Background and Aims An increase of population density may result in the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of resources at minor scales than an individual, inducing different modular responses at different positions of a plant, or architectural plasticity. To better understanding how plants respond to density via plasticity in architecture, we conducted a field experiment with an annual species of Abutilon theophrasti. Key Results Increased density had different effects for different layers of modular traits, and effects also varied with different stages; high density also reduced variations among layers in different traits. No variation due to density or among different layers was found in reproductive mass and branch traits. Conclusions An increase of density can induce contrasting responses in different layers of a trait and in different traits of a module, indicating trade-offs between layers and between traits, and low to intermediate competition strength was more likely to induce ...

Architectural Services Market size was valued at USD 360.3 Billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 630.3 Billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 8.31% during the forecast period 2024-2030.

Global Architectural Services Market Drivers

The market drivers for the Architectural Services Market can be influenced by various factors. These may include:

Population Growth and Urbanization: The need for architectural services is driven by the requirement for new infrastructure, residential and commercial spaces, which is created by the rapid urbanization and population expansion.

Development of Real Estate: The need for architectural services is fueled by the expansion of the real estate industry, which includes residential, commercial, and industrial developments.

Public Sector Infrastructure Investments: The need for architectural services is largely driven by government efforts and investments in infrastructure projects, such as buildings for healthcare, education, and transportation.

Technological Progress: Technological innovations like Building Information Modeling (BIM) and 3D printing are impacting the architectural design process, increasing productivity, and creating a need for more modern services.

Trends in Green Building and Sustainability: An increasing focus on sustainable and green building approaches is a result of growing environmental consciousness. There is a greater demand for architectural services that use green design principles.

Globalization and Cross-Border Initiatives: The need for architectural services for foreign projects, like corporate offices, hotels, and manufacturing facilities, is rising as organizations grow internationally.

Preferences in culture and aesthetics: Architectural designs are influenced by shifting cultural and aesthetic tastes. Customers frequently want original and cutting-edge designs, which forces architects to constantly adjust to changing fashions.

Building codes and compliance with regulations: The need for architectural services is driven by the need for architects' knowledge to guarantee that constructions meet with safety and legal requirements, which is mandated by strict building rules and regulations.

Remodeling and Renovation of Residential Spaces: The need for residential remodeling and renovation projects is fueled by the desire for modern, updated living spaces, which opens new chances for architectural services.

Consumer Spending and Economic Stability: The rise of the real estate and construction industries is facilitated by economic stability and rising consumer expenditure, which benefits the market for architectural services.

International Economic Trends: Market dynamics and worldwide economic developments may have an impact on the demand for architectural services. While economic development might encourage more investment in construction projects, economic downturns may cause a halt in the construction industry.

Medical and Educational Facilities: Specialized architectural services are in high demand in the healthcare and education sectors due to the growth and upgrading of these institutions.

Civil Architecture Market Outlook

The civil architecture market is poised for significant growth in the coming years, with a projected global market size reaching $1.3 trillion by 2032, up from $800 billion in 2023, at an impressive compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.8%. This growth is driven by a combination of factors including urbanization, population growth, and the increasing demand for sustainable and resilient infrastructure. As cities continue to expand and evolve, there is a heightened need for innovative architectural solutions that can meet the challenges of modern urban living while also aligning with environmental goals. This demand is further augmented by government initiatives aimed at infrastructure development and urban refurbishment, bolstering the market's expansion.

One of the primary growth factors in the civil architecture market is the surge in urbanization across the globe. As more people move to urban areas in search of better opportunities and lifestyles, cities are under pressure to accommodate this influx. This necessitates the development of new residential, commercial, and infrastructure projects, thereby driving demand in the civil architecture sector. Furthermore, the trend towards smart cities is gaining momentum, with governments investing heavily in technologies and infrastructure that promote connectivity, efficiency, and sustainability. This shift not only enhances the quality of urban living but also stimulates economic growth by attracting businesses and investments, consequently fueling the demand for advanced architectural services.

