Historical dataset of population level and growth rate for the Harare, Zimbabwe metro area from 1950 to 2025.

This statistic shows the total population of Zimbabwe from 2014 to 2024 by gender. In 2024, Zimbabwe's female population amounted to approximately 8.71 million, while the male population amounted to approximately 7.93 million inhabitants.

Abstract

The Zimbabwe: Results Monitoring Survey (RMS) 2023 is a household-level survey conducted by UNHCR to monitor key impact and outcome indicators among refugees, asylum seekers, and other forcibly displaced persons in Zimbabwe. The survey was implemented in two key locations: Harare and the Tongogara Refugee Settlement in Chipinge, using computer-assisted personal interviews (CAPI) to collect data on mobility, housing, basic needs, disability, and safety. A total of 226 households were surveyed in Harare with a 100% response rate, while 524 out of 600 sampled households responded in Tongogara, achieving an 87% response rate.The data, collected between October and November 2023, provides essential insights into the living conditions and challenges faced by the forcibly displaced population. Rigorous data processing and validation ensured high quality, making this dataset a valuable resource for guiding UNHCR’s operations, informing policy decisions, and supporting evidence-based programming in Zimbabwe.

Geographic coverage

Harare and Tongogara Refugee Settlement, Zimbabwe

Analysis unit

Household

Universe

Refugees, asylum seekers, and other forcibly displaced persons residing in Harare and Tongogara Refugee Settlement.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Probability: Stratified sampling. Households were sampled using systematic sampling based on a listing exercise, ensuring comprehensive and representative coverage of the refugee population in Harare and Tongogara.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The questionnaire covered key indicators on health, education, livelihoods, protection, and basic needs, tailored to the local context and operational requirements. Indicators were assessed at both household and individual levels.

Comprehensive population and demographic data for Harare Village

The 2015 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey (2015 ZDHS) is the sixth in a series of Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in Zimbabwe. As with prior surveys, the main objective of the 2015 ZDHS is to provide up-to-date information on fertility and child mortality levels; maternal mortality; fertility preferences and contraceptive use; utilization of maternal and child health services; women’s and children’s nutrition status; knowledge, attitudes and behaviours related to HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases; and domestic violence. All women age 15-49 and all men age 15-54 who are usual members of the selected households and those who spent the night before the survey in the selected households were eligible to be interviewed and for anaemia and HIV testing. All children age 6-59 months were eligible for anaemia testing, and children age 0-14 for HIV testing. In all households, height and weight measurements were recorded for children age 0-59 months, women age 15-49, and men age 15-54. The domestic violence module was administered to one selected woman selected in each of surveyed households. The 2015 ZDHS sample is designed to yield representative information for most indicators for the country as a whole, for urban and rural areas, and for each of Zimbabwe’s ten provinces (Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Matabeleland North, Matebeleland South, Midlands, Masvingo, Harare, and Bulawayo).

This statistic shows the biggest cities in Zimbabwe in 2022. In 2022, approximately **** million people lived in Harare, making it the biggest city in Zimbabwe.

These raster files show the land cover classification around Harare in 2006 and 2010. The classification results were based on Spot 5 imagery. Land cover classes in the attribute table are as follows:

Class 1 - Regular Residential (small planned buildings)
Class 2- Regular Residential (small unplanned buildings)
Class 3 - Commercial/Industrial (large buildings)
Class 4 - Natural (Vegetation/Soil/non built-up

This dataset is part of a paper which illustrates how the capabilities of GIS and satellite imagery can be harnessed to explore and better understand the urban form of several large African cities (Addis Ababa, Nairobi, Kigali, Dar es Salaam, and Dakar). To allow for comparability across very diverse cities, this work looks at the above mentioned cities through the lens of several spatial indicators and relies heavily on data derived from satellite imagery. First, it focuses on understanding the distribution of population across the city, and more specifically how the variations in population density could be linked to transportation. Second, it takes a closer look at the land cover in each city using a semi-automated texture based land cover classification that identifies neighborhoods that appear more regular or irregularly planned. Lastly, for the higher resolution images, this work studies the changes in the land cover classes as one moves from the city core to the periphery. This work also explored the classification of slightly coarser resolution imagery which allowed analysis of a broader number of cities, sixteen, provided the lower cost.

When using this dataset keep in mind: Accuracy is higher in closer to the City center, and the distinction between class 1 and class 2 has not been validated, so use with caution. To learn more about the methodology please refer to https://ssrn.com/abstract=2883394

Abstract

The 2010-2011 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey (2010-11 ZDHS) is one of a series of surveys undertaken by the Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT) as part of the Zimbabwe National Household Survey Capability Programme (ZNHSCP) and the worldwide MEASURE DHS programme.

The 2010-11 ZDHS is a follow-on to the 1988, 1994, 1999, and 2005-06 ZDHS surveys and provides updated estimates of basic demographic and health indicators covered in these earlier surveys. Data on malaria prevention and treatment, domestic violence, anaemia, and HIV/AIDS were also collected in the 2010-11 ZDHS. In contrast to the earlier surveys, the 2010-11 ZDHS was carried out using electronic personal digital assistants (PDAs) rather than paper questionnaires for recording responses during interviews.

The primary objective of the 2010-11 ZDHS is to provide up-to-date information on fertility levels, nuptiality, sexual activity, fertility preferences, awareness and use of family planning methods, breastfeeding practices, nutritional status of mothers and young children, early childhood mortality and maternal mortality, maternal and child health, and knowledge and behaviour regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Geographic coverage

The sample for the 2010-11 ZDHS was designed to provide population and health indicator estimates at the national and provincial levels. The sample design allows for specific indicators, such as contraceptive use, to be calculated for each of Zimbabwe's 10 provinces (Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands, Masvingo, Harare, and Bulawayo).

Analysis unit

Household, individual, adult woman, adult male,

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

The sample for the 2010-11 ZDHS was designed to provide population and health indicator estimates at the national and provincial levels. The sample design allows for specific indicators, such as contraceptive use, to be calculated for each of Zimbabwe’s 10 provinces (Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands, Masvingo, Harare, and Bulawayo). The sampling frame used for the 2010-11 ZDHS was the 2002 Population Census.

Administratively, each province in Zimbabwe is divided into districts and each district into smaller administrative units called wards. During the 2002 Population Census, each of the wards was subdivided into enumeration areas (EAs). The 2010-11 ZDHS sample was selected using a stratified, two-stage cluster design, and EAs were the sampling units for the first stage. Overall, the sample included 406 EAs, 169 in urban areas and 237 in rural areas.

Households were the units for the second stage of sampling. A complete listing of households was carried out in each of the 406 selected EAs in July and August 2010. Maps were drawn for each of the clusters, and all private households were listed. The listing excluded institutional living facilities (e.g., army barracks, hospitals, police camps, and boarding schools). A representative sample of 10,828 households was selected for the 2010-11 ZDHS.

