The total population of Germany was estimated at over 84.4 million inhabitants in 2025, although it is projected to drop in the coming years and fall below 80 million in 2043. Germany is the most populous country located entirely in Europe, and is third largest when Russia and Turkey are included. Germany's prosperous economy makes it a popular destination for immigrants of all backgrounds, which has kept its population above 80 million for several decades. Population growth and stability has depended on immigration In every year since 1972, Germany has had a higher death rate than its birth rate, meaning its population is in natural decline. However, Germany's population has rarely dropped below its 1972 figure of 78.6 million, and, in fact, peaked at 84.7 million in 2024, all due to its high net immigration rate. Over the past 75 years, the periods that saw the highest population growth rates were; the 1960s, due to the second wave of the post-WWII baby boom; the 1990s, due to post-reunification immigration; and since the 2010s, due to high arrivals of refugees from conflict zones in Afghanistan, Syria, and Ukraine. Does falling population = economic decline? Current projections predict that Germany's population will fall to almost 70 million by the next century. Germany's fertility rate currently sits around 1.5 births per woman, which is well below the repacement rate of 2.1 births per woman. Population aging and decline present a major challenge economies, as more resources must be invested in elderly care, while the workforce shrinks and there are fewer taxpayers contributing to social security. Countries such as Germany have introduced more generous child benefits and family friendly policies, although these are yet to prove effective in creating a cultural shift. Instead, labor shortages are being combatted via automation and immigration, however, both these solutions are met with resistance among large sections of the population and have become defining political issues of our time.

The population of Europe was estimated to be 745 million in 2024, an increase of around 4 million when compared with 2012. Over 35 years between 1950 and 1985, the population of Europe grew by approximately 157.8 million. But 35 years after 1985 it was estimated to have only increased by around 38.7 million. Since the 1960s, population growth in Europe has fallen quite significantly and was even negative during the mid-1990s. While population growth has increased slightly since the low of -0.07 percent in 1998, the growth rate for 2020 was just 0.04 percent. Which European country has the biggest population? As of 2024, the population of Russia was estimated to be approximately 144.8 million and was by far Europe's largest country in terms of population, with Turkey being the second-largest at over 87 million. While these two countries both have territory in Europe, however, they are both only partially in Europe, with the majority of their landmasses being in Asia. In terms of countries wholly located on the European continent, Germany had the highest population at 84.5 million, and was followed by the United Kingdom and France at 69.1 million and 66.5 million respectively. Characteristics of Europe's population There are approximately 384.6 million females in Europe, compared with 359.5 million males, a difference of around 25 million. In 1950, however, the male population has grown faster than the female one, with the male population growing by 104.7 million, and the female one by 93.6 million. As of 2024, the single year of age with the highest population was 37, at 10.6 million, while in the same year there were estimated to be around 136 thousand people aged 100 or over.

Germany had around 167.3 million domestic fowls in 2023. The number has basically remained the same since 2016. For comparison, there were 64.1 million domestic fowls in 1900. The timeline shows the development of the farm animal population in Germany between 1900 and 2023.

In the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, Germany was split into four zones, each administered by France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union respectively. In 1949, the Soviet-controlled zone formed the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), while the rest became the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany). In this time, Berlin was also split into four zones, and the three non-Soviet zones formed West Berlin, which was a part of West Germany (although the West's administrative capital was moved to Bonn). One population grows, while the other declines Between 1949 and 1961, an estimated 2.7 million people migrated from East to West Germany. East Germany had a communist government with a socialist economy and was a satellite state of the Soviet Union, whereas West Germany was a liberal democracy with a capitalist economy, and western autonomy increased over time. Because of this difference, West Germany was a much freer society with more economic opportunities. During the German partition, the population of the west grew, from 51 million in 1950 to 62.7 million in 1989, whereas the population of East Germany declined from 18.4 million to just 16.4 million during this time. Little change after reunification In 1989, after four decades of separation, the process of German reunification began. The legal and physical barriers that had split the country were removed, and Germans could freely travel within the entire country. Despite this development, population growth patterns did not change. The population of the 'new states' (East Germany) continued to decline, whereas the population of the west grew, particularly in the 1990s, the first decade after reunification. The reasons for this continued imbalance between German population in the east and west, is mostly due to a low birth rate and internal migration within Germany. Despite the fact that levels of income and unemployment in the new states have gotten closer to those reported for the west (a major obstacle after reunification), life and opportunities in the west continue to attract young Germans from rural areas in the east with detrimental effect on the economy and demography of the new states.

In 2025, the cattle population in Germany was 10.34 million. This was a slight decrease compared to 2024. Going further back and comparing to 1900, the cattle population then was 18.9 million.

Crime and socioeconomic data for the German Reich and mortality statistics for Prussia at county level for 1871 to 1912.