Environmental sustainability is another critical driver of the civil architecture market. With increasing awareness of climate change and its impacts, there is a growing emphasis on green building practices and materials that reduce carbon footprints and enhance energy efficiency. The integration of renewable energy solutions, sustainable materials, and advanced building technologies is becoming standard practice in modern architecture. This trend is supported by stringent regulatory frameworks and incentives from governments worldwide, encouraging the adoption of sustainable practices in construction and renovation projects. As such, the demand for environmentally friendly architectural services and materials is expected to grow exponentially, contributing significantly to the market's expansion.

The rise of digital technologies and innovations is also a significant catalyst for growth in the civil architecture market. Technologies such as Building Information Modeling (BIM), 3D printing, and Virtual Reality (VR) are revolutionizing the way architects design and implement projects. These innovations offer numerous benefits, including improved accuracy, efficiency, and collaboration among stakeholders. By enabling architects to visualize and simulate projects before construction, these technologies reduce risks and costs associated with design errors and modifications. Moreover, the increasing use of automation and smart construction techniques is streamlining project timelines and enhancing productivity, thereby driving the market's growth.

Architecture, Engineering Consultants And Other Related Services play a pivotal role in the civil architecture market, providing essential expertise and support across various phases of construction and design. These services encompass a wide range of activities, from initial feasibility studies and design conceptualization to project management and execution. The involvement of engineering consultants ensures that architectural projects are not only aesthetically pleasing but also structurally sound and compliant with regulatory standards. As the demand for innovative and sustainable architectural solutions grows, the collaboration between architects and engineering consultants becomes increasingly critical. This synergy allows for the integration of cutting-edge technologies and sustainable practices, enhancing the overall quality and efficiency of architectural projects. Furthermore, the expertise of engineering consultants in areas such as environmental impact assessment and energy efficiency contributes significantly to the development of green buildings, aligning with global sustainability goals.

Regionally, the civil architecture market is witnessing diverse growth patterns, with the Asia Pacific region leading the charge. This region is experiencing rapid urbanization, backed by substantial investments in infrastructure and housing projects, partic

Not many studies have documented climate and air quality changes of settlements at early stages of development. This is because high quality climate and air quality records are deficient for the periods of the early 18th century to mid 20th century when many U.S. cities were formed and grew. Dramatic landscape change induces substantial local climate change during the incipient stage of development. Rapid growth along the urban fringe in Phoenix, coupled with a fine-grained climate monitoring system, provide a unique opportunity to study the climate impacts of urban development as it unfolds. Generally, heat islands form, particularly at night, in proportion to city population size and morphological characteristics. Drier air is produced by replacement of the countryside's moist landscapes with dry, hot urbanized surfaces. Wind is increased due to turbulence induced by the built-up urban fabric and its morphology; although, depending on spatial densities of buildings on the land, wind may also decrease. Air quality conditions are worsened due to increased city emissions and surface disturbances. Depending on the diversity of microclimates in pre-existing rural landscapes and the land-use mosaic in cities, the introduction of settlements over time and space can increase or decrease the variety of microclimates within and near urban regions. These differences in microclimatic conditions can influence variations in health, ecological, architectural, economic, energy and water resources, and quality-of-life conditions in the city. Therefore, studying microclimatic conditions which change in the urban fringe over time and space is at the core of urban ecological goals as part of LTER aims. In analyzing Phoenix and Baltimore long-term rural/urban weather and climate stations, Brazel et al. (In progress) have discovered that long-term (i.e., 100 years) temperature changes do not correlate with populations changes in a linear manner, but rather in a third-order nonlinear response fashion. This nonlinear temporal change is consistent with the theories in boundary layer climatology that describe and explain the leading edge transition and energy balance theory. This pattern of urban vs. rural temperature response has been demonstrated in relation to spatial range of city sizes (using population data) for 305 rural vs. urban climate stations in the U.S. Our recent work on the two urban LTER sites has shown that a similar climate response pattern also occurs over time for climate stations that were initially located in rural locations have been overrun bu the urban fringe and subsequent urbanization (e.g., stations in Baltimore, Mesa, Phoenix, and Tempe). Lack of substantial numbers of weather and climate stations in cities has previously precluded small-scale analyses of geographic variations of urban climate, and the links to land-use change processes. With the advent of automated weather and climate station networks, remote-sensing technology, land-use history, and the focus on urban ecology, researchers can now analyze local climate responses as a function of the details of land-use change. Therefore, the basic research question of this study is: How does urban climate change over time and space at the place of maximum disturbance on the urban fringe? Hypotheses 1. Based on the leading edge theory of boundary layer climate change, largest changes should occur during the period of peak development of the land when land is being rapidly transformed from open desert and agriculture to residential, commercial, and industrial uses. 2. One would expect to observe, on average and on a temporal basis (several years), nonlinear temperature and humidity alterations across the station network at varying levels of urban development. 3. Based on past research on urban climate, one would expect to see in areas of the urban fringe, rapid changes in temperature (increases at night particularly), humidity (decreases in areas from agriculture to urban; increases from desert to urban), and wind speed (increases due to urban heating). 4. Changes of the surface climate on the urban fringe are expected to be altered as a function of various energy, moisture, and momentum control parameters, such as albedo, surface moisture, aerodynamic surface roughness, and thermal admittance. These parameters relate directly to population and land-use change (Lougeay et al. 1996).

