The Costa Rica Bird Observatories is a nationwide monitoring initiative created and managed through partnerships among the National Institute of Biodiversity (INBio), US Forest Service, Klamath Bird Observatory, and many other collaborators, both private and public. The Observatories’ primary objective includes the promotion of bird conservation and education in Costa Rica through scientific monitoring.

Humans and birds depend on intact ecosystems for food resources, shelter and other broad environmental processes such as carbon sequestration and atmospheric regulation. Human enterprise routinely degrades ecosystems causing the global decline of many bird populations. To manage and conserve bird species in peril we must identify factors preventing population-level recovery, thereby moving beyond estimates of mere population size to demographics and to the underlying causes of population changes.

The population of pet birds in India amounted to over 188 thousand in the year 2023. The population was forecast to reach about 222 thousand by the end of year 2028. The growth in the number of pets in India had led to the increase in of pet food sales, from approximately 172 million U.S. dollars in 2016 to approximately 629 million dollars in 2023.

The Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators (CESI) program provides data and information to track Canada's performance on key environmental sustainability issues. The Trends in Canada's bird populations indicator reports population trends of Canada's native bird species from 1970 to 2016. Bird species are categorized into species groups based on their feeding or habitat requirements. Because birds are sensitive to environmental changes, they can be used as an indicator of ecosystem health and the state of biodiversity. Since most bird species are also easily detected and observed, many long-term monitoring programs exist; they provide data on population change dating back to the 1970s (or, in some cases, even earlier). Tracking the status of Canada's birds can help to identify the impacts of these changes, and can also help to set priorities, evaluate management actions and track the recovery of species at risk. Information is provided to Canadians in a number of formats including: static and interactive maps, charts and graphs, HTML and CSV data tables and downloadable reports. See the supplementary documentation for data sources and details on how those data were collected and how the indicator was calculated. Supplemental Information Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators - Home page: https://www.canada.ca/environmental-indicators

All EU Member States are requested to monitor birds listed in the Birds Directive (2009/147/EC) and send a report about the progress made with the implementation of the Directive every 6 years following an agreed format. The assessment of breeding population short-term trend at the level of country is here presented. The spatial dataset contains gridded birds distribution data (10 km grid cells) as reported by EU Member States for the 2013-2018 period. The dataset is aggregated by species code and country in the attribute CO_MS. By use of the aggregated attribute [CO_MS], the tabular data can be joined to the spatial data to obtain e.g. the EU population status and trend. This metadata refers to the public dataset, without sensitive species.

Records of bird species based on line transect sampling, giving perpendicular distance of sighting from the transect line on 16 separate transects. Bird surveys were conducted 2-4 times per year in January, April, June, and October for a 29-year period from 1981 to 2009. Transects were designed to determine bird communities and population numbers associated with tallgrass prairie habitats with different experimental treatments (fire frequency, grazed by bison vs. ungrazed), riparian habitats on forest edge, and gallery forests dominated by oak woodland.

An updated version of this dataset is available at: https://data.gov.uk/dataset/wild_bird_populations_in_england Overall breeding bird populations in England have changed little compared with 40 years ago. In 2010 they were just above what they were in 1970, following a small decline of 1.5 per cent in the most recent five years, from 2004 to 2009. However this masks considerable variation between individual bird species and groups of species that share the same broad habitats.

The purpose of Bird Conservation Regions strategies is to summarize the important issues and to recommend the actions required to conserve populations of birds in Canada. The Bird Conservation Regions (BCR) used as the basis for our planning units are based on the Commission for Environmental Cooperation’s internationally-accepted Level III ecoregions. We have adopted Marine Biogeographic Units as the planning units for marine birds. The data presented here have three main functions: to provide a consistent national approach to planning for bird conservation in Canada; to streamline the planning process; and to provide sufficient guidance to allow the development of detailed implementation plans and to support on-the-ground conservation efforts. The purpose of this data is to provide a basis for public synthesis documents that focus on issues and actions. Please note that the data contained herein have been gathered on a period ranging from 2008 to 2014 and should be considered in the context of recent information. The three datasets cover: priority bird species assessment; priority bird species population objectives; and priority bird species threats, conservation objectives and conservation actions. The data included here informed the 25 BCR strategies published by the Canadian Wildlife Service of Environment and Climate Change Canada. They are available at www.ec.gc.ca/mbc-com/default.asp?lang=En&n=1D15657A-1.

This statistic presents the number of ornamental birds kept as pets in the European Union by country, as of 2023. Italy ranked highest with a pet bird population of approximately 12.88 million in 2023, followed by France with approximately 5.8 million.