All women age 15-49 and all men age 15-54 who were either permanent residents of the selected households or visitors who stayed in the household the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed. Anaemia testing was performed in each household among eligible women and men who consented to being tested. With the parent’s or guardian’s consent, children age 6-59 months were also tested for anaemia. Also, among eligible women and men who consented, blood samples were collected for laboratory testing of HIV in each household. In addition, one eligible woman in each household was randomly selected to be asked additional questions about domestic violence.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face

Research instrument

Three questionnaires were used for the 2010-11 ZDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Woman’s Questionnaire, and the Man’s Questionnaire. These questionnaires were adapted from model survey instruments developed for the MEASURE DHS project to reflect population and health issues relevant to Zimbabwe. Relevant issues were identified at a series of meetings with various stakeholders from government ministries and agencies, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and international donors. Also, more than 30 individuals representing 19 separate stakeholders attended a questionnaire design meeting on 8-9 February 2010. In addition to English, the questionnaires were translated into two major languages, Shona and Ndebele.

The Household Questionnaire was used to list all of the usual members and visitors of selected households. Some basic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed, including his or her age, sex, education, and relationship to the head of the household. For children under age 18, survival status of the parents was determined. The data on age and sex obtained in the Household Questionnaire were used to identify women and men who were eligible for an individual interview. Additionally, the Household Questionnaire collected information on characteristics of the household’s dwelling unit, such as the source of water, type of toilet facilities, materials used for the floor of the house, ownership of various durable goods, and ownership and use of mosquito nets (to assess the coverage of malaria prevention programmes).

The Woman’s Questionnaire was used to collect information from all women age 15-49. These women were asked questions on the following topics: - Background characteristics (age, education, media exposure, etc.) - Birth history and childhood mortality - Knowledge and use of family planning methods - Fertility preferences - Antenatal, delivery, and postnatal care - Breastfeeding and infant feeding practices - Vaccinations and childhood illnesses - Marriage and sexual activity - Women’s work and husbands’ background characteristics - Malaria prevention and treatment - Awareness and behaviour regarding AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) - Adult mortality, including maternal mortality - Domestic violence

The Man’s Questionnaire was administered to all men age 15-54 in each household in the 2010-11 ZDHS sample. The Man’s Questionnaire collected much of the same information found in the Woman’s Questionnaire but was shorter because it did not contain a detailed reproductive history or questions on maternal and child health.

In this survey, instead of using paper questionnaires, interviewers used personal digital assistants to record responses during interviews.

Cleaning operations

In this survey, instead of using paper questionnaires, interviewers used personal digital assistants to record responses during interviews. The PDAs were equipped with Bluetooth technology to enable remote electronic transfer of files (e.g., transfer of assignment sheets from team supervisors to interviewers and transfer of completed questionnaires from interviewers to supervisors). The PDA data collection system was developed by the MEASURE DHS project using the mobile version of CSPro. CSPro is software developed jointly by the U.S. Census Bureau, the MEASURE DHS project, and Serpro S.A.

All electronic data files for the ZDHS were returned to the ZIMSTAT central office in Harare, where they were stored on a password-protected computer. The data processing operation included secondary editing, which involved resolution of computer-identified inconsistencies and coding of open-ended questions. Two members of the data processing staff processed the data. Data editing was accomplished using CSPro software. Office editing and data processing were initiated in October 2010 and completed in May 2011.

Response rate

A total of 10,828 households were selected for the sample, of which 10,166 were found to be occupied during the survey fieldwork. The shortfall was largely due to members of some households being away for an extended period of time and to structures that were found to be vacant at the time of the interview. Of the 10,166 existing households, 9,756 were successfully interviewed, yielding a household response rate of 96 percent. A total of 9,831 eligible women were identified in the interviewed households, and 9,171 of these women were interviewed, yielding a response rate of 93 percent. Of the 8,723 eligible men identified, 7,480 were successfully interviewed (86 percent response rate). The principal reason for nonresponse among both eligible men and women was the failure to find them at home despite repeated visits to the households. The lower response rate among men than among women was due to the more frequent and longer absences of men from the households. Nevertheless, the response rates for both women and men were higher in the 2010-11 ZDHS than in the 2005-06 ZDHS (in which response rates were 90 percent for women and 82 percent for men).

Sampling error estimates

Sampling errors for the 2010-11 ZDHS are calculated for selected variables considered to be of primary interest.

These raster files show the land cover classification around Harare in 2006 and 2010. The classification results were based on Spot 5 imagery. Land cover classes in the attribute table are as follows: Class 1 Regular Residential (small planned buildings) Class 2- Regular Residential (small unplanned buildings) Class 3 Commercial/Industrial (large buildings) Class 4 Natural (Vegetation/Soil/non built-up This dataset is part of a paper which illustrates how the capabilities of GIS and satellite imagery can be harnessed to explore and better understand the urban form of several large African cities (Addis Ababa, Nairobi, Kigali, Dar es Salaam, and Dakar). To allow for comparability across very diverse cities, this work looks at the above mentioned cities through the lens of several spatial indicators and relies heavily on data derived from satellite imagery. First, it focuses on understanding the distribution of population across the city, and more specifically how the variations in population density could be linked to transportation. Second, it takes a closer look at the land cover in each city using a semi-automated texture based land cover classification that identifies neighborhoods that appear more regular or irregularly planned. Lastly, for the higher resolution images, this work studies the changes in the land cover classes as one moves from the city core to the periphery. This work also explored the classification of slightly coarser resolution imagery which allowed analysis of a broader number of cities, sixteen, provided the lower cost. When using this dataset keep in mind: Accuracy is higher in closer to the City center, and the distinction between class 1 and class 2 has not been validated, so use with caution. To learn more about the methodology please refer to https://ssrn.com/abstract=2883394

Abstract

The 2005-2006 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey (2005-06 ZDHS) is one of a series of surveys undertaken by the Central Statistical Office (CSO) as part of the Zimbabwe National Household Survey Capability Programme (ZNHSCP) and the worldwide MEASURE DHS programme. The Ministry of Health and Child Welfare (MOH&CW), Zimbabwe National Family Planning Council (ZNFPC), and the Musasa Project contributed significantly to the design, implementation, and analysis of the 2005-06 ZDHS results. Financial support for the 2005-06 ZDHS was provided by the government of Zimbabwe, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), the United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The Demographic and Health Research Division of Macro International Inc. (Macro) provided technical assistance during all phases of the survey.

