Historical dataset of population level and growth rate for the Manchester, UK metro area from 1950 to 2025.

The population of Greater Manchester in 2023 was approximately 2.95 million, compared with 2.9 million in 2022.

London was by far the largest urban agglomeration in the United Kingdom in 2025, with an estimated population of *** million people, more than three times as large as Manchester, the UK’s second-biggest urban agglomeration. The agglomerations of Birmingham and Leeds / Bradford had the third and fourth-largest populations, respectively, while the biggest city in Scotland, Glasgow, was the fifth largest. Largest cities in Europe Two cities in Europe had larger urban areas than London, with Istanbul having a population of around **** million and the Russian capital Moscow having a population of over **** million. The city of Paris, located just over 200 miles away from London, was the second-largest city in Europe, with a population of more than **** million people. Paris was followed by London in terms of population size, and then by the Spanish cities of Madrid and Barcelona, at *** million and *** million people, respectively. The Italian capital, Rome, was the next largest city at *** million, followed by Berlin at *** million. London’s population growth Throughout the 1980s, the population of London fluctuated from a high of **** million people in 1981 to a low of **** million inhabitants in 1988. During the 1990s, the population of London increased once again, growing from ****million at the start of the decade to **** million by 1999. London's population has continued to grow since the turn of the century, and despite declining between 2019 and 2021, it reached *** million people in 2023 and is forecast to reach almost *** million by 2047.

The population of Greater Manchester in 2023 was estimated to be approximately **** million, with the overall population divided into ten metropolitan districts. The metropolitan district of Manchester had the largest population, at *******, followed by Wigan at *******, and then Bolton at *******.

The latest population figures produced by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) on 28 June 2018 show that an estimated 534,800 people live in Bradford District – an increase of 2,300 people (0.4%) since the previous year.

Bradford District is the fifth largest metropolitan district (in terms of population) in England, after Birmingham, Leeds, Sheffield and Manchester although the District’s population growth is lower than other major cities.

The increase in the District’s population is largely due to “natural change”- there have been around 3,300 more births than deaths, although this has been balanced by a larger number of people leaving Bradford to live in other parts of the UK than coming to live here and a lower number of international migrants. In 2016/17 the net internal migration was -2,700 and the net international migration was 1,700.

A large proportion of Bradford’s population is dominated by the younger age groups. More than one-quarter (29%) of the District’s population is aged less than 20 and nearly seven in ten people are aged less than 50. Bradford has the highest percentage of the under 16 population in England after the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham, Slough Borough Council and Luton Borough Council.

The population of Bradford is ethnically diverse. The largest proportion of the district’s population (63.9%) identifies themselves as White British. The district has the largest proportion of people of Pakistani ethnic origin (20.3%) in England.

The largest religious group in Bradford is Christian (45.9% of the population). Nearly one quarter of the population (24.7%) are Muslim. Just over one fifth of the district’s population (20.7%) stated that they had no religion.

There are 216,813 households in the Bradford district. Most households own their own home (29.3% outright and 35.7% with a mortgage). The percentage of privately rented households is 18.1%. 29.6% of households were single person households.

Information from the Annual Population Survey in December 2017 found that Bradford has 228,100 people aged 16-64 in employment. At 68% this is significantly lower than the national rate (74.9%). 91,100 (around 1 in 3 people) aged 16-64, are not in work. The claimant count rate is 2.9% which is higher than the regional and national averages.

Skill levels are improving with 26.5% of 16 to 74 year olds educated to degree level. 18% of the district’s employed residents work in retail/wholesale. The percentage of people working in manufacturing has continued to decrease from 13.4% in 2009 to 11.9% in 2016. This is still higher than the average for Great Britain (8.1%).

This dataset is intended for researchers, students, and policy makers for reference and mapping purposes, and may be used for basic applications such as viewing, querying, and map output production, or to provide a basemap to support graphical overlays and analysis with other spatial data.