Bird species and population data, and related environmental data were collected from a transect following the coast of Antarctica. Data are contained in three sequential files: ANT 283, ANT 383 and ANT 483; data were originally recorded in EBCDIC. Five record types are included: location, environmental (wind, clouds, pressure, salinity), sea ice coverage, a comment record, and bird census record (age, species, sex, color, plumage, molt, behavior, habitat, and count). These data were collected by George L. Hunt at the University of California, Irvine. The documentation includes a map of the transect studied and a detailed description of the record format.

UK wild bird populations is now available from here: https://data.gov.uk/dataset/wild_bird_populations Trends in populations of selected species (wild birds)

The Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators (CESI) program provides data and information to track Canada's performance on key environmental sustainability issues. The Population status of Canada's migratory birds indicator reports the proportion of bird species listed in the Migratory Birds Convention Act whose populations fall within, or are above or below national population goals. It provides a snapshot assessment of the state of bird populations in Canada. Some bird species are managed towards specific population levels (for example, some hunted species or species of conservation concern). While the indicator reports whether species' populations are within acceptable bounds, it does not indicate if management goals are being met. This information is provided to Canadians in a number of formats including: static and interactive maps, charts and graphs, HTML and CSV data tables and downloadable reports. See the supplementary documentation for data sources and details on how those data were collected and how the indicator was calculated. Supplemental Information Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators - Home page: https://www.canada.ca/environmental-indicators

Integrated population models (IPMs) provide a unified framework for simultaneously analyzing data sets of different types to estimate vital rates, population size, and dynamics; assess contributions of demographic parameters to population changes; and assess population viability. Strengths of an IPM include the ability to estimate latent parameters and improve the precision of parameter estimates. We present a hierarchical IPM that combines two broad-scale avian monitoring data sets; count data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) and capture-recapture data from the Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survivorship (MAPS) program. These data sets are characterized by large numbers of sample sites and observers, factors capable of inducing error in the sampling and observation processes. The IPM integrates the data sets by modeling the population abundance as a first-order autoregressive function of the previous year's population abundance and vital rates. BBS counts were modeled as a log-linear function of the annual index of population abundance, observation effects (observer identity and first-survey-year), and overdispersion. Vital rates modeled included adult apparent survival, estimated from a transient Cormack-Jolly-Seber model using MAPS data, and recruitment (surviving hatched birds from the previous season + dispersing adults) estimated as a latent parameter. An assessment of the IPM demonstrated it could recover true parameter values from 200 simulated data sets. The IPM was applied to data sets (1992-2008) of two bird species, gray catbird (Dumetella carolinensis) and wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) in the New England/Mid-Atlantic coastal Bird Conservation Region of the USA. The gray catbird population was relatively stable (trend 0.4% yr−1), while the wood thrush population nearly halved (trend -4.5% yr−1) over the 17-yr study period. IPM estimates of population growth rates, adult survival, and detection and residency probabilities were similar and as precise as estimates from the stand-alone BBS and CJS models. A benefit of using the IPM was its ability to estimate the latent recruitment parameter. Annual growth rates for both species correlated more with recruitment than survival, and the relationship for wood thrush was stronger than for gray catbird. The IPM's unified modeling framework facilitates integration of these important data sets.

1. Many migratory species are in decline across their geographical ranges. Single-population studies can provide important insights into drivers at a local scale, but effective conservation requires multi-population perspectives. This is challenging because relevant data are often hard to consolidate, and state-of-the-art analytical tools are typically tailored to specific datasets.
2. We capitalized on a recent data harmonization initiative (SPI-Birds) and linked it to a generalized modeling framework to identify the demographic and environmental drivers of large-scale population decline in migratory pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) breeding across Britain.
3. We implemented a generalized integrated population model (IPM) to estimate age-specific vital rates, including their dependency on environmental conditions, and total and breeding population size of pied flycatchers using long-term (34–64 years) monitoring data from seven locations representative of the British breeding range. We then quantified the relative contributions of different vital rates and population structures to changes in short- and long-term population growth rates using transient life table response experiments (LTREs).
4. Substantial covariation in population sizes across breeding locations suggested that change was the result of large-scale drivers. This was supported by LTRE analyses, which attributed past changes in short-term population growth rates and long-term population trends primarily to variation in annual survival and dispersal dynamics, which largely act during migration and/or non-breeding season. Contributions of variation in local reproductive parameters were small in comparison, despite sensitivity to local temperature and rainfall within the breeding period.
5. We show that both short- and longer-term population changes of British-breeding pied flycatchers are likely linked to factors acting during migration and in non-breeding areas, where future research should be prioritized. We illustrate the potential of multi-population analyses for informing management at (inter)national scales and highlight the importance of data standardization, generalized and accessible analytical tools, and reproducible workflows to achieve them. Methods Data collection protocols are described in the paper, and further references provided therein. Raw data were harmonised and converted to a standard format by SPI-Birds (https://spibirds.org/) and then collated into the input data provided here using code deposited on https://github.com/SPI-Birds/SPI-IPM. Details on this step of data processing will be added to https://spi-birds.github.io/SPI-IPM/. The MCMC sample data files are the outputs of the integrated population models fitted in the study. Please refer to the published article and material deposited on the associated GitHub repository for more details.