While significantly expanded in content, the 2005-06 ZDHS is a follow-on to the 1988, 1994, and 1999 ZDHS and provides updated estimates of basic demographic and health indicators covered in the earlier surveys. In addition, data on malaria prevention and treatment, domestic violence, anaemia, and HIV/AIDS were also collected in the 2005-06 ZDHS. The primary objectives of the 2005-06 ZDHS project are to provide up-to-date information on fertility levels; nuptiality; sexual activity; fertility preferences; awareness and use of family planning methods; breastfeeding practices; nutritional status of mothers and young children; early childhood mortality and maternal mortality; maternal and child health; and awareness, behaviour, and prevalence regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Children under five years
• Women age 15-49
• Men age 15-54

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

The sample for the 2005-06 ZDHS was designed to provide population and health indicator estimates at the national and provincial levels. The sample design allowed for specific indicators, such as contraceptive use, to be calculated for each of the 10 provinces (Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands, Masvingo, Harare, and Bulawayo). The sampling frame used for the 2005-06 ZDHS was the 2002 Zimbabwe Master Sample (ZMS02) developed by CSO after the 2002 population census. With the exception of Harare and Bulawayo, each of the other eight provinces was stratified into four strata according to land use: communal lands, large-scale commercial farming areas (LSCFA), urban and semi-urban areas, smallscale commercial farming areas (SSCFA), and resettlement areas. Only one urban stratum was formed each for Harare and Bulawayo, providing a total of 34 strata.

A representative probability sample of 10,800 households was selected for the 2005-06 ZDHS. The sample was selected in two stages with enumeration areas (EAs) as the first stage and households as the second stage sampling units. In total 1,200 EAs were selected with probability proportional to size (PPS), the size being the number of households enumerated in the 2002 census. The selection of the EAs was a systematic, one-stage operation carried out independently for each of the 34 strata. The 1,200 ZMS02 EAs were divided into three replicates of 400 EAs each. One of the replicates consisting of 400 EAs was used for the 2005-06 ZDHS. In the second stage, a complete listing of households and mapping exercise was carried out for each cluster in January 2005. The list of households obtained was used as the frame for the second stage random selection of households. The listing excluded people living in institutional households (army barracks, hospitals, police camps, boarding schools, etc.). CSO provincial supervisors also trained provincial CSO officers to use global positioning system (GPS) receivers to take the coordinates of the 2005-06 ZDHS sample clusters.

All women age 15-49 and all men age 15-54 who were either permanent residents of the households in the 2005-06 ZDHS sample or visitors present in the household on the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed. Anaemia and HIV testing was performed in each household among eligible women and men who consented to either or both tests. With the parent's or guardian's consent, children age 6-59 months were tested for anaemia in each household. In addition, a sub-sample of one eligible woman in each household was randomly selected to be asked additional questions about domestic violence.

Note: See detailed sample implementation summary tables in Appendix A of the Final Report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]F

Research instrument

Three questionnaires were used for the 2005-06 ZDHS: a Household Questionnaire, a Women’s Questionnaire, and a Men’s Questionnaire. These questionnaires were adapted to reflect the population and health issues relevant to Zimbabwe at a series of meetings with various stakeholders from government ministries and agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and international donors. Three language versions of the questionnaires were produced: Shona, Ndebele, and English.

The Household Questionnaire was used to list all the usual members and visitors of selected households. Some basic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed, including his or her age, sex, education, and relationship to the head of the household. For children under age 18, survival status of the parents was determined. If a child in the household had a parent who was sick for more than three consecutive months in the 12 months preceding the survey or a parent who had died, additional questions related to support for orphans and vulnerable children were asked. Additionally, if an adult in the household was sick for more than three consecutive months in the 12 months preceding the survey or an adult in the household died, questions were asked related to support for sick people or people who have died. The Household Questionnaire was also used to identify women and men who were eligible for the individual interview. Additionally, the Household Questionnaire collected information on characteristics of the household’s dwelling unit, such as the source of water, type of toilet facilities, materials used for the floor of the house, ownership of various durable goods, and ownership and use of mosquito nets. The Household Questionnaire was also used to record height, weight, and haemoglobin measurements for children age 6-59 months.

The Women’s Questionnaire was used to collect information from all women age 15-49. These women were asked questions on the following topics: - Background characteristics (education, residential history, media exposure, etc.) - Birth history and childhood mortality - Knowledge and use of family planning methods - Fertility preferences - Antenatal, delivery and postnatal care - Breastfeeding and infant feeding practices - Vaccinations and childhood illnesses - Marriage and sexual activity - Women’s work and husband’s background characteristics - Women’s and children’s nutritional status - Domestic violence - Awareness and behaviour regarding AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) - Adult mortality including maternal mortality.

As in the 1999 ZDHS, a “calendar” was used in the 2005-06 ZDHS to collect information on the respondent’s reproductive history since January 2000 concerning contraceptive method use, sources of contraception, reasons for contraceptive discontinuation, and marital unions. In addition, interviewing teams measured the height and weight of all children under the age of five years and of all women age 15-49.

The Men’s Questionnaire was administered to all men age 15-54 in each household in the 2005-06 ZDHS sample. The Men’s Questionnaire collected much of the same information found in the Women’s Questionnaire but was shorter because it did not contain a detailed reproductive history or questions on maternal and child health or nutrition.

Response rate

A total of 10,752 households were selected for the sample, of which 9,778 were currently occupied. The shortfall was largely due to some households no longer existing in the sampled clusters at the time of the interview. Of the 9,778 existing households, 9,285 were successfully interviewed, yielding a household response rate of 95 percent.

In the interviewed households, 9,870 eligible women were identified and, of these, 8,907 were interviewed, yielding a response rate of 90 percent. Of the 8,761 eligible men identified, 7,175 were successfully interviewed (82 percent response rate). The principal reason for nonresponse among both eligible men and women was the failure to find them at home despite repeated visits to the households. The lower response rate among men than among women was due to the more frequent and longer absences of men from the households.

Note: See summarized response rates in Table 1.3 of the Final Report.

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: (1) non-sampling errors, and (2) sampling errors. Non-sampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data

Abstract

The 1994 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) is a nationally representative survey of 6,128 women age 15-49 and 2,141 men age 15-54. The ZDHS was implemented by the Central Statistical Office (CSO), with significant technical guidance provided by the Ministry of Health and Child Welfare (MOH&CW) and the Zimbabwe National Family Planning Council (ZNFPC). Macro International Inc. (U.S.A.) provided technical assistance throughout the course of the project in the context of the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) programme, while financial assistance was provided by the U.S, Agency for International Development (USAID/Harare). Data collection for the ZDHS was conducted from July to November 1994.

As in the 1988 ZDHS, the 1994 ZDHS was designed to provide information on levels and trends in fertility, family planning knowledge and use, infant and child mortality, and maternal and child health. How- ever, the 1994 ZDHS went further, collecting data on: compliance with contraceptive pill use, knowledge and behaviours related to AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, and mortality related to pregnancy and childbearing (i.e., maternal mortality). The ZDHS data are intended for use by programme managers and policymakers to evaluate and improve family planning and health programmes in Zimbabwe.