Literature review of past fence designs used to exclude, monitor or management amphibian populations.

Employment statistics on the Architects industry in the US

Ottoman Plovdiv Geodataset is a digital addition to the monograph Ottoman Plovdiv: Space, Architecture, and Population (14th–17th centuries) by Grigor Boykov, published by the Austrian Academy of Sciences, ISBN. Analyses and conclusions presented in the book are based on this dataset.

The geodataset is created and curated by Dr. Grigor Boykov, Institute for East European History, University of Vienna. For contacts: grigor.boykov@univie.ac.at

Sources:

A variety of primary sources contributed to the creation of the dataset. Except for 30-Meter SRTM DEM, several historical plans of the city were harvested for features: Plan of Plovdiv and its surroundings by A. Jägerschmid, 1828 (National Library "Ivan Vazov," Plovdiv. Kp II 60); City plan of Plovdiv by Lejean, 1867. (Guillaume Lejean, "Voyage en Bulgarie," Le Tour du monde, nouveau journal des voyages 26 (1873): 113–70); City plan of Plovdiv by Heinrich Kiepert, 1876. (Crop from Heinrich Kiepert, Karte des Sandjak Filibe (Philippopolis) aufgenommen nach Anordnung des dortigen Provinzial-Gouverneurs Mehemmed-Nusret-Pascha.); City plan of Plovdiv by Ferdinand v. Hochstetter, 1869. (Ferdinand von Hochstetter, "Reise durch Rumelien im Sommer 1869. 5. Philippopel," Mitteilungen der K. und K. Geographischen Gesellschaft in Wien 14 (1871): 65–80); City plan of Plovdiv by G. Ilinskij, 1878. (National Library "Ivan Vazov," Plovdiv. РЦ ІV 62); City plan of Plovdiv by Joseph Schnitter, 1891. Various Ottoman archival and narrative sources also contributed to creating the dataset. For detailed information about the source base of the dataset, please refer to the relevant section in Boykov's monograph.

The geodataset consists of 33 layers. A brief information on each of the layers is provided below. For further information, please refer to the book.