Topics: A: variables for the entire German Reich (1047 counties)

1. crime data: a) totals of all convicted for crimes and offences per 100000 b) number convicted due to dangerous bodily injury per 100000 c) number convicted due to simple theft per 100000

2. demographic information: a) totals of population of the age of criminal responsibility in the counties for 1885, 1905 and 1910 b) male German-speaking population in 1900 c) female German-speaking population in 1900 d) male, non-German-speaking population in 1900 e) female, non-German-speaking population in 1900 f) primary ethnic groups in 1900

3. data on urbanization: a) total population of the municipalities with more than 2000 residents per county in 1900 b) population in medium-sized cities per county in 1900 c) population in large cities per county in 1900 d) total population per county in 1900 e) typing the counties in city counties (=1) and districts (=2) in 1900

4. Geographic data a) short designation of all counties (1881 to 1912) b) identification number of all counties listed under 4a) c) surface area of the county in square kilometers in 1900

B: variables for Prussia (583 counties) mortality data for 1885, 1886, 1904, 1905 and 1906:

a) totals of deaths (according to sex) for the respective year b) number of deaths due to Tuberculosis (according to sex) for the respective year c) number of deaths due to suicide (according to sex) for the respective year d) number of deaths due to murder and manslaughter (according to sex) for the respective year

The variables for the Prussian counties can be compared with the corresponding counties of the German Reich.

Throughout the 19th century, what we know today as Poland was not a united, independent country; apart from a brief period during the Napoleonic Wars, Polish land was split between the Austro-Hungarian, Prussian (later German) and Russian empires. During the 1800s, the population of Poland grew steadily, from approximately nine million people in 1800 to almost 25 million in 1900; throughout this time, the Polish people and their culture were oppressed by their respective rulers, and cultural suppression intensified following a number of uprisings in the various territories. Following the outbreak of the First World War, it is estimated that almost 3.4 million men from Poland served in the Austro-Hungarian, German and Russian armies, with a further 300,000 drafted for forced labor by the German authorities. Several hundred thousand were forcibly resettled in the region during the course of the war, as Poland was one of the most active areas of the conflict. For these reasons, among others, it is difficult to assess the extent of Poland's military and civilian fatalities during the war, with most reliable estimates somewhere between 640,000 and 1.1 million deaths. In the context of present-day Poland, it is estimated that the population fell by two million people in the 1910s, although some of this was also due to the Spanish Flu pandemic that followed in the wake of the war.

Poland 1918-1945

After more than a century of foreign rule, an independent Polish state was established by the Allied Powers in 1918, although it's borders were considerably different to today's, and were extended by a number of additional conflicts. The most significant of these border conflicts was the Polish-Soviet War in 1919-1920, which saw well over 100,000 deaths, and victory helped Poland to emerge as the Soviet Union's largest political and military rival in Eastern Europe during the inter-war period. Economically, Poland struggled to compete with Europe's other powers during this time, due to its lack of industrialization and infrastructure, and the global Great Depression of the 1930s exacerbated this further. Political corruption and instability was also rife in these two decades, and Poland's leadership failed to prepare the nation for the Second World War. Poland had prioritized its eastern defenses, and some had assumed that Germany's Nazi regime would see Poland as an ally due to their shared rivalry with the Soviet Union, but this was not the case. Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, in the first act of the War, and the Soviet Union launched a counter invasion on September 17; Germany and the Soviet Union had secretly agreed to do this with the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in August, and had succeeded in taking the country by September's end. When Germany launched its invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 it took complete control of Poland, which continued to be the staging ground for much of the fighting between these nations. It has proven difficult to calculate the total number of Polish fatalities during the war, for a variety of reasons, however most historians have come to believe that the figure is around six million fatalities, which equated to almost one fifth of the entire pre-war population; the total population dropped by four million throughout the 1940s. The majority of these deaths took place during the Holocaust, which saw the Nazi regime commit an ethnic genocide of up to three million Polish Jews, and as many as 2.8 million non-Jewish Poles; these figures do not include the large number of victims from other countries who died after being forcefully relocated to concentration camps in Poland.

Post-war Poland

The immediate aftermath of the war was also extremely unorganized and chaotic, as millions were forcefully relocated from or to the region, in an attempt to create an ethnically homogenized state, and thousands were executed during this process. A communist government was quickly established by the Soviet Union, and socialist social and economic policies were gradually implemented over the next decade, as well as the rebuilding, modernization and education of the country. In the next few decades, particularly in the 1980s, the Catholic Church, student groups and trade unions (as part of the Solidarity movement) gradually began to challenge the government, weakening the communist party's control over the nation (although it did impose martial law and imprison political opponent throughout the early-1980s). Increasing civil unrest and the weakening of Soviet influence saw communism in Poland come to an end in the elections of 1989. Throughout the 1990s, Poland's population growth stagnated at around 38.5 million people, before gradually decreasing since the turn of the millennium, to 37.8 million people in 2020. This decline was mostly due to a negative migration rate, as Polish workers could now travel more freely to Western Europea...