The primary objectives of the 1994 ZDHS were to provide up-to-date information on: fertility levels; nuptiality; sexual activity; fertility preferences; awareness and use of family planning methods; breastfeeding practices; nutritional status of mothers and young children; early childhood mortality and maternal mortality; maternal and child health, and awareness and behaviour regarding AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. The 1994 ZDHS is a follow-up of the 1988 ZDHS, also implemented by CSO. While significantly expanded in scope, the 1994 ZDHS provides updated estimates of basic demographic and health indicators covered in the earlier survey.

MAIN RESULTS

FERTILITY

Survey results show that Zimbabwe has experienced a fairly rapid decline in fertility over the past decade.

Despite the decline in fertility, childbearing still begins early for many women. One in five women age 15-19 has begun childbearing (i.e., has already given birth or is pregnant with her first child). More than half of women have had a child before age 20.

Births that occur too soon after a previous birth face higher risks of undemutrition, illness, and death. The 1994 ZDHS indicates that 12 percent of births in Zimbabwe take place less than two years after a prior birth.

Marriage. The age at which women and men marry has risen slowly over the past 20 years. Nineteen percent of currently married women are in a polygynous union (i.e., their husband has at least one other wife). This represents a small rise in polygyny since the 1988 ZDHS when 17 percent of married women were in polygynous unions.

Fertility Preferences. Around one-third of both women and men in Zimbabwe want no more children. The survey results show that, of births in the last three years, 1 in 10 was unwanted and in 1 in three was mistimed. If all unwanted births were avoided, the fertility rate in Zimbabwe would fall from 4.3 to 3.5 children per woman.

FAMILY PLANNING

Knowledge and use of family planning in Zimbabwe has continued to rise over the last several years. The 1994 ZDHS shows that virtually all married women (99 percent) and men (100 percent) were able to cite at least one modem method of contraception. Contraceptive use varies widely among geographic and socioeconomic subgroups. Fifty-eight per- cent of married women in Harare are using a modem method versus 28 percent in Manicaland. Government-sponsored providers remain the chief source of contraceptive methods in Zimbabwe. Survey results show that 15 percent of married women have an unmet need for family planning (either for spacing or limiting births).

CHILDHOOD MORTALITY

One of the main objectives of the ZDHS was to document the levels and trends in mortality among children under age five. The 1994 ZDHS results show that child survival prospects have not improved since the late 1980s. The ZDHS results show that childhood mortality is especially high when associated with two factors: short preceding birth interval and low level of maternal education.

MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH

Utilisation of antenatal services is high in Zimbabwe; in the three years before the survey, mothers received antenatal care for 93 percent of births. About 70 percent of births take place in health facilities; however, this figure varies from around 53 percent in Manicaland and Mashonaland Central to 94 percent in Bulawayo. It is important for the health of both the mother and child that trained medical personnel are available in cases of prolonged or obstructed delivery, which are major causes of maternal morbidity and mortality. Twenty-four percent of children under age three were reported to have had diarrhoea in the two weeks preceding the survey.

Nutrition. Almost all children (99 percent) are breastfed for some period of time; When food supplementation begins, wide disparity exists in the types of food received by children in different geographic and socioecoaomic groups. Generally, children living in urban areas (Harare and Bulawayo, in particular) and children of more educated women receive protein-rich foods (e.g., meat, eggs, etc.) on a more regular basis than other children.

AIDS

AIDS-related Knowledge and Behaviour. All but a fraction of Zimbabwean women and men have heard of AIDS, but the quality of that knowledge is sometimes poor. Condom use and limiting the number of sexual partners were cited most frequently by both women and men as ways to avoid the AIDS Virus. While general knowledge of condoms is nearly universal among both women and men, when asked where they could get a condom, 30 Percent of women and 20 percent of men could not cite a single source.

Geographic coverage

The 1994 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) is a nationally representative survey.

Analysis unit

• Household
• Women age 15-49
• Men age 15-54
• Children under five years

Universe

The population covered by the 1994 ZDHS is defined as the universe of all women age 15-49 in Zimbabwe and all men age 15-54 living in the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

SAMPLING FRAME

The area sampling frame for the ZDHS was the 1992 Zimbabwe Master Sample (ZMS92), which was developed by the Central Statistical Office (CSO) following the 1992 Population Census for use in demographic and socio-economic surveys. The sample for ZMS92 was designed to be almost nationally representative: people residing on state land (national parks, safari areas, etc.) and in institutions, which account for less than one percent of the total population, were not included. The sample was stratified and selected in two stages. With the exception of Harare and Bulawayo, each of the other eight provinces in the country was stratified into four groups according to land use: communal land, large-scale farming, urban and semi-urban areas, and small scale fanning and resettlement areas. In Harare and Bulawayo, only an urban stratum was formed.

The primary sampling unit (PSU) was the enumeration area (EA), as defined in the 1992 Population Census. A total of 395 EAs were selected with probability proportional to size, the size being the number of households enumerated in the 1992 Population Census. The selection of the EAs was a systematic, one- stage operation, carried out independently for each of 34 strata. In each stratum, implicit stratification was introduced by ordering the EAs geographically within the hierarchy of administrative units (wards and districts within provinces).

An evaluation of the ZMS92 showed that it oversampled urban areas: in the ZMS92 the proportion of urban households is about 36 percent while, according to the preliminary results of the 1992 Population Census, this proportion is about 32 percent.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ZDHS SAMPLE

The sample for the ZDHS was selected from the ZMS92 master sample in two stages. In the first stage, 230 EAs were selected with equal probabilities. Since the EAs in the ZMS92 master sample were selected with probability proportional to size from the sampling frame, equal probability selection of a subsample of these EAs for the ZDHS was equivalent to selection with probability proportional to size from the entire sampling frame. A complete listing of the households in the selected EAs was carried out. The list of households obtained was used as the frame for the second-stage sampling, which was the selection of the households to be visited by the ZDHS interviewing teams during the main survey fieldwork. Women between the ages of 15 and 49 were identified in these households and interviewed. In 40 percent of the households selected for the main survey, men between the ages of 15 and 54 were interviewed with a male questionnaire.

SAMPLE ALLOCATION

Stratification in the ZDHS consisted of grouping the ZMS92 strata into two main strata only: urban and rural. Thus the ZDHS rural stratum consists of communal land, large scale farming, and small scale farming and resettlement areas, while the ZDHS urban stratum corresponds exactly to the urban/semi-urban stratum of the ZMS92.

The proportional allocation would result in a completely self-weighting sample but did not allow for reliable estimates for provinces. Results of other demographic and health surveys show that a minimum sample of 1,000 women i:; required in order to obtain estimates of fertility and childhood mortality rates at an acceptable level of sampling errors. Given that the total sample

Abstract

The 2015 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) was implemented by the Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT) from July through December 2015, with a nationally representative sample of over 11,000 households. Women age 15-49 and men age 15-54 in these households were eligible for individual interviews. The 2015 ZDHS is a follow-up survey to the 1988, 1994, 1999, 2005-06, and 2010-11 ZDHS surveys that provides updated estimates of basic demographic and health indicators.