Layers:

1. Street polylines – created by manual feature extraction from Schmitter's 1891 plan in scale 1:5000.
2. Street polygons – created by manual feature extraction from Schmitter's 1891 plan and partial data from Ilinskij's 1878 plan in scale 1:4200.
3. Mahalle – defines urban quarters' boundaries, based on variety of sources (see the book).
4. Density_1472 – presents the distribution of population densities per quarter in 1472, based on data from Ottoman tax register PD 17/27, Bulgarian National Library, Sofia.
5. Density_1489 – distribution of population densities per quarter in 1489, based on data from Ottoman tax register TD 26, Ottoman Archives, Istanbul (BOA).
6. Density_1516 – distribution of population densities per quarter in 1516, based on data from Ottoman tax register TD 77, Ottoman Archives, Istanbul (BOA).
7. Density_1525 – distribution of population densities per quarter in 1525, based on data from Ottoman tax register MAD 519, Ottoman Archives, Istanbul (BOA).
8. Density_1530 – distribution of population densities per quarter in 1530, based on data from Ottoman tax register TD 370, Ottoman Archives, Istanbul (BOA).
9. Density_1570 – distribution of population densities per quarter in 1570, based on data from Ottoman tax register TD 494, Ottoman Archives, Istanbul (BOA).
10. Density_1596 – distribution of population densities per quarter in 1596, based on data from Ottoman tax register KuK 65, Cadaster Archive, Ankara and TD 648 and TD 1001, Ottoman Archives, Istanbul (BOA).
11. Density_1614 – distribution of population densities per quarter in 1614, based on data from Ottoman tax register TD 729, Ottoman Archives, Istanbul (BOA).
12. TotalPop_1472 – presents the distribution of total population per quarter in 1472, based on data from Ottoman tax register PD 17/27, Bulgarian National Library, Sofia.
13. TotalPop_1489 – distribution of total population per quarter in 1489, based on data from Ottoman tax register TD 26, Ottoman Archives, Istanbul (BOA).
14. TotalPop_1516 – distribution of total population per quarter in 1516, based on data from Ottoman tax register TD 77, Ottoman Archives, Istanbul (BOA).
15. TotalPop_1525 – distribution of total population per quarter in 1525, based on data from Ottoman tax register MAD 519, Ottoman Archives, Istanbul (BOA).
16. TotalPop_1530 – distribution of total population per quarter in 1530, based on data from Ottoman tax register TD 370, Ottoman Archives, Istanbul (BOA).
17. TotalPop_1570 – distribution of total population per quarter in 1570, based on data from Ottoman tax register TD 494, Ottoman Archives, Istanbul (BOA).
18. TotalPop_1596 – distribution of total population per quarter in 1596, based on data from Ottoman tax register KuK 65, Cadaster Archive, Ankara and TD 648 and TD 1001, Ottoman Archives, Istanbul (BOA).
19. TotalPop_1614 – distribution of total population per quarter in 1614, based on data from Ottoman tax register TD 729, Ottoman Archives, Istanbul (BOA).
20. Buildings_certain_location – polygons reflecting the location and shapes of certainly identifiable buildings from the Ottoman period.
21. Buildings_tentative_location – polygons of buildings from the Ottoman period, whose existence is attested by the written sources, but precise location and shape are uncertain.
22. Cemetery_Christian – the area of Christian graveyards, based on the plans of Schnitter and Ilinskij.
23. Cemetery_Muslim – the area of Muslim graveyards, based on the plans of Schnitter and Ilinskij.
24. Field – cultivated plots as reflected in the plans of Schnitter and Ilinskij.
25. Orchard – orchards as reflected in the plans of Schnitter and Ilinskij.
26. Forest – forests as reflected in the plans of Schnitter and Ilinskij.
27. Fountain – public fountains (çeşme) as reflected in the plan of Ilinskij.
28. Walls – reconstruction of the medieval walls of Plovdiv, based on observations and archaeological data
29. Swap – the tentative shape of the swamp at the southeastern edge of the city.
30. Islands – islands on the Maritsa, based on the plan of Schnitter
31. Bridge – reconstruction of Lala Şahin's wooden bridge, based on the plan of Schnitter, visual sources, and archaeological data.
32. Maritsa – the riverbed of the Maritsa before regulations, based on the plan of Schnitter.
33. Contour – contour lines of the relief, extracted from 30-meter DEM.