The population of the United Kingdom in 2023 was estimated to be approximately 68.3 million in 2023, with almost 9.48 million people living in South East England. London had the next highest population, at over 8.9 million people, followed by the North West England at 7.6 million. With the UK's population generally concentrated in England, most English regions have larger populations than the constituent countries of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, which had populations of 5.5 million, 3.16 million, and 1.92 million respectively. English counties and cities The United Kingdom is a patchwork of various regional units, within England the largest of these are the regions shown here, which show how London, along with the rest of South East England had around 18 million people living there in this year. The next significant regional units in England are the 47 metropolitan and ceremonial counties. After London, the metropolitan counties of the West Midlands, Greater Manchester, and West Yorkshire were the biggest of these counties, due to covering the large urban areas of Birmingham, Manchester, and Leeds respectively. Regional divisions in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland The smaller countries that comprise the United Kingdom each have different local subdivisions. Within Scotland these are called council areas whereas in Wales the main regional units are called unitary authorities. Scotland's largest Council Area by population is that of Glasgow City at over 622,000, while in Wales, it was the Cardiff Unitary Authority at around 372,000. Northern Ireland, on the other hand, has eleven local government districts, the largest of which is Belfast with a population of around 348,000.

Census 2021 rounded population and household estimates for local authorities in England and Wales, by sex and five-year age group.

This dataset is a record of annual water fluoride concentrations in Lower Super Output Areas (LSOAs) in England from 2009 to 2020. We obtained information on the fluoride concentrations for each water supply zone through requests made under the Environmental Information Regulations 2004, to water companies in England. The Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations SI 2016/614 require that water companies take a minimum of 1-8 annual samples per water supply zone, per year (dependent on population size) of water fluoride concentrations, as part of routine water quality monitoring. This dataset was created by merging the supplied information on annual fluoride concentrations in each water supply zone, with the 2011 LSOA population-weighted centroids (Office for National Statistics).

Further details on the methods used to create this dataset will be found in the Research paper accompanying this dataset

Each year, the Greater Manchester Travel Diary Survey (TRADS) collects detailed transport and travel information from every member (aged five or older) of 2,000 Greater Manchester households. Respondents provide details about all the trips they make in a 24-hour period. TRADS focuses on the specifics of the trips and the characteristics of the people making them, rather than attitudes to, and satisfaction with, travel. The survey sample is designed to be representative of each Greater Manchester (GM) district based on resident demographics. The survey runs throughout the year, from the beginning of February to the end of the following January. The only days surveys aren’t conducted are Christmas Day and any days following a bank holiday. The data collected from 2,000 GM households, equates to about 4,500 residents and between 7,000 and 10,000 trips. The key information captured by the survey includes trip origins and destinations, travel times, travel methods, and journey purposes. Surveying is carried out face-to-face by experienced interviewers. The response rate was 58% for both 2017-19 and 2023. The survey’s annual sample - a random probability sample stratified by district - provides confidence intervals of +/- 1% to 2% at the GM household level, and +/- 7% to 8% at the district household level. Before the pandemic, trip estimates were based on data collected over three years, providing confidence intervals of +/- 1% at the GM household level, and +/- 3% to 4% at the district household level. However, since 2020, travel habits have been too unstable for this approach, so estimates from 2021 onwards are based on single-year data. The survey data is weighted/expanded to the GM population based on each district’s population by age, gender, and Acorn Category. The weights are small, with high weighting efficiency. Between 2019 and 2022, the weighting methodology was updated to better account for population growth. In 2019, data was expanded to the Census 2011 population levels, while 2023 data is expanded to the 2022 mid-year population estimates. This change has most notably impacted districts with significant population growth, such as Manchester and Salford, where the estimated number of trips has increased despite a decrease in the average trip rate per person. For the 2023 survey, several changes were made to the questionnaire, including the introduction of new travel modes (eg distinguishing between electric and combustion engine car drivers), and new demographic questions (eg sexual orientation, gender identity). Changes were also made to better capture commute and business trips, reflecting the working habits of GM residents. This resulted in more commute trips and fewer business trips being recorded in 2023 compared to 2022. The report includes data estimates for 2019 and 2023. While overall estimates at the district household level have confidence intervals of +/- 7% to 8%, caution is advised when interpreting sub-group estimates (eg commute trips, short trips, age, hour, and purpose) due to larger confidence intervals. Before the pandemic, TRADS estimates closely aligned with key variables and other data sources (eg census data, ticket sales, Google Environment Insight Explorer). And generally, TRADS trip estimates show remarkable year-on-year stability, even for smaller modes and journey purposes. For example, the number of taxi trips has consistently been around 100,000 daily since 2017. However, 2023 bus trip estimates are lower than patronage data indicates they should be. This discrepancy could be due to data collection issues post-pandemic, or it could just be an extreme estimate that can occasionally occur in survey data. These figures are a reminder that while TRADS produces robust estimates, it is still subject to sampling error and confidence intervals. At the GM level, the mode share for buses decreased from 6% in 2022 to 4% in 2023, which is within the sampling error of 2%. Thus, statistical tests find the change between the two years is not statistically significant. However, this change in mode share from 6% to 4%, when translated to bus trip estimates, translates to a 25% decline in bus trips, which contrasts with an 8% increase measured by the TfGM Continuous Passenger Survey (annual rolling patronage comparison Q3 2022 vs Q3 2023). Therefore, it is better to focus on changes across multiple years rather than overinterpreting year-on-year variations. Note: totals in tables may not sum precisely due to rounding to the nearest 1,000. If you would like more details of the surveying methodology, our technical notes can be made available on request. For more information about TRADS or for further analysis, please contact insight@tfgm.com.