The primary objective of the 2015 ZDHS survey is to provide current estimates of basic demographic and health indicators. The ZDHS collected information on fertility levels, marriage, sexual activity, fertility preferences, awareness and use of family planning methods, breastfeeding practices, nutritional status of mothers and young children, early childhood mortality, maternal mortality, maternal and child health, knowledge and behaviour related to HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), smoking, knowledge of cervical cancer, and male circumcision. In addition, the 2015 ZDHS provides estimates of anaemia prevalence among children age 6-59 months, women age 15-49, and men age 15-54, and HIV prevalence for all females age 0-49 and all males age 0-54.

The information collected through the ZDHS will assist policy makers and programme managers in evaluating and designing programmes and strategies for improving the health of the country’s population.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Household Women Men Children

Universe

the survey covered all children age 6-59 months, all women age 15-49, and all men age 15-54

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The 2015 ZDHS sample was designed to yield representative information for most indicators for the country as a whole, for urban and rural areas, and for each of Zimbabwe’s ten provinces: Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands, Masvingo, Harare, and Bulawayo. The 2012 Zimbabwe Population Census was used as the sampling frame for the 2015 ZDHS.

Administratively, each province in Zimbabwe is divided into districts, and each district is divided into smaller administrative units called wards. During the 2012 Zimbabwe Population Census, each ward was subdivided into convenient areas, which are called census enumeration areas (EAs). The 2015 ZDHS sample was selected with a stratified, two-stage cluster design, with EAs as the sampling units for the first stage. The 2015 ZDHS sample included 400 EAs—166 in urban areas and 234 in rural areas.

The second stage of sampling included the listing exercises for all households in the survey sample. A complete listing of households was conducted for each of the 400 selected EAs in March 2015. Maps were drawn for each of the clusters and all private households were listed. The listing excluded institutional living arrangements such as army barracks, hospitals, police camps, and boarding schools. A representative sample of 11,196 households was selected for the 2015 ZDHS.

Women age 15-49 and men age 15-54 who were either permanent residents of the selected households or visitors who stayed in the household the night before the survey were eligible for interviewing. Anaemia testing was performed in all households among eligible women age 15-49 and men age 15-54 who consented to testing. With the parent’s or guardian’s consent, children age 6-59 months were also tested for anaemia in these households. With consent from the respondent or parental or guardian consent for minors, blood samples were collected in all households for HIV testing in the laboratory for females age 0-49 and males age 0-54. In addition, a sub-sample of one eligible woman in each household was randomly selected to be asked additional questions about domestic violence.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

Four questionnaires were used for the 2015 ZDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Woman’s Questionnaire, the Man’s Questionnaire, and the Biomarker Questionnaire. These questionnaires were adapted from model survey instruments developed for The DHS Program to reflect the population and health issues relevant to Zimbabwe. Issues were identified at a series of meetings with various stakeholders from government ministries and agencies, research and training institutions, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and development partners. In addition to English, the questionnaires were translated into two major languages, Shona and Ndebele. All four questionnaires were programmed into tablet computers to facilitate computer assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) for data collection, with the option to choose English, Shona, or Ndebele for each questionnaire.

Cleaning operations

CSPro was used for data editing, weighting, cleaning, and tabulation. In ZIMSTAT’s central office, data received from the supervisor’s tablets were registered and checked for inconsistencies and outliers. Data editing and cleaning included structure and internal consistency checks to ensure the completeness of work in the field. Any anomalies were communicated to the respective team through the technical team and the team supervisor. The corrected results were then re-sent to the central office.

Response rate

A total of 11,196 households were selected for inclusion in the 2015 ZDHS and of these, 10,657 were found to be occupied. A total of 10,534 households were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 99 percent.

In the interviewed households, 10,351 women were identified as eligible for the individual interview, and 96 percent of them were successfully interviewed. For men, 9,132 were identified as eligible for interview, with 92 percent successfully interviewed.

The 2015 ZDHS achieved a higher response rates than the 2010-11 ZDHS for households, women, and men. The increase in the response rates is particularly notable in urban areas.

Abstract

the Zimbabwe Multiple Indicator Monitoring Survey (MIMS), conducted by the Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT), formerly the Central Statistical Office (CSO), in April and May 2009, with financial and technical assistance from the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). The MIMS 2009 is a customised version of the third Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey1 (MICS3), which collects a broad array of valuable information on the situation of children and women in Zimbabwe. The MICS has been harmonized with other data collection efforts so that it produces internationally comparable information, which is the cornerstone of evidence-based decision making and formulation of policies, strategies and interventions, aimed at the improvement of the lives of children, women and other vulnerable groups.

The MICS uses three modular questionnaires that can be customized to fit national data needs. It measures key indicators on the following topics: nutrition, child mortality, child health, reproductive health, child development, education, child protection, HIV and AIDS, sexual behaviour and Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC). In the process of customizing MICS3 to MIMS, additional non-MICS questions on household expenditure, migration, and environmental assessment were added and some modules such as child development and sexual behaviour were excluded. However, the MIMS data collection instruments remained mostly the same as the global MICS instruments to ensure comparability with national data sets such as the Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) as well as data from other countries.

The MIMS was based on the need to monitor progress towards goals and targets emanating from recent international agreements such as the Millennium Declaration which enshrines the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), adopted by all 191 United Nations Member States in September 2000; the Plan of Action of A World Fit For Children (WFFC), adopted by 189 Member States at the United Nations Special Session on Children in May 2002; the Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989; and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 1979 and the United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS), 2001 on the human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). All these commitments build upon promises made by the international community at the 1990 World Summit for Children. In signing these international agreements, governments committed themselves to improving conditions for women and children and to monitor progress towards that end. UNICEF was assigned a supporting role in this task as highlighted in Appendix Box A.

The MIMS, a customized version of the MICS3, is part of a worldwide survey program, originally developed to measure progress towards an internationally agreed set of goals that emerged from the 1990 World Summit for Children.

Specifically, the MIMS 2009 objectives were to: • collect socio-economic data that will bring out an array of information on health, human capital and well-being of the population that can be used as a baseline for development interventions; • provide decision makers with evidence on children’s and women’s rights and other vulnerable groups in Zimbabwe; • serve as a monitoring tool on almost half of all the 2015 Millennium Development Goal (MDG) indicators, the goals of A World Fit For Children (WFFC), and other internationally agreed upon goals, as a basis for future action; and • build capacity of national partners in data collection, compilation, processing, analysis and reporting.