We used data from different sources, developed and applied several estimation methods, and confronted the resulting estimates with species experts to achieve breeding size population estimates for all bird species currently breeding in Switzerland. Population size estimates of birds have a wide range of practical conservation uses. As part of the Swiss Breeding Bird Atlas 2013–2016, we aimed to update the national breeding population size estimates for all species. For very rare species and for rare colonial breeders, the estimates are complete enumerations based on annual compilations of all breeding records. For the other species, we applied extrapolation methods of varying complexity, either based on the data from the 2318 one-kilometre squares where territory mapping for the breeding bird atlas was conducted, or based on all breeding period records from 2013 to 2016. In some cases, these data were combined with regional population estimates. For most species, we considered the results of several different approaches to determine the final estimate. Here, we give an overview of the applied procedures, along with some examples. We provide access to code that allows the reproduction of our analyses. We present population size estimates for all 210 species and 4 subspecies of birds breeding in Switzerland. The total population size of all Swiss breeding birds amounts to just over ten million breeding pairs. The largest share consists of species with forest as their main habitat. A main challenge was to decide species by species which approaches lead to the most reliable results. The application of a rule-based selection approach alone is dangerous. Comparing the outcome of different approaches and involvement of species experts are crucial steps to getting sound population size estimates.

The number of ornamental birds owned by households in Sweden fluctuated in selected years from 2010 to 2023. The Swedish pet bird population was measured at approximately 311,000 in 2023.

Patterns of habitat use directly influence a species' fitness, yet for many species an individual's age can influence patterns of habitat use. However, in tropical rainforests, which host the greatest terrestrial species diversity, little is known about how age classes of different species use different adjacent habitats of varying quality. We use long term mistnet data from the Amazon rainforest to assess patterns of habitat use among adult, adolescent (teenage), and young understory birds in forest fragments, primary, and secondary forest at the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project in Brazil. Insectivore adults were most common in primary forest, adolescents were equally likely in primary and secondary forest, and all ages were the least common in forest fragments. In contrast to insectivores, frugivores and omnivores showed no differences among all three habitat types. Our results illustrate potential ideal despotic distributions among breeding populations of some guilds of understory birds where adult insectivores may competitively exclude adolescent individuals from primary forest. Secondary forest recovery appears to hold promise as breeding habitat for frugivore and omnivore species but only as pre-breeding habitat for insectivores, but as the forest ages, the demographic structure of bird populations should match that of primary forest.

Long-term monitoring of bird presence is performed on Konza Prairie. The purpose was to determine bird species phenology of occurrence on entire Konza Prairie. Data on the presence, including documented nesting, of all bird species is recorded weekly in five-year periods e.g. 1980-1984, 1985-1989, 1990-1994.

R workspace files containing list-type objects with the count data of the birds species analysed in unmarked format for each study site, La Muela and Carrascoy, respectively. Count data are composed the point sites in each study area in rows and the surveys in columns (corresponding to 2 visits per year).

This is a record of bird species recorded in Arabuko – Sokoke Forest. The data was collected using point count method of data collection for a number of days from 18 – 24 June 2017. Point count data in birds is mostly used for estimating population sizes and for detecting changes in population sizes of birds. At times this method is used to determine species diversity and prepare checklists. This data is also made up of a small list of owl species recorded in the forest specifically in Cyanometra Forest of the Arabuko – Sokoke Forest.

Bird occurrence data collected at 183 sample locations within the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest (HJA) from 2009-present. We used a stratified, systematic, random design to select sample locations. We stratified across elevation, distance to road, and habitat type (plantation or mature/old-growth forest). We conduct point counts on six separate occasions from May – July, which corresponded to spring arrival and subsequent breeding period for the majority of bird species at HJA. Surveys occur between 05:15h and 10:30h and each consists of a 10-min point count where we record all birds seen or heard. The species of all birds seen and heard are recorded as well as all individual squirrels, chipmunks and pikas seen and heard. Survey-level information is also collected at each point count and includes: weather and wind conditions, stream noise, snow cover on the ground, phenology of vine maple and rhododendron. Data collection is ongoing.