The global healthcare architecture services market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing healthcare infrastructure development and a rising global population. The market, estimated at $50 billion in 2025, is projected to exhibit a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7% from 2025 to 2033, reaching approximately $85 billion by 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key factors. Firstly, the aging global population necessitates increased capacity in hospitals, long-term care facilities, and nursing homes, creating substantial demand for new construction and refurbishment services. Secondly, technological advancements in healthcare design, promoting efficiency, patient well-being, and infection control, are driving investment in modern healthcare facilities. Furthermore, government initiatives focusing on improving healthcare access and quality in many regions are contributing significantly to market growth. The market is segmented by application (hospitals, long-term care facilities, nursing homes, others) and service type (new construction, refurbishment). Hospitals currently dominate the application segment, accounting for the largest share of market revenue, followed by long-term care facilities. New construction services represent a larger portion of the market compared to refurbishment services, reflecting the considerable investments in new healthcare infrastructure globally. Key players in this market, such as Stantec, Jacobs Engineering, Cannon Design, NBBJ, SmithGroup, and HDR, are leveraging their expertise and global reach to capitalize on these market opportunities. Competitive dynamics are characterized by a mix of large multinational firms and specialized regional players. Geographic expansion plays a significant role in the market's growth trajectory. North America and Europe currently hold substantial market shares due to established healthcare infrastructure and higher per capita healthcare spending. However, the Asia-Pacific region is experiencing rapid growth, fueled by rising disposable incomes, improving healthcare infrastructure, and increasing government spending in emerging economies like China and India. Despite the positive outlook, market growth may face some challenges. These include fluctuating economic conditions, regulatory hurdles related to healthcare construction and design, and potential labor shortages in the architectural and construction industries. Nevertheless, the long-term prospects for the healthcare architecture services market remain positive, driven by the fundamental need for advanced and efficient healthcare facilities across the globe. The continued expansion of the aging population and improvements in healthcare access will remain key drivers of growth in the forecast period.

As of the first quarter of 2025, there were approximately 52,100 people employed as architects in the United Kingdom, compared with 57,000 in the previous quarter.

The rapid global loss of biodiversity calls for improved predictions of how populations will evolve and respond demographically to ongoing environmental change. The heritability (h2) of selected traits has long been known to affect evolutionary and demographic responses to environmental change. However, effects of the genetic architecture underlying the h2 of a selected trait on population responses to selection are less well understood. We use deterministic models and stochastic simulations to show that the genetic architecture underlying h2 can dramatically affect population viability during environmental change. Polygenic trait architectures (many loci, each with a small phenotypic effect) conferred higher population viability than genetic architectures with the same initial h2 and large-effect loci under a wide range of scenarios. Population viability also depended strongly on the initial frequency of large-effect beneficial alleles, with moderately low initial allele frequencies co...

Abstract This paper presents the use of co-design in architecture as a form of social inclusion for Visually Impaired People through a partnership between an association of blind people (community) and the Postgraduate Program in Architecture and Urbanism (Higher Education Institution). This article shows the results of a co-design action, which will assist in the achievement of a broader research goal, aiming to define co-design methods, techniques and tools applied to the inclusion of visually impaired people in the process of architecture, urbanism, landscaping and interior design. This research study reports on two stages of a co-design project: the co-design of a waiting / reception room and a socialising and leisure external area (with the Association’s adults), and the development of two toys for these spaces (with the Association’s children). The research methods chosen were focus groups, the interaction with the tactile model and accompanied tours. The results demonstrate the importance of co-design as a way to include visually impaired people, enhancing their well-being and self-esteem, as they effectively participate in the creation of the environment which they are part of and leave the passive zone that they normally find themselves in during the architectural design process.