The study at hand is a pioneer work of compiling statistical materials on the German national income in a comparable form for a period of more than 100 years. This is meant to be a cornerstone of the detailed analysis of the growth process of the German national economy. As a matter of fact, the structural changes of the German economy within the last 100 years can be presented by means of cross-sectional analysises for certain points of time. Thus essential facts as related to economic history are arranged in a systematic order as well. In addition, time series are analysed in order to make the explanation of the underlying development possible. Consequently, the findings resulting from this study could offer a primary basis for the verification of theories on growth, and for the judgment of future chances of development. Due to considerable efforts in this regard, such estimated figures on the national income are disposable for several countries. In this context, the study in hand closes the gap in the German statistical reports in the mentioned field. The study proves that, in this field of research, many difficulties have to be overcome; above all, it must be stated that the statistical materials are partly incomplete and make the realisation of such a project appear venturesome. However, the results prove that taking the risk pays off in the end. So the authors pin their hopes on an ensuing evaluation, as far as feasible, of the obtained data. Additionally, they would appreciate if these data were completed by means of criticism and new research, whereby different methods could be applied as well. According to its purpose, the study in hand is limited to the presentation of statistical materials without interpreting them. The attempt to evaluate the results of this study in order to provide an analysis on the growth rate of the German national economy seems premature yet; the work accomplished so far is simply not sufficient. Apart from the lack of absolute figures on the national income, a detailed structural analysis of the German national income has still not been completed for this purpose. In fact, the focus of the analysis lies on the determination of nominal values for the national income. Details on the real income, on the other hand, are restricted to a brief analysis, as the authors are of the opinion that the disposible price series are insufficient as regards a study on the real income. It is beyond doubt that they cannot imply all major components, in particularly those of earlier periods. The named long-term work has been made possible by the financial support of the Social Science Research Council and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; the latter has also contribute to the printing costs. In their turn, the authors would like to express their gratefulness for the generous assistance on the part of these two institutions.” (W.G. Hoffmann / J.H. Müller (1959), S. V-VI). Classification of tables:A. Germany, overwiewB. PrussiaC. State or region A. Overview: German national income per type of income (1851-1957)A. Overview: national income in Germany and in single federal states (1871-1936)A. Overview: the national income per capita in Germany and in single federal states (1871-1936)B. The national income in Prussia (1851-1913)C. Uncorrected income per capita of the population and national income per capita of the population in selected years (1900-1913)C. The national income in Hamburg and Bremen (1871-1913)C The national income in Hesse (1872-1913)C. The national income in Saxony (1874-1913)C. The national income in Baden (1885-1913)C. The national income in Württemberg (1904-1913)C. The national income in Bavaria (1911-1913)

