.2.
• Old-age dependency ratio, which is the number of persons aged 65 or over per 100 persons aged 15-64, for Long Island, KS, is 26.1.
• Total dependency ratio for Long Island, KS is 107.2.
• Potential support ratio, which is the number of youth (working age population) per elderly, for Long Island, KS is 3.8.

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2019-2023 5-Year Estimates.

Age groups:

• Under 5 years
• 5 to 9 years
• 10 to 14 years
• 15 to 19 years
• 20 to 24 years
• 25 to 29 years
• 30 to 34 years
• 35 to 39 years
• 40 to 44 years
• 45 to 49 years
• 50 to 54 years
• 55 to 59 years
• 60 to 64 years
• 65 to 69 years
• 70 to 74 years
• 75 to 79 years
• 80 to 84 years
• 85 years and over

Variables / Data Columns

• Age Group: This column displays the age group for the Long Island population analysis. Total expected values are 18 and are define above in the age groups section.
• Population (Male): The male population in the Long Island for the selected age group is shown in the following column.
• Population (Female): The female population in the Long Island for the selected age group is shown in the following column.
• Total Population: The total population of the Long Island for the selected age group is shown in the following column.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

Recommended for further research

This dataset is a part of the main dataset for Long Island Population by Age. You can refer the same here

Conservation genetic theory suggests that small and isolated populations should be subjected to reduced genetic diversity i.e., heterozygosity and allelic diversity. Our 34 years study of an isolated island population of adders (Vipera berus) in southern Sweden challenges this notion. Despite a lack of gene flow and a yearly mean estimated reproductive adult population size of only 65 adult adders (range 12 to 171), the population has been able to maintain high levels of heterozygosity and allelic diversity similar to that observed in two mainland populations. Even a 14-year major “bottleneck” i.e., a reduction in adult adder numbers, encompassing at least four adder generations, did not result in any reduction in the island adders’ heterozygosity and allelic diversity. Female adders are polyandrous, and fertilisation is non-random, which our empirical data and modelling suggest underpinning the island adders’ ability to maintain a high level of heterozygosity. Our empirical results and subsequent modelling suggest that the positive genetic effects of polyandry in combination with non-random fertilisation, often overlooked in conservation genetic analyses, deserve greater consideration when predicting long-term survival of small and isolated populations. Methods Blood samples were stored in 70% ethanol and DNA was isolated by phenol–chloroform extraction. Sequencing for SNP genotyping was performed by DArTseqTM (DArT Pty Ltd, Canberra), after complexity reduction using a combination of restriction enzymes. For fragment size selection and next generation sequencing details, see Kilian et al. (2012) and Georges et al. (2018). To achieve the most appropriate complexity reduction (the fraction of the genome represented, controlling average read depth and number of polymorphic loci), four combinations of restriction enzymes (Pstl enzyme combined with either Hpall, Sphl, Nspl or Msel) were evaluated and the restriction enzyme combination of Pstl (recognition sequence 5'-CTGCA|G-3') and Sphl (5'-GCATG|C-3') was selected. Only fragments generated by the Psti-Sphl double digest were effectively amplified in 30 rounds of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Amplifications consisted of an initial denaturation step of 94°C for 1 min, followed by 30 cycles of PCR with the following temperature profile: denaturation at 94°C for 20 s, annealing at 58°C for 30 s and extension at 72°C for 45 s, with an additional final extension at 72°C for 7 min. After PCR, equimolar amounts of amplification products from each sample were pooled and applied to cBot (lllumina) bridge PCR for sequencing on the lllumina Hiseq 2500. The sequencing (single end) was run for 77 cycles. Sequences generated from each lane were processed using proprietary DArT Pty Ltd analytical pipelines as described by Georges et al. (2018). In particular, one third of samples were processed twice from DNA, using independent adaptors, to allelic calls as technical replicates, and scoring consistency (repeatability) was used as the main selection criterion for high quality/low error rate markers. The resultant data set contained the SNP genotypes and various associated metadata of which CloneiD (unique identity of the sequence tag for a locus), repAvg (proportion of technical replicate assay pairs for which the marker score is identical), CallRate (proportion of individuals scored at a particular locus) and SnpPosition (position in the sequence tag at which the defined SNP variant base occurs) used in our analyses. The SNP data and associated metadata were read into a genlight object (Jombart 2008) to facilitate processing with package dartR (Mijangos et al., 2022). Only loci with 99% or greater repeatability (repAvg) were chosen for subsequent analysis. Further filtering was undertaken on the basis of call rate (95%). Finally, we filtered out secondary SNPs where they occurred in a single sequenced tag, retaining only one SNP at random. This additional filtering resulted in 7504 SNP markers for the 84 adders, and we regard the data remaining after filtering to be highly reliable.

Georges A, Gruber B, Pauly GB, White DF, Adams M, Young MJ, Kilian A, Zhang X, Shaffer HB, Unmack PJ (2018) Genomewide SNP markers breathe new life into phylogeography and species delimitation for the problematic short-necked turtles (Chelidae, Emydura) of eastern Australia. Mol Ecol 27:5195–5213. Jombart T (2008) adegenet, a R package for the multivariate analysis of genetic markers. Bioinformatics 24:1403-1405. Kilian A, Wenzl P, Huttner E, Carling J, Xia L, Blois H, Caig V, Heller-Uszynska K, Jaccoud D, Hopper C, Aschenbrenner-Kilian M, Evers M, Peng P, Cayla C, Hok P, Uszynski G (2012) Diversity arrays technology, a generic genome profiling technology on open platforms. Methods Mol Biol 888:67-89. Mijangos, J., Gruber, B., Berry, O., Pacioni, C. and Georges, A. 2022. dartR v2: an accessible genetic analysis platform for conservation, ecology, and agriculture Methods in Ecology and Evolution 13:2150–2158.

This indicator is no longer maintained, and is considered OBSOLETE.

INDICATOR DEFINITION The size of the breeding population of King Penguins at Heard Island.

TYPE OF INDICATOR There are three types of indicators used in this report: 1. Describes the CONDITION of important elements of a system; 2. Show the extent of the major PRESSURES exerted on a system; 3. Determine RESPONSES to either condition or changes in the condition of a system.

This indicator is one of: CONDITION

RATIONALE FOR INDICATOR SELECTION The breeding population of King Penguins is related to resource availability (nesting space and food), behavioural mechanisms (immigration/emigration and breeding effort/success) in addition to climate change and human impacts such as fisheries. Monitoring breeding population and interpretation of the data provides information on changes in the Subantarctic ecosystem.

DESIGN AND STRATEGY FOR INDICATOR MONITORING PROGRAM Spatial scale: Heard Island (lat 53 deg 06' 00.0" S, long 73 deg 31' 59.9" E).

Frequency: 2-3 years. Access to remote colonies and other logistical constraints do not permit annual visits.

Measurement technique: Each colony is visited and individual birds are counted from the ground by two or three personnel performing replicate counts. Further counts are obtained by oblique ground and aerial photography. All breeding individuals in a colony are counted. Considerations regarding disturbance associated with census visits are also incorporated into monitoring strategies. The lack of annual census data does not reduce the value of these long-term monitoring programmes.

RESEARCH ISSUES The king penguin breeding population at Heard Island has increased at almost 20% per year since the late 1940s; other king penguin populations throughout the Southern Ocean have also increased, but not as rapidly. At present, there is no alternative hypothesis to that previously proposed, that these population increases are sustained by the enhanced availability of myctophids, the principal prey of king penguins (Woehler et al. 2001).

LINKS TO OTHER INDICATORS