This dataset identifies areas where the distribution of great crested newts (GCN) has been categorised into zones relating to GCN occurrence and the level of impact development is likely to have on this species. Red zones contain key populations of GCN, which are important on a regional, national or international scale and include designated Sites of Special Scientific Interest for GCN. Amber zones contain main population centres for GCN and comprise important connecting habitat that aids natural dispersal. Green zones contain sparsely distributed GCN and are less likely to contain important pathways of connecting habitat for this species. White zones contain no GCN. However, as most of England forms the natural range of GCN, white zones are rare and will only be used when it is certain that there are no GCN. Attribution statement: © Natural England, 2022 Based upon LCM2015 © NERC (CEH) 2011. Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown Copyright 2007. Contains data supplied by Natural Environment Research Council © NERC (Centre for Ecology & Hydrology) and © Natural England. Soils Data © Cranfield University (NSRI) and for the Controller of HMSO 2019. Based upon LCM2007 © NERC (CEH) 2011. Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown Copyright 2007. © third party licensors. Contains, or is derived from, information supplied by the Ordnance Survey and Rural Payments Agency. © Crown copyright and database rights 2019. © Greater Manchester Local Record Centre, hosted by Tameside MBC. Crown copyright and database rights 2020 Ordnance Survey Licence No LA100022697. © Tameside Metropolitan Borough Council 2020 Contains, or is derived from, information supplied by Ordnance Survey. © Crown copyright and database rights 2020 Ordnance Survey 100022021. Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database right, 2020.

In 2023, the population of the United Kingdom reached 68.3 million, compared with 67.6 million in 2022. The UK population has more than doubled since 1871 when just under 31.5 million lived in the UK and has grown by around 8.2 million since the start of the twenty-first century. For most of the twentieth century, the UK population steadily increased, with two noticeable drops in population occurring during World War One (1914-1918) and in World War Two (1939-1945). Demographic trends in postwar Britain After World War Two, Britain and many other countries in the Western world experienced a 'baby boom,' with a postwar peak of 1.02 million live births in 1947. Although the number of births fell between 1948 and 1955, they increased again between the mid-1950s and mid-1960s, with more than one million people born in 1964. Since 1964, however, the UK birth rate has fallen from 18.8 births per 1,000 people to a low of just 10.2 in 2020. As a result, the UK population has gotten significantly older, with the country's median age increasing from 37.9 years in 2001 to 40.7 years in 2022. What are the most populated areas of the UK? The vast majority of people in the UK live in England, which had a population of 57.7 million people in 2023. By comparison, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland had populations of 5.44 million, 3.13 million, and 1.9 million, respectively. Within England, South East England had the largest population, at over 9.38 million, followed by the UK's vast capital city of London, at 8.8 million. London is far larger than any other UK city in terms of urban agglomeration, with just four other cities; Manchester, Birmingham, Leeds, and Glasgow, boasting populations that exceed one million people.