Die Studie zeichnet die Entwicklung der Bevölkerung in Deutschland zum einen in der Vorkriegszeit nach (Eheschließungen, Geborene, Gestorbene; Säuglingssterblichkeit), zum anderen wird Entwicklung der Bevölkerung während des Krieges und in der ersten Nachkriegszeit untersucht (Eheschließungen, Ehelösungen, Heiratsalter, Geburten und Geburtenziffern, Sterbefälle während des Krieges und der ersten Nachkriegszeit, Säuglingssterblichkeit). Dabei werden auch Umrechnungen der amtlichen Statistik berücksichtigt: Zahlenangaben für die Zeit nach 1918, auf das alte Reichsgebiet von 1914 bezogen, zum anderen Zahlenangaben für 1914, auf das neue Reichsgebiet von 1924 bezogen. Themen Datentabellen im Recherche- und Downloadsystem HISTAT:A. Die Entwicklung der Bevölkerung in der VorkriegszeitA.1 Eheschließungen, Geborene und Gestorbene im Deutschen Reich (1880-1914)A.2 Geburtenziffer in Preußen (1880-1914)A.3 Säuglingssterblichkeit in Preußen und im Deutschen Reich (1880-1913)A.4a Lebendgeborene und Aufwuchszahlen im Deutschen Reich der Geburtsjahrgänge 1900 bis 1925 (1900-1925)A.4b Lebendgeborene und Aufwuchsziffern im Deutschen Reich der Geburtsjahrgänge 1900 bis 1925 (1900-1925) B. Die Entwicklung der Bevölkerung während des Krieges und der ersten NachkriegszeitB.1 Eheschließungen und Heiratsziffern, jeweiliger Gebietsstand des Deutschen Reichs (1912-1922) B.2 Eheschließungen und Ehelösungen, auf dem Gebiet des alten Reichs (1912-1921)B.3 Eheschließungen und Ehelösungen, auf dem Gebiet des Reichs von 1924 (1913-1924)B.4 Das durchschnittliche Heiratsalter für Männer und Frauen (1901-1919)B.5 Alter der aus dem ledigen Stand Heiratenden (1913-1926) C. Die Geburtenhäufigkeit während des Krieges und in der ersten NachkriegszeitC.1 Geburten und Geburtenziffern (1913-1922) C.2 Geburtenhäufigkeit, auf dem Gebiet des alten Reichs von 1913 (1913-1919)C.3 Geburtenziffern in den deutschen Ländern und Landesteilen (1912-1921)C.4 Ehelich und unehelich Geborene (1913-1919)C.5 Fruchtbarkeitsziffern (1913-1918)C.6 Totgeborene (1912-1920) D. Die Sterbefälle während des Krieges und der ersten Nachkriegszeit D.1 Sterbefälle und Sterbeziffern, Militärsterbefälle (1913-1919)D.2 Bevölkerungsbilanz (1913-1919)D.3 Sterbeziffern in den deutschen Ländern und Landesteilen (1912-1921)D.4 Säuglingssterblichkeit (1912-1919)D.5 Säuglingssterblichkeit in den deutschen Ländern und Landesteilen (1912-1919)D.6 Sterblichkeit der ehelichen und unehelichen Säuglinge (1912-1919)D.7 Gestorbene Militärpersonen nach Altersgruppen (1914-1919)D.8 Gestorbene Militärpersonen im Alter von 19 bis unter 25 Jahren (1914-1919) E. Die Entwicklung der Bevölkerung während der Nachkriegszeit bis 1928E.1a Eheschließungen, Lebendgeborene und Gestorbene, auf das Gebiet des Deutschen Reichs von 1928 umgerechnet - Absolutzahlen (1913-1928)E.1b Eheschließungen, Lebendgeborene und Gestorbene, auf das Gebiet des Deutschen Reichs von 1928 umgerechnet - Verhältniszahlen (1913-1928)E.2 Geburtenziffern in den deutschen Ländern und Landesteilen (1913-1927)E.3 Sterbeziffern in den deutschen Ländern und Landesteilen, 1913 auf das Gebiet des Deutschen Reichs von 1927 umgerechnet (1913-1927)

The median age of Germans in 2025 was 45.5 years, meaning that half the German population was younger, half older. Following some fluctuation during the post-WWII baby boom waves, Germany's average age has been on an upwards trajectory since the 1970s, with a sharp rise in the 1990s and 2000s, although it has slowed in recent years. It is projected to peak at over 48 years in the 2040s, before plateauing around the 47 year mark for the remainder of the century. Aging in Germany This shift in the age makeup of Germany is driven by having fewer young people and more old people. While it has increased slightly in the last decade, the German fertility rate remains low. Fewer young people lead to a higher median age, as does rising life expectancy. These trends have significant economic and societal impacts, where workforces shrink and the elderly population places greater demand on healthcare systems and public finances, while families must increasingly care for elderly relatives. Regional and global trends The entire European Union, due to higher levels of development, shows an upward shift in its age distribution. While this shift is occurring globally, the level of Germany’s median age is particularly high. In many other parts of the world, particularly Subsaharan Africa, the proportion of young and old inhabitants is skewed sharply toward the young, pulling the median age lower.