Geographic coverage

The MIMS 2009 was designed to estimate indicators at the national level, for urban and rural areas,

Analysis unit

Household Women Children

Universe

the survey covered: - All household's members - All Women aged 15-49 years - All children under five years

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The MIMS 2009 was designed to provide estimates on a large number of indicators on the health status of women, children and other vulnerable populations at the national level, for urban and rural areas, as well as for the 10 administrative provinces in Zimbabwe namely; Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands, Masvingo, Harare, and Bulawayo. Harare and Bulawayo provinces are predominantly urban provinces whilst the rest are predominantly rural.

The sampling frame for the MIMS was based on the 2002 Zimbabwe Master Sample (ZMS02), developed by the ZIMSTAT, then the CSO after the 2002 Population Census. With the exception of Harare and Bulawayo, each of the other eight provinces was stratified into four groups according to land use: (i) communal lands, (ii) large scale commercial farming areas (LSCFA), (iii) urban and semi-urban areas, and (iv) small scale commercial farming areas (SSCFA) and resettlement areas. Only one urban stratum each was formed for Harare and Bulawayo. There were a total of 34 strata for the whole country.

A representative probability sample of 12 500 households was selected for the MIMS 2009. The sample was selected in two stages with enumeration areas (EAs) as the first stage and households as the second stage sampling units. Each EA was delineated for the 2002 Population Census operations with well-defined boundaries identified on sketch maps, and the EA size was based on the expected workload for one interviewer. The EAs had an average of 100 households each, which was ideal for the survey listing operation.

In total the ZMS02 consists of 1 200 EAs selected with probability proportional to size (PPS), the size being the number of households enumerated in the 2002 Population Census. The MIMS EA selection was a systematic, one-stage operation, carried out independently for each of the 34 strata. In the second stage, a complete listing of households was conducted in the 500 sample EAs for the MIMS 2009 from 23 to 28 February 2009 concurrently for the 10 provinces. The list of households obtained was used as the frame for the second stage random systematic selection of 25 households from each sample EA. Within these selected households, all women aged 15-49 years identified were eligible for individual interviews. In addition, children under five years in the selected households were also identified and either their mothers or caretakers were interviewed on their behalf and children's measurements of weight, height and Mid-Upper- Arm Circumference (MUAC) taken and oedema checked.

The sample was stratified by province and land use and is not self-weighting. For reporting national level results, sample weights are used.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Three questionnaires were used in the survey as follows: • A household questionnaire was used to collect information on all de-jure and defacto household members, dwelling units, household characteristics and to identify eligible individuals for the women and children questionnaire interviews; • A woman’s questionnaire was administered in each selected household to all women aged 15-49 years; and • A questionnaire for children under five years was administered to mothers or caretakers of all children under five years living in the household.

The questionnaires were based on the MICS model questionnaire with modifications and additions. Even though the questionnaires were in English, they were translated into the various vernacular languages during interviews. Copies of the Zimbabwe MIMS questionnaires are provided in Appendix H. In addition to the administration of questionnaires, fieldwork teams measured the weights, heights and Mid-Upper-Arm Circumference (MUAC) and checked oedema of children age under 5 years.

Cleaning operations

DATA PROCESSING Data was entered on 56 microcomputers by 56 data entry operators, four questionnaire administrators and four data entry supervisors using the Census and Survey Processing (CSPro) system. In order to ensure quality control, all questionnaires were double entered and Survey Management Team as secondary editors complemented the efforts of the data entry supervisors to perform internal consistency checks. Procedures and standard programs developed under the global MICS3 Project were adapted to the MIMS questionnaire and used throughout the processing. One week data entry training was organized for all data entry operators from 27 April to 1 May, 2009. Data entry began on 5 May two weeks after fieldwork had started and the two activities ran concurrently thereafter. Data entry was completed on 24 June, 2009 and the last ten days included secondary editing. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software and the model program syntax and tabulation plans were customized for the MIMS.

QUALITY CONTROL Various quality control measures were put in place to ensure collection and dissemination of high quality data. Some of the controls used included:

Training: All interviewers were trained at one central location and this ensured that the same information and understanding of the survey objectives, instruments and filed operations were shared amongst them resulting in consistency of definitions thus ensuring collection of reliable information.

Field teams supervision: Effective office backup at the ZIMSTAT, then the CSO, head office during the data collection period enabled swift decision making in terms of handling any field work errors. A massive field presence for monitoring was mounted during the first three weeks of the

Abstract

The Zimbabwe Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) was conducted between February and April in 2014 by the Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT). Technical and financial support for the survey was coordinated by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF).

The MICS is designed to provide statistically sound and internationally comparable data essential for developing evidence-based policies and programmes and for monitoring progress towards national goals and global commitments, to enhance the welfare of women and children. Among these global commitments are those emanating from the World Fit for Children Declaration and Plan of Action, the goals of the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS (UNGASS), the Education for All Declaration (EFA) and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The Zimbabwe MICS 2014 results are critical for final MDG reporting in 2015, and are expected to form part of the baseline data for the post-2015 era. The MICS plays a critical role in informing national policies such as the Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Socio-Economic Transformation (ZimASSET) October 2013 to December 2018. The study covers the following areas: sample and survey methodology, sample coverage and the characteristics of households and respondents, child mortality, child nutrition, child health, water and sanitation, reproductive health, early childhood development, literacy and education, child protection, HIV and sexual behaviour, mass media and information and communication technology, and tobacco and alcohol use.

The Zimbabwe MICS is a nationally representative survey of 17,047 households, comprising 14,408 women in the 15-49 years age group, 7,914 men age 15-54 years and 10,223 children under 5 years of age. The sample allows for the estimation of some key indicators at the national, provincial and urban/rural levels. A two stage, stratified cluster sampling approach was used for the selection of the survey sample.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• individuals
• households

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged between 15-49 years, all men aged between 15-54 years and all children under 5 living in the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The primary objective of the sample design for the 2014 Zimbabwe MICS was to produce statistically reliable estimates of most indicators, at the national level, for urban and rural areas, and for the ten provinces of the country namely: Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands, Masvingo, Harare and Bulawayo. Urban and rural areas in each of the ten provinces were defined as the sampling strata.

A two-stage, stratified sampling approach was used for the selection of the survey sample.

The sample size for the 2014 Zimbabwe MICS was 17,068 households. For the calculation of the sample size the key indicator used was the birth registration.

The number of households selected per enumeration area/cluster for the 2014 Zimbabwe MICS was determined as 25 households, based on a number of considerations, including the design effect, the budget available, and the time that would be needed per team to complete one cluster. Dividing the total number of households by the number of sample households per cluster, it was calculated that 683 sample clusters would need to be selected nationwide.

Power allocation of the total sample size to the ten provinces was used. In total, 683 clusters were allocated to the ten provinces, with the final sample size calculated as 17 075 households (683 cluster*25 sample households per cluster). In each province, the clusters (primary sampling units) were distributed to the urban and rural domains proportionally to the number of urban and rural households in that province. The table below shows the allocation of clusters to the sampling strata. Of the 683 clusters, one cluster in Masvingo Province could not be covered due to floods which affected the Tokwe Mukosi area. Effectively, (682) clusters were covered during data collection.