Background information to the data presented in the Transport Statistics Greater Manchester reports. Includes tables on: Retail Price Index (all items) 1987-Q3 2014 The cost of fuel per litre 1991-2014 Public transport peak fares for average journeys 1991-2014 Public transport off-peak fares for average journeys 1991-2014 Public car parks in key centres 2003-2014/15 Number of spaces available in public car parks in key centres 2003-2015 Average prices in public car parks in key centres 2003-2015 Usual method of transport to work by region of workplace - Metropolitan Areas 2005-2014 Time taken to travel to work by region of workplace - Metropolitan Areas 2005-2014 Average time taken to travel to work (minutes) by mode 2005-2014 Trips per person per year by main mode of travel - Metropolitan Areas 2003-2014 Average distance travelled by main mode of travel - Metropolitan Areas 2003-2014 Average number of trips per person per year by purpose - Metropolitan Areas 2003-2014 Trips to and from school by main mode and region of residence - Metropolitan Areas 2003-2014 Motor vehicles (thousands) licensed by taxation class - Metropolitan Areas 2007-2014 Mean gross full time weekly earnings - Metropolitan Areas 1999-2014 Air transport statistics - comparisons of Manchester and UK trends 1995-2014 Road lengths in Greater Manchester (kilometres) 2004-2014 The Registrar General's mid-year estimates of population (thousands) Indices of population change Household estimates and projections by district, Greater Manchester 1981-2033 (Thousands) Total capital provision to individual districts 2000/1 to 2013/14 £ million Greater Manchester LTP Settlement 2002/3-2013/14 Highway Schemes over £1 million completed 1986-2014 Major public transport schemes over £5 million completed 1993-2013 Car Ownership numbers 2011 census Car ownership percentage by district 2011 census Car ownership summary 2011 census Economic position 2011 census Mode split to work 2011 census Mode split to work by district 2011 census.

Each year, the Greater Manchester Travel Diary Survey (TRADS) collects transport and travel information from every member (aged over four) of 2,000 households; respondents provide details about all the trips they make in a 24-hour period. TRADS is not an attitudinal survey, its focus is on the details of the trips and the characteristics of the people who make those trips. The survey sample is designed so that each GM district is represented proportionately, based upon the demographics of the resident population. The survey programme covers the duration of a full year; surveys are in-field every day, excluding Christmas Day and any days after a bank holiday. The fieldwork period starts at the beginning of February and finishes at the end of the following January. The data collected from 2,000 GM households equates to about 4,500 residents and between 7,000 and 10,000 trips. The survey collects information about trips including origins and destinations, travel times, method of travel used and journey purpose. Prior to the pandemic our trip estimates were based on data collected over a three-year period, which provided confidence intervals of +/- 1% at the GM household level. At the district household-level the confidence intervals were +/- 3% to 4%. This was possible as people’s travel habits were relatively stable over the short-term. However, since the start of the pandemic in 2020, people’s travel habits have not been stable enough for this approach to be used, so our estimates are based on survey data from a single year. The data is weighted/expanded to the GM population, based on district population by age and gender as well as Acorn Category. The survey weights are small, and the weighting efficiency is high. The weighting/expansion methodology from TRADS changed between 2019 and 2022 to better account for population growth. In 2019s TRADS data the population size for each district was expanded to the level recorded in the Census 2011. However, the data for 2022 is expanded to the 2021 mid-year population estimates (the latest estimate available at the time of weighting). This change has impacted some districts, like Manchester and Salford, more than others. The main impact is that in areas with significant population growth the estimated number of trips has increased despite the average trip rate per person decreasing. The survey is delivered by a team of experienced interviewers who conduct face-to-face interviews. Prior to the pandemic the response rate was typically 50-60%. During the pandemic the survey methodology changed to a mixed methodology of recruitment via letter and interviews being conducted via telephone. This saw the response rate drop significantly. As restrictions on socialising eased, a mixed methodology of letter/phone and face-to-face was used, finally moving back to face-to-face interviewing in August 2021. The overall response rate in 2021 was 19%, but the response rate for face-to-face interviews was 43%. The data include in this report includes estimates for the years 2019 and 2022. While the overall estimates at the district household-level have confidence intervals of +/- 8% to 7%, caution should be used when interpreting the sub-group estimates of commute trips, short-trips, age, and by hour and purpose. The confidence intervals around these estimates are much larger and the findings should be treated as indicative. Where totals in tables don't sum to the figures in the table it is because the estimates are rounded to the nearest 1,000.

In 2023, almost nine million people lived in Greater London, making it the most populated ceremonial county in England. The West Midlands Metropolitan County, which contains the large city of Birmingham, was the second-largest county at 2.98 million inhabitants, followed by Greater Manchester and then West Yorkshire with populations of 2.95 million and 2.4 million, respectively. Kent, Essex, and Hampshire were the three next-largest counties in terms of population, each with around 1.89 million people. A patchwork of regions England is just one of the four countries that compose the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, with England, Scotland and Wales making up Great Britain. England is therefore not to be confused with Great Britain or the United Kingdom as a whole. Within England, the next subdivisions are the nine regions of England, containing various smaller units such as unitary authorities, metropolitan counties and non-metropolitan districts. The counties in this statistic, however, are based on the ceremonial counties of England as defined by the Lieutenancies Act of 1997. Regions of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland Like England, the other countries of the United Kingdom have their own regional subdivisions, although with some different terminology. Scotland’s subdivisions are council areas, while Wales has unitary authorities, and Northern Ireland has local government districts. As of 2022, the most-populated Scottish council area was Glasgow City, with over 622,000 inhabitants. In Wales, Cardiff had the largest population among its unitary authorities, and in Northern Ireland, Belfast was the local government area with the most people living there.