This study contains selected demographic, social, economic, public policy, and political comparative data for Switzerland, Canada, France, and Mexico for the decades of 1900-1960. Each dataset presents comparable data at the province or district level for each decade in the period. Various derived measures, such as percentages, ratios, and indices, constitute the bulk of these datasets. Data for Switzerland contain information for all cantons for each decennial year from 1900 to 1960. Variables describe population characteristics, such as the age of men and women, county and commune of origin, ratio of foreigners to Swiss, percentage of the population from other countries such as Germany, Austria and Lichtenstein, Italy, and France, the percentage of the population that were Protestants, Catholics, and Jews, births, deaths, infant mortality rates, persons per household, population density, the percentage of urban and agricultural population, marital status, marriages, divorces, professions, factory workers, and primary, secondary, and university students. Economic variables provide information on the number of corporations, factory workers, economic status, cultivated land, taxation and tax revenues, canton revenues and expenditures, federal subsidies, bankruptcies, bank account deposits, and taxable assets. Additional variables provide political information, such as national referenda returns, party votes cast in National Council elections, and seats in the cantonal legislature held by political groups such as the Peasants, Socialists, Democrats, Catholics, Radicals, and others. Data for Canada provide information for all provinces for the decades 1900-1960 on population characteristics, such as national origin, the net internal migration per 1,000 of native population, population density per square mile, the percentage of owner-occupied dwellings, the percentage of urban population, the percentage of change in population from preceding censuses, the percentage of illiterate population aged 5 years and older, and the median years of schooling. Economic variables provide information on per capita personal income, total provincial revenue and expenditure per capita, the percentage of the labor force employed in manufacturing and in agriculture, the average number of employees per manufacturing establishment, assessed value of real property per capita, the average number of acres per farm, highway and rural road mileage, transportation and communication, the number of telephones per 100 population, and the number of motor vehicles registered per 1,000 population. Additional variables on elections and votes are supplied as well. Data for France provide information for all departements for all legislative elections since 1936, the two presidential elections of 1965 and 1969, and several referenda held in the period since 1958. Social and economic data are provided for the years 1946, 1954, and 1962, while various policy data are presented for the period 1959-1962. Variables provide information on population characteristics, such as the percentages of population by age group, foreign-born, bachelors aged 20 to 59, divorced men aged 25 and older, elementary school students in private schools, elementary school students per million population from 1966 to 1967, the number of persons in household in 1962, infant mortality rates per million births, and the number of priests per 10,000 population in 1946. Economic variables focus on the Gross National Product (GNP), the revenue per capita per household, personal income per capita, income tax, the percentage of active population in industry, construction and public works, transportation, hotels, public administration, and other jobs, the percentage of skilled and unskilled industrial workers, the number of doctors per 10,000 population, the number of agricultural cooperatives in 1946, the average hectares per farm, the percentage of farms cultivated by the owner, tenants, and sharecroppers, the number of workhorses, cows, and oxen per 100 hectares of farmland in 1946, and the percentages of automobiles per 1,000 population, radios per 100 homes, and cinema seats per 1,000 population. Data are also provided on the percentage of Communists (PCF), Socialists, Radical Socialists, Conservatives, Gaullists, Moderates, Poujadists, Independents, Turnouts, and other political groups and p

During the eighteenth century, it is estimated that France's population grew by roughly fifty percent, from 19.7 million in 1700, to 29 million by 1800. In France itself, the 1700s are remembered for the end of King Louis XIV's reign in 1715, the Age of Enlightenment, and the French Revolution. During this century, the scientific and ideological advances made in France and across Europe challenged the leadership structures of the time, and questioned the relationship between monarchial, religious and political institutions and their subjects. France was arguably the most powerful nation in the world in these early years, with the second largest population in Europe (after Russia); however, this century was defined by a number of costly, large-scale conflicts across Europe and in the new North American theater, which saw the loss of most overseas territories (particularly in North America) and almost bankrupted the French crown. A combination of regressive taxation, food shortages and enlightenment ideologies ultimately culminated in the French Revolution in 1789, which brought an end to the Ancien Régime, and set in motion a period of self-actualization.

War and peace

After a volatile and tumultuous decade, in which tens of thousands were executed by the state (most infamously: guillotined), relative stability was restored within France as Napoleon Bonaparte seized power in 1799, and the policies of the revolution became enforced. Beyond France's borders, the country was involved in a series of large scale wars for two almost decades, and the First French Empire eventually covered half of Europe by 1812. In 1815, Napoleon was defeated outright, the empire was dissolved, and the monarchy was restored to France; nonetheless, a large number of revolutionary and Napoleonic reforms remained in effect afterwards, and the ideas had a long-term impact across the globe. France experienced a century of comparative peace in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars; there were some notable uprisings and conflicts, and the monarchy was abolished yet again, but nothing on the scale of what had preceded or what was to follow. A new overseas colonial empire was also established in the late 1800s, particularly across Africa and Southeast Asia. Through most of the eighteenth and nineteenth century, France had the second largest population in Europe (after Russia), however political instability and the economic prioritization of Paris meant that the entire country did not urbanize or industrialize at the same rate as the other European powers. Because of this, Germany and Britain entered the twentieth century with larger populations, and other regions, such as Austria or Belgium, had overtaken France in terms of industrialization; the German annexation of Alsace-Lorraine in the Franco-Prussian War was also a major contributor to this.

World Wars and contemporary France

Coming into the 1900s, France had a population of approximately forty million people (officially 38 million* due to to territorial changes), and there was relatively little growth in the first half of the century. France was comparatively unprepared for a large scale war, however it became one of the most active theaters of the First World War when Germany invaded via Belgium in 1914, with the ability to mobilize over eight million men. By the war's end in 1918, France had lost almost 1.4 million in the conflict, and approximately 300,000 in the Spanish Flu pandemic that followed. Germany invaded France again during the Second World War, and occupied the country from 1940, until the Allied counter-invasion liberated the country during the summer of 1944. France lost around 600,000 people in the course of the war, over half of which were civilians. Following the war's end, the country experienced a baby boom, and the population grew by approximately twenty million people in the next fifty years (compared to just one million in the previous fifty years). Since the 1950s, France's economy quickly grew to be one of the strongest in the world, despite losing the vast majority of its overseas colonial empire by the 1970s. A wave of migration, especially from these former colonies, has greatly contributed to the growth and diversity of France's population today, which stands at over 65 million people in 2020.