The 2012 population census frame was used for the selection of clusters. Census enumeration areas were defined as primary sampling units (PSUs), and were selected from each of the sampling strata by using systematic sampling with probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling procedures the measure of size being the number of households in each enumeration area from the 2012 Population Census frame.

The first stage of sampling was thus completed by selecting the required number of enumeration areas from each of the ten provinces by urban and rural strata.

Since the sampling frame (the 2012 population census) was not up-to-date, a new listing of households was conducted in all the sample enumeration areas prior to the selection of households. Enumerators visited all of the selected enumeration areas and listed all households in each enumeration area. Two hundred enumerators were engaged in the listing operation and each enumerator covered a minimum of three clusters during the listing operation. The household listing operation involves three main steps: locating each cluster, preparing the location and sketch maps of each cluster, and the listing of all households found in each cluster. In some cases, segmentation was required for clusters with 300 or more households. The complete listing of large EAs is not cost effective. For that reason, large EAs were subdivided into smaller segments of which only one was selected and listed. Upon arrival in a large EA that may need segmentation, the enumerator first toured the EA and did a quick count to get the estimated number of households in the EA. The MICS standard recommends that each EA with 300 or more households should be subdivided into 2 or 3 segments. Where possible, the segments were roughly of equal size. However, it was important to adopt segment boundaries that were easily identifiable.

The second stage sampling procedure involved the selection of households after the listing operation. Lists of households and sketch maps were prepared by the listers/mappers in the field for each enumeration area. The households were then sequentially numbered from 1 to n (the total number of households in each enumeration area) at the provincial offices, where the selection of 25 households in each enumeration area was carried out using a household selection template.

The survey also had a questionnaire for men that was administered in every third household in each sampled cluster for interviews with all eligible men.

The sampling procedures are more fully described in "Zimbabwe Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2014 - Final Report" pp.333-335.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The questionnaires for the Generic MICS were structured questionnaires based on the MICS5 model questionnaire with some modifications and additions. Household questionnaires were administered in each household, which collected various information on household members including sex, age and relationship. The household questionnaire includes household information panel, listing of household members, education, child discipline for children 1-14 years of age, household characteristics, water and sanitation, handwashing, indoor residual spraying, use of Insect Treated Nets (ITNs), and salt iodisation.

In addition to a household questionnaire, questionnaires were administered in each household for women age 15-49, men age 15-49 and children under age five. The questionnaire was administered to the mother or primary caretaker of the child.

The women's questionnaire includes woman's information panel, her background characteristics, fertility, birth history, desire for last birth, maternal and newborn health, maternal mortality, postnatal care, marriage/union, illness symptoms, attitudes towards domestic violence, access to mass media and use of information communication technology, tobacco and alcohol use, contraception, unmet need, sexual behaviour, and knowledge on HIV and AIDS.

The men's questionnaire includes man's information panel, his background characteristics, fertility, marriage/union, attitudes towards domestic violence, access to mass media and use of information communication technology, tobacco and alcohol use, sexual behaviour, circumcision and knowledge on HIV and AIDS.

The children's questionnaire includes children's characteristics, birth registration, early childhood development, breastfeeding and dietary intake, care of illness, immunisation and anthropometry.

The questionnaires are based on the MICS5 model questionnaire. From the MICS5 model English version, the questionnaires were customised and translated into Chichewa and Tumbuka and were pre-tested in Kasungu district during October 2013. Based on the results of the pre-test, modifications were made to the wording and translation of the questionnaires.

In addition to the administration of questionnaires, fieldwork teams tested the salt used for cooking in the households for iodine content, observed the place for handwashing, and measured the weights and heights of children age under 5 years. Details and findings of these observations and measurements are provided in the respective sections of the report.

Cleaning operations

Data were entered into the computers using the Census and Surveys Processing System (CSPro) software package, Version 5.0. The data were entered on 32 desktop computers by 42 data entry operators and nine data entry supervisors. For quality assurance purposes, all

Abstract

The 2011 Labour Force and Child Labour Survey (LFCLS) is a component of the National Household Surveys Capability Programme designed to monitor living conditions. The LFCLS provides socioeconomic indicators useful in monitoring living conditions as well as providing in-depth information on the labour force in Zimbabwe. It seeks to accurately determine the current activity status of the population: who is economically active and who is not? Statistics on the size and composition of the two groups are key to formulating economic and social policies and related planning and research. The survey, therefore, focuses on social and economic characteristics, in particular, status in employment, industry, occupation, place of work and social security.

Preparations for the LFCLS were done by an internal committee which was set up in February 2008 to spearhead, guide and participate in the activities from design of survey instruments to dissemination. Representatives from the then Ministry of Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare, National Social Security Authority (NSSA), the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) were co-opted into the committee in recognition of their special needs for labour market information.

Objectives of the Survey The primary objectives are to provide information on: (a) The number of people classified according to their activity status (b) The size and characteristics of the economically active population, that is, the employed and the unemployed. (c) Informal sector employment and informal employment (d) Retrenchments (e) The number of working children (f) Detrimental effects of work on children (g) Living conditions in general.

Geographic coverage

National

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sample Design

The sampling frame used for the 2011 LFCLS was the 2002 Zimbabwe Master Sample (ZMS02) developed by the then Central Statistical Office after the 2002 Population Census. With the exception of Harare and Bulawayo, each of the other eight provinces was stratified into four strata according to land use: Communal Lands, Large Scale Commercial Farming Areas (LSCFA), Urban and Semi-Urban Areas, and Small Scale Commercial Farming Areas (SSCFA) and Resettlement Areas. Only one urban stratum was formed each in Harare and Bulawayo. This gave a total of 34 strata.

The survey used a two-stage sample design with EAs as the first and households as the second stage sampling units. In total 400 EAs were selected with probability proportional to size (PPS), the measure of size being the number of households enumerated in the 2002 Population Census. The selection of the EAs was a systematic, one-stage operation, carried out independently for each of the 34 strata. A complete listing of the households in the selected EAs was carried out and the list of households used as the frame for the second-stage systematic random selection of households.

The 2011 LFCLS had a sample size of 10 014 households. Each enumerator was assigned two EAs within the 21 days of data collection. Enumerators assigned urban EAs covered 21 households per EA whilst those assigned rural EAs covered 27 households per EA. No substitutions of non-responding households were done in this survey. If a dwelling unit was found being occupied by a different household then that household was interviewed in place of the listed one. If a dwelling unit had been destroyed and the household was still staying or living within the same EA, the household was followed and interviewed.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Numbers of suspected cases of typhoid fever, estimated population size, and attack rates by suburb, gender, and age group, in Dzivaresekwa and Kuwadzana suburbs, Harare, Zimbabwe, 10 October 2011–17 March 2012.