Healthcare Architecture Market size was valued at USD 9.17 Billion in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 12.85 Billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 5.9% from 2026 to 2032.Healthcare Architecture Market DriversTechnological improvements: The need for architectural solutions that support technological improvements is driven by developments in fields like telemedicine, digitalization, electronic health records (EHRs), and medical imaging. Infrastructure that can facilitate the seamless integration of modern technology is necessary for healthcare facilities.Aging Population: As the world's population ages, there is a growing need for healthcare facilities and services. Healthcare architecture needs to take older individuals' needs into account, including long-term care facilities, specialized care units, and accessibility.Emphasis on Patient-Centered Care: Patient-centered care, which emphasizes creating healthcare settings that put patients' comfort, privacy, and wellbeing first, is becoming more and more important. Spaces that encourage recovery and lessen stress for patients and their families must be designed into healthcare architecture.

The architecture of Las Mujeres (also known as Squaw Creek Ruin and NA 12555) was examined as part of the Legacies on the Landscape research project during the Spring 2007 field season. Room construction sequences, as indicated by bonded or abutted corners, are indicators of population growth. These patterns of bonded and abutted corners suggest whether a pueblo was built all at once or instead built incrementally through the gradual accretion of rooms. A gradual accretion of rooms could likely indicate a gradual increase in population, while a pueblo appearing to be built in once construction phase is more likely to indicate a rapid population increase.

The Multiethnic Cohort (MEC) has established a large biorepository of blood and urine (N=67,000) and cryopreserved lymphocytes (N=15,000) linked to extensive, prospectively collected risk factors (e.g., diet, smoking, physical activity), biomarkers and clinical data for five racial/ethnic groups. This cohort study of over 215,000 men and women in Hawaii and California is unique in that it is population-based and includes large representations of older adults (45-75 yrs at baseline) for five US racial/ethnic groups (Japanese Americans, African Americans, European Americans, Latinos and Native Hawaiians) at varying risks of chronic diseases. Within the PAGE investigation, the MEC proposes to study: 1) diseases for which we have DNA available for large numbers of cases and controls (breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer, diabetes, and obesity); 2) important cancers that are less common (e.g., lung, pancreas, endometrial cancers, NHL) but for which we propose to pool our data with other funded groups; 3) common traits that are risk factors for these diseases (e.g., body mass index/weight, waist-to-hip ratio, height) and 4) relevant disease-associated biomarkers (e.g., fasting insulin and lipids, steroid hormones). The specific aims are: 1) To determine the population-based epidemiologic profile (allele frequency, main effect, heterogeneity by disease characteristics) of putative causal variants in the five racial/ethnic groups in the MEC; 2) for variants displaying effect heterogeneity across ethnic/racial groups, we will utilize differences in LD to identify a more complete spectrum of associated variants at these loci; 3) investigate gene x gene and gene x environment interactions to identify modifiers; 4) examine the associations of putative causal variants with already measured intermediate phenotypes (e.g., plasma insulin, lipids, steroid hormones); and 5) for variants that do not fall within known genes, start to investigate their relationships with gene expression and epigenetic patterns in small genomic studies. This study is part of the Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) study phs000356.

Studies of the architecture of Pueblo La Plata, particularly room construction sequences, formed one component of the Legacies on the Landscape project research in 2004. The goals of this portion of the project were to improve our understanding of how the pueblo was built, and to gain a sense of population size and changes over time. In particular, we wished to determine whether a sizeable core area of rooms (representing the first construction phase of the pueblo) was visible, and whether the pueblo was constructed all at once, in several large construction episodes, or through the gradual accretion of a few rooms at a time. This information is of interest for several reasons. Prehistoric human impacts on the landscape around Pueblo La Plata would have been influenced by the size of its population. Accurate information about the number of rooms and their sizes is essential in making reliable population estimates. Information on the construction sequence of pueblo rooms may indicate whether most were occupied simultaneously (indicating a large population), whether the population occupying the pueblo grew gradually, or whether different groups of rooms were used at different times during the pueblo’s occupation (indicating a smaller population at any given time). This information also has implications for how access to landscape resources was organized, as the earliest residents may have had access to different resources or have had lower resource demands (as a smaller group) than later populations occupying the pueblo.