From the years between 1900 and 1945, France was the largest iron ore producer in Europe; however, output varied greatly per year during the most tumultuous period in Europe's modern history. Iron was one of the most important resources during this time due to its use in the production of steel; the most important metal in war manufacturing. Throughout this time, Germany or France generally had the largest annual iron ore output, and much of this was through control of Alsace-Lorraine. Alsace-Lorraine The Franco-Prussian War of 1870 led to the foundation of Germany as a nation state and the German annexation of Alsace and Moselle (northern Lorraine) from France. This was the resource-rich, industrial region just west of the Rhine, and it had a large population with mixed French and German heritage. The emerging German Empire then invested heavily in the region, and it was essential in their empirical expansion and industrialization at the turn of the century, even more so with the outbreak of the First World War. The region was then retroceded to France through the Treaty of Versailles, and in the late 1920s the annual iron output of France was already greater than the other five nations combined. In 1930, the Great Depression then saw the international demand for iron ore drop, but most countries' industries began growing again in 1933 (although the Russian economy was fairly unaffected by the Depression). Alsace Lorraine was then invaded again by Germany in 1940, although iron output was much lower as a large portion of the population was evacuated or conscripted into the German army. WWII in Scandinavia In the years leading up to the Second World War, industry in Germany relied heavily on the import of Swedish iron ore, and the German war effort depended on this supply from 1939 onward. While the Scandinavian countries maintained neutrality at the war's outset, Finland's Winter War with the Soviet Union posed a threat to the Swedish iron industry, largely located in the north. Germany then invaded both Denmark and Norway in order to protect its supply chain from an Allied attack from the west, although Sweden was allowed to maintain its neutrality. The German invasion of Scandinavia provided many tactical advantages, and formed a large part of Germany's "Atlantic Wall" defenses, however most historians concur that the primary reason for Germany's invasion of Scandinavia was to protect its trade with Sweden.

La population totale en Allemagne était estimée à 83,6 millions de personnes en 2024, selon les dernières données du recensement et les projections de Trading Economics. Cette dataset fournit la dernière valeur rapportée pour - Population allemande - ainsi que les publications précédentes, les records historiques, les prévisions à court terme et les prédictions à long terme, le calendrier économique, le consensus des sondages et les actualités.

From 1273 until 1918, Austria was the seat of power of the House of Habsburg; one of Europe's most powerful and influential royal families of the past millennium. During this time and in the subsequent century since the Austro-Hungarian Empire's dissolution, the borders and demography of the Austrian state have changed dramatically, with the population growing from approximately three million people in 1800 to just over nine million in 2020. The area of modern Austria's population rose gradually throughout the nineteenth century, until the early 1900s, where it then dropped and fluctuated during the World Wars, before rising again until recent years.

End of an empire

The assassination of the heir to the Austrian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914, caused Austria to declare war on Serbia, which marked the outbreak of the First World War. The war (and subsequent Spanish Flu pandemic) would see the deaths of more than 1.2 million people from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the area of modern Austria's population dropped by almost 400,000 people between 1916 and 1920. In the years preceding the First World War, Slavic nationalism and tensions between various ethnicities in the empire had escalated to a new level; following the dissolution of Austria-Hungary in 1918, new states such as Poland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were created for corresponding ethnic groups, while Austrian and Hungarian states were created for ethnic Germans and Magyars respectively (Austria still uses this border today). The Treaty of Versailles had forbidden Austria from joining Germany, however in 1938, German Chancellor Adolf Hitler (who was born in Austria) united the two nations as part of the German Third Reich, with overwhelming support by the people of Austria. In the next few years, Austria's population decreased slightly, as a result of the forced relocation of Jews and the outbreak of the Second World War. Due to the Austria-German union, separate records were not kept for Austrian and German deaths during the war, however most estimates put Austria's total at over 350,000 fatalities.

Post-war Austria

Following Germany's defeat, Austria was split into four separately administered sections, and then the Second Austrian Republic was established in 1955, declaring its permanent neutrality in foreign affairs. In the period after this Austria has enjoyed a period of continued prosperity with a high standard of living and reasonable economic growth. Population growth stagnated in the 80's with the legalization of abortion and improved access to contraception, but has grown steadily in the past three decades. Austria is consistently ranked among the top 20 richest countries in the world in terms of GDP per capita, and in 2018 it was ranked 20th in the world by the Human Development Index.