This dataset provides annual estimates of the population of Colombia from 1998 to 2018, disaggregated by age group (5-year bands), sex, and educational attainment following ISCED 2011 levels. The data were reconstructed using official census records, administrative registers, and Life Quality Surveys.

Cambridge was the fastest growing city in the United Kingdom between 2013 and 2023, with its population increasing by 17.3 percent. Exeter, Milton Keynes, and Peterborough also grew quite fast, with their populations increasing by 15.2 percent, 14.9 percent, and 14 percent, respectively. Largest UK urban areas When looking at cities defined by their urban agglomerations, as of 2023, London had approximately 9.65 million people living there, far larger than any other city in the United Kingdom. The urban agglomeration around the city of Birmingham had a population of approximately 2.67 million, while the urban areas around Manchester and Leeds had populations of 2.79 and 1.92 million respectively. London not only dominated other UK cities in terms of its population, but in its importance to the UK economy. In 2023, the gross domestic product of Greater London was approximately 569 billion British pounds, compared with 101 billion for Greater Manchester, and 85 billion in the West Midlands Metropolitan Area centered around Birmingham. UK population growth In 2023, the overall population of the United Kingdom was estimated to have reached approximately 68.3 million, compared with around 58.9 million in 2000. Since 1970, 2023 was also the year with the highest population growth rate, growing by 0.98 percent, and was at its lowest in 1982 when it shrank by 0.12 percent. Although the UK's birth rate has declined considerably in recent years, immigration to the UK has been high enough to drive population growth in the UK, which has had a positive net migration rate since 1994.

As of 2023, the population density in London was by far the highest number of people per square km in the UK, at *****. Of the other regions and countries which constitute the United Kingdom, North West England was the next most densely populated area at *** people per square kilometer. Scotland, by contrast, is the most sparsely populated country or region in the United Kingdom, with only ** people per square kilometer. Countries, regions, and cities According to the official mid-year population estimate, the population of the United Kingdom was just almost **** million in 2022. Most of the population lived in England, where an estimated **** million people resided, followed by Scotland at **** million, Wales at **** million and finally Northern Ireland at just over *** million. Within England, the South East was the region with the highest population at almost **** million, followed by the London region at around *** million. In terms of urban areas, Greater London is the largest city in the United Kingdom, followed by Greater Manchester and Birmingham in the North West and West Midlands regions of England. London calling London's huge size in relation to other UK cities is also reflected by its economic performance. In 2021, London's GDP was approximately *** billion British pounds, almost a quarter of UK GDP overall. In terms of GDP per capita, Londoners had a GDP per head of ****** pounds, compared with an average of ****** for the country as a whole. Productivity, expressed as by output per hour worked, was also far higher in London than the rest of the country. In 2021, London was around **** percent more productive than the rest of the country, with South East England the only other region where productivity was higher than the national average.

By 2047 the population of London is expected to reach 9.97 million people, an increase of almost 699,500 when compared with 2025. While there has been quite a steep rise in its population in recent years, London’s population growth was relatively stagnant throughout the 1980s and even decreased slightly towards the end of that decade. After peaking at 8.89 million in 2019, the population of London has fallen slightly, to 8.8 million by 2021. UK population forecast Like London, the population of the United Kingdom is forecast to continue to grow well into the middle of the century. By 2046, the population of the UK is estimated to be over 76.3 million people, an increase of over 20 million people when compared with the population figures for 1976. Additionally, the average age of the population is predicted to increase from 39.5 years in 2020 to 44.5 years by the mid-2040s, and continue to increase towards the end of the century. London looms large In the UK, London is by far the largest urban agglomeration in the country, dwarfing the UK's next largest cities of Birmingham, Manchester, and Leeds. London also has a dominant economic position in the UK, with the city accounting for around a quarter of the total GDP in the country. The UK capital also has a far higher GDP per head than the rest of the county, at over ****** pounds in 2023, compared with the UK average of ****** pounds.