Table S1. Data summary. (XLSX 84 kb)

This research data aims to measure the level of Building Information Modeling (BIM) adoption in urban building projects in Lima city and Callao by the end of 2017. This level helped us to determine in what category of adopter Lima city, Peru most important city in terms of urban buildings, is located according to the Diffusion of Innovations theory (Rogers, 2003). Our hypothesis was that 15% of urban building projects adopted BIM by the end of 2017. The level of adoption is estimated through sampling principles and the population data (N=1218) can be found in the publication “Urban buildings market in Lima city and Callao 2017: edition 22” (CAPECO, 2017). The survey (docx file) is divided in five sections: general data of the interviewee, BIM perception, BIM acceptance, BIM adoption and general data of the project. The final data (xlsx file) provides the results of the survey that was answer by 323 professionals related to the building industry (Civil engineers, architects and others) and each answer corresponded to a unique project. As it was mentioned the population was based on all new urban building projects in the geographical area of study and under construction process during the period of data collection. A project was considered under construction process when it was found at the beginning of earthworks or preliminary works until the delivery of the unoccupied project. In addition, remodeling projects that involved expanding their built-up area were also considered, but this expansion had to be at least 500 sm. On the other hand, all single family houses and multi-family buildings that do not had a public construction license were excluded. The data collection was carried out by a research manager and two research assistants. Each research assistant was assigned a certain number of clusters within the designed sample. The sampling frame used in this research is one of an area type which are geographical surfaces well-defined. These surfaces are clusters and in this case were districts of Lima city and Callao. The data collection was taken from October to December of 2017. The method to reach the sample size (n=323) was through an emailed virtual survey (52 answers) and by visiting building projects site (271 answers). Projects visited were found aleatory, with the only requirement to be inside a designed sample cluster. It has been considered that a project has adopted BIM if it has used any of its applications: 3D models visualization; 3D modeling; material quantification and budgets made from 3D models; structure, MEP or HVAC model coordination; 4D construction simulation; control of construction progress with BIM; procurement of precast components; or the generation of 2D drawings from 3D models. The main notable finding is that the BIM adoption level in urban building projects in Lima city and Callao in 2017 was 21.6% (70/323), which places this analyzed region in the category of “early majority” adopters (Rogers, 2003).

The analysis of introgression of genomic regions between divergent populations provides an excellent opportunity to determine the genetic basis of reproductive isolation during the early stages of speciation. However, hybridization and subsequent gene flow must be relatively common in order to localize individual loci that resist introgression. In this study, we used next-generation sequencing to study genome-wide patterns of genetic differentiation between two hybridizing subspecies of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus algirus and O. c. cuniculus) that are known to undergo high rates of gene exchange. Our primary objective was to identify specific genes or genomic regions that have resisted introgression and are likely to confer reproductive barriers in natural conditions. On the basis of 326,000 polymorphisms, we found low to moderate overall levels of differentiation between subspecies, and fewer than 200 genomic regions dispersed throughout the genome showing high differentiation consistent with a signature of reduced gene flow. Most differentiated regions were smaller than 200 Kb and contained very few genes. Remarkably, 30 regions were each found to contain a single gene, facilitating the identification of candidate genes underlying reproductive isolation. This gene-level resolution yielded several insights into the genetic basis and architecture of reproductive isolation in rabbits. Regions of high differentiation were enriched on the X-chromosome and near centromeres. Genes lying within differentiated regions were often associated with transcription and epigenetic activities, including chromatin organization, regulation of transcription, and DNA binding. Overall, our results from a naturally hybridizing system share important commonalities with hybrid incompatibility genes identified using laboratory crosses in mice and flies, highlighting general mechanisms underlying the maintenance of reproductive barriers.

This file set has 1478 Greenlandic individuals scored on the Illumina MEGA array (1,748,250 sites). The data is in PLINK bed/bim/fam format. The individuals originate from the B2018 population survey.