Germany fell short of the automobile introduction in comparison to the U.S.A. for a long time, despite its leading position in the development of the combustion engine and automotive technology. The author applies an explanation that is consistent market-based and ascribes differences in the demand to different costs and benefits of the automobile use. Determinants of automobile demand for example are settlement patterns, the income levels or the transport policy treats. Furthermore, the author describes the development of Germany’s passenger car industry until 1933. Main topics include the development of production and sales, the "American threat", the trade policy, rationalization and concentration of the German automotive industry and the importance of this sector for the armaments industry. The study includes comparative information on the number of motor vehicles and motor vehicle density for France, the UK, European and overseas countries. List of data-tables in the online-database HISTAT: - Foreign Trade of the United States with touring cars with European countries (1908-1918) - Average charge of a mid-size passenger vehicles by fuel taxes and Road tax per year - Monthly import of cars from the U.S. to Germany (1920-1939) - Costs of small cars (1906-1936) - Population and number of motor vehicles in France (1895-1939) - Population and number of motor vehicles in the United Kingdom (1900-1939) - Population and number of motor vehicles in Canada (1900-1939) - Population and number of motor vehicles in the United States (1895-1939) - Number of enterprises and employees in the German automotive industry (1901-1939) - Motor vehicle production in Germany, according to type of vehicle (1901-1939) - Global vehicle production and vehicle production of major industrial countries (1898-1939) - Motor vehicle tax revenue, monthly data (1924-1938) - Revenue from the road tax per year (1907/08-1937/38) - Road tax rate for passenger vehicles (1906-1928) - Motor vehicles in Germany by type of vehicle (1902-1939) - Motorcycle density in the United States and European countries (1920-1939) - Vehicle density overseas and in European countries (1900-1939) - Lorries stock in Germany by size classes (1902-1939) - Monthly exports of passenger cars from Germany (1920-1939) - Monthly import of cars to Germany (1920-1939) - Annual foreign trade with passenger cars (1901-1938) - Passenger car stock in Germany by size classes (1902-1939) Territory of investigation: German Empire in it’s respective borders, 1902 to 1939. Sources: 1) Archival sources: Records of the Association of Automotive Industry. Company archives : DaimlerChrysler AG and the Archive of Deutsche Bank. For the presentation of road transport policy during the Weimar Republic source stocks of the Federal Archives (BA) were evaluated - including files of the Reich Chancellery, the Reich Economics and the Reich Transport Ministry. 2) Printed sources on the history of the German motor transport sector: Periodicals of the industry and motorists´ associations, business press, industry directories and statistical sources. Evaluation of the publications of the Association of Automotive Industry and the journal of the German automotive engineering association. Statistics sources: Three surveys of the Reich Statistical Office: an inventory statistics from 1907, the production statistics from 1901 and a foreign trade statistics from the 1901th 3) Literature: Selected literature on German automotive history (largely corporate historical literature, for example, company histories, type books).

Germany fell short of the automobile introduction in comparison to the U.S.A. for a long time, despite its leading position in the development of the combustion engine and automotive technology. The author applies an explanation that is consistent market-based and ascribes differences in the demand to different costs and benefits of the automobile use. Determinants of automobile demand for example are settlement patterns, the income levels or the transport policy treats. Furthermore, the author describes the development of Germany’s passenger car industry until 1933. Main topics include the development of production and sales, the "American threat", the trade policy, rationalization and concentration of the German automotive industry and the importance of this sector for the armaments industry.

The study includes comparative information on the number of motor vehicles and motor vehicle density for France, the UK, European and overseas countries.

List of data-tables in the online-database HISTAT: - Foreign Trade of the United States with touring cars with European countries (1908-1918) - Average charge of a mid-size passenger vehicles by fuel taxes and Road tax per year - Monthly import of cars from the U.S. to Germany (1920-1939) - Costs of small cars (1906-1936) - Population and number of motor vehicles in France (1895-1939) - Population and number of motor vehicles in the United Kingdom (1900-1939) - Population and number of motor vehicles in Canada (1900-1939) - Population and number of motor vehicles in the United States (1895-1939) - Number of enterprises and employees in the German automotive industry (1901-1939) - Motor vehicle production in Germany, according to type of vehicle (1901-1939) - Global vehicle production and vehicle production of major industrial countries (1898-1939) - Motor vehicle tax revenue, monthly data (1924-1938) - Revenue from the road tax per year (1907/08-1937/38) - Road tax rate for passenger vehicles (1906-1928) - Motor vehicles in Germany by type of vehicle (1902-1939) - Motorcycle density in the United States and European countries (1920-1939) - Vehicle density overseas and in European countries (1900-1939) - Lorries stock in Germany by size classes (1902-1939) - Monthly exports of passenger cars from Germany (1920-1939) - Monthly import of cars to Germany (1920-1939) - Annual foreign trade with passenger cars (1901-1938) - Passenger car stock in Germany by size classes (1902-1939)

Territory of investigation: German Empire in it’s respective borders, 1902 to 1939.

Sources:

1) Archival sources: Records of the Association of Automotive Industry. Company archives : DaimlerChrysler AG and the Archive of Deutsche Bank. For the presentation of road transport policy during the Weimar Republic source stocks of the Federal Archives (BA) were evaluated - including files of the Reich Chancellery, the Reich Economics and the Reich Transport Ministry.

2) Printed sources on the history of the German motor transport sector: Periodicals of the industry and motorists´ associations, business press, industry directories and statistical sources. Evaluation of the publications of the Association of Automotive Industry and the journal of the German automotive engineering association.

Statistics sources: Three surveys of the Reich Statistical Office: an inventory statistics from 1907, the production statistics from 1901 and a foreign trade statistics from the 1901th

3) Literature: Selected literature on German automotive history (largely corporate historical literature, for example, company histories, type books).

Employment Rate in Germany decreased to 77.20 percent in the second quarter of 2025 from 77.30 percent in the first quarter of 2025. This dataset provides - Germany Employment Rate- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

In Germany, the crude birth rate in 1800 was 38 live births per thousand people, meaning that 3.8 percent of the population had been born in that year. In the nineteenth century, Germany's crude birth rate fluctuated between 34 and 40 births per thousand people. Since the turn of the twentieth century however, the crude birth rate has been in decline, although there were a few periods where it did increase. These increases took place during periods of economic recovery, after both world wars, and after the Great Depression. The largest period of increase was after the Second World War, and lasted until the late 1960s, before decreasing to 10.3 in 1980, where it then plateaus between eight and eleven, and it is expected to be 9.4 births per thousand people in 2020.

The industrializationprozess of the german city Darmstatd from 1815 to 1900 is described. Uecker defines the term industrialization as the diffusion of industrial mass products. The available operating range of the town – the contact of the economic area of Darmstadt with the sorrounding via the traffic system and the alternately incorporation of central markets and cities – is in close relationship to this diffusion-process.

The following topics are addessed: - Population Movement - Undertakings and employees by branch of trade and industry in Darmstadt - Infrastructure: water supply, canalisation, electricity supply, tramways - Development of railroading - Development of banking sector

Three time periods are distinguished: - basic process of industrilization till 1850 - the period from 1850 – 1870 as era of the formation of Darmstadt’s industry - expansion of Darmstadt’s industry (ca. 1870 - 1900)

Topics:

Datatables in HISTAT:

A. Population A.1 Population and Population movement in Darmstadt, 1800 - 1900

B. Expenses and Consumption of the City B.1 Import of coal, 1865 - 1900 B.2 The city’s expenses, 1869 - 1900

C. Transportation, Communication and Infrastructure C.1 Manufactoring facilities of rail-companies, 1846 - 1900 C.2 Transport performances and income of the Main-Neckar-railroad, 1847 - 1870 C.3 Railway station Darmstadt and the development of traffic of the Hessische Ludwigs-railway-company, 1846 - 1900 C.4 Railway station Darmstadt and the development of traffic of the Main-Neckar-railway-company, 1850 - 1900 C.5 Development of tramway, 1898/99 - 1909/10 C.6 Outgoing and incoming post of the post offices in Darmstadt, 1871-1900 C.7 Infrastructure: drinking water supply, 1880-1909 C.8 Infrastructure: canalisation, 1880-1910 C.9 Infrastructure: electricity supply g, 1893-1910

D. Bank houses D.1 Bank houses: Development and saving activities of the municipal savings bank, 1837-1861/70 D.2 Bank houses: Bank for trade and industry in Darmstadt, assets and liabilities, 1853-1870 D.3 Bank houses: Bank for trade and industry in Darmstadt, assets and liabilities, 1875-1900 D.4 Bank houses: Bank of South Germany (Bank für Süddeutschland) in Darmstadt, 1856-1870 D.5 Bank houses: Bank of South Germany (Bank für Süddeutschland) in Darmstadt, assets and liabilities, 1875-1900

E. craftsman, tradesman and occupation groups (no time series, therefore data are not in HISTAT. ordering at: http://www.gesis.org/dienstleistungen/daten/daten-historische-sozialf/querschnittsdaten)

E.1 craftsman and tradesman of selected production areas (1819, 1850, 1870) E.2 decline of individual businesses 1819 and 1850 E.3 employees by groups of trade and manufacturing per 1000 capita (Scheme of the german empire statistik (= Reichsstatistik) ), 1882, 1895 E.4 employees by occupational category in Darmstadt and of the German empire per 1000 capita, 1882 and 1895 E.5 undertakings and employees by industrial branches in Darmstadt, 1882 and 1895