Abstract

The MIMS 2009 is a customised version of the third Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey1 (MICS3), which collects a broad array of valuable information on the situation of children and women in Zimbabwe. The MICS has been harmonized with other data collection efforts so that it produces internationally comparable information, which is the cornerstone of evidence-based decision making and formulation of policies, strategies and interventions, aimed at the improvement of the lives of children, women and other vulnerable groups.

The MICS uses three modular questionnaires that can be customized to fit national data needs. It measures key indicators on the following topics: nutrition, child mortality, child health, reproductive health, child development, education, child protection, HIV and AIDS, sexual behaviour and Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC). In the process of customizing MICS3 to MIMS, additional non-MICS questions on household expenditure, migration, and environmental assessment were added and some modules such as child development and sexual behaviour were excluded. However, the MIMS data collection instruments remained mostly the same as the global MICS instruments to ensure comparability with national data sets such as the Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) as well as data from other countries.

The MIMS was based on the need to monitor progress towards goals and targets emanating from recent international agreements such as the Millennium Declaration which enshrines the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), adopted by all 191 United Nations Member States in September 2000; the Plan of Action of A World Fit For Children (WFFC), adopted by 189 Member States at the United Nations Special Session on Children in May 2002; the Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989; and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 1979 and the United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS), 2001 on the human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). All these commitments build upon promises made by the international community at the 1990 World Summit for Children. In signing these international agreements, governments committed themselves to improving conditions for women and children and to monitor progress towards that end.

Specifically, the MIMS 2009 objectives were to: • collect socio-economic data that will bring out an array of information on health, human capital and well-being of the population that can be used as a baseline for development interventions; • provide decision makers with evidence on children’s and women’s rights and other vulnerable groups in Zimbabwe; • serve as a monitoring tool on almost half of all the 2015 Millennium Development Goal (MDG) indicators, the goals of A World Fit For Children (WFFC), and other internationally agreed upon goals, as a basis for future action; and • build capacity of national partners in data collection, compilation, processing, analysis and reporting.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Households
• Children under five years
• Women aged 15-49

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sample Design The MIMS 2009 was designed to provide estimates on a large number of indicators on the health status of women, children and other vulnerable populations at the national level, for urban and rural areas, as well as for the 10 administrative provinces in Zimbabwe namely; Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands, Masvingo, Harare, and Bulawayo. Harare and Bulawayo provinces are predominantly urban provinces whilst the rest are predominantly rural. The sampling frame for the MIMS was based on the 2002 Zimbabwe Master Sample (ZMS02),developed by the ZIMSTAT, then the CSO after the 2002 Population Census. With the exception of Harare and Bulawayo, each of the other eight provinces was stratified into four groups according to land use: (i) communal lands, (ii) large scale commercial farming areas (LSCFA), (iii) urban and semi-urban areas, and (iv) small scale commercial farming areas (SSCFA) and resettlement areas. Only one urban stratum each was formed for Harare and Bulawayo. There were a total of 34 strata for the whole country.

A representative probability sample of 12 500 households was selected for the MIMS 2009. The sample was selected in two stages with enumeration areas (EAs) as the first stage and households as the second stage sampling units. Each EA was delineated for the 2002 Population Census operations with well-defined boundaries identified on sketch maps, and the EA size was based on the expected workload for one interviewer. The EAs had an average of 100 households each, which was ideal for the survey listing operation.

In total the ZMS02 consists of 1 200 EAs selected with probability proportional to size (PPS), the size being the number of households enumerated in the 2002 Population Census. The MIMS EA selection was a systematic, one-stage operation, carried out independently for each of the 34 strata. In the second stage, a complete listing of households was conducted in the 500 sample EAs for the MIMS 2009 from 23 to 28 February 2009 concurrently for the 10 provinces. The list of households obtained was used as the frame for the second stage random systematic selection of 25 households from each sample EA. Within these selected households, all women aged 15-49 years identified were eligible for individual interviews. In addition, children under five years in the selected households were also identified and either their mothers or caretakers were interviewed on their behalf and children's measurements of weight, height and Mid-Upper-Arm Circumference (MUAC) taken and oedema checked.

The sample was stratified by province and land use and is not self-weighting. For reporting national level results, sample weights are used.

Note: Detailed sample design description can be found in Appendix B of the 2009 Zimbabwe MIMS final report.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Three questionnaires were used in the survey as follows: • A household questionnaire -- was used to collect information on all de-jure and defacto household members, dwelling units, household characteristics and to identify eligible individuals for the women and children questionnaire interviews; • A woman’s questionnaire -- was administered in each selected household to all women aged 15-49 years; and • A questionnaire for children under five years -- was administered to mothers or caretakers of all children under five years living in the household.

The questionnaires were based on the MICS model questionnaire with modifications and additions. Even though the questionnaires were in English, they were translated into the various vernacular languages during interviews.

PRE-TEST The MIMS questionnaires were pre-tested from 9 to 17 March, 2009. Ten (10) teams were formed, made up of a supervisor and five interviewers each for the pretest, after they were trained on the questionnaires. The pre-test training was conducted during the same period, for 92 participants, with 7 participants coming from each of Zimbabwe’s 10 provinces (including the provincial supervisor). The remainder were from the ZIMSTAT, then the CSO, Survey Management Team (SMT), UNICEF and the Steering and Technical Committee members who facilitated the training sessions. A pre-test was conducted in three selected localities (2 urban and 1 rural) in Harare and Mashonaland East provinces to test the entirety of survey procedures. Based on the results of the pre-test, further modifications were made to the wording and flow of the questionnaires.

Cleaning operations

Data was entered on 56 microcomputers by 56 data entry operators, four questionnaire administrators and four data entry supervisors using the Census and Survey Processing (CSPro) system. In order to ensure quality control, all questionnaires were double entered and Survey Management Team as secondary editors complemented the efforts of the data entry supervisors to perform internal consistency checks. Procedures and standard programs developed under the global MICS3 Project were adapted to the MIMS questionnaire and used throughout the processing. One week data entry training was organized for all data entry operators from 27 April to 1 May, 2009. Data entry began on 5 May two weeks after fieldwork had started and the two activities ran concurrently thereafter. Data entry was completed on 24 June, 2009 and the last ten days included secondary editing. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software and the model program syntax and tabulation plans were customized for the MIMS.

Sampling error estimates

The sample of respondents selected in the Zimbabwe Multiple Indicator Monitoring Survey is only one of the samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples. The extent of variability is not known exactly, but can be estimated statistically from the survey results.

Calculation of Sampling Errors The following sampling error measures are presented in this appendix for each of the selected indicators: - Standard error (se): Sampling errors are usually measured in terms of standard errors for particular indicators (means, proportions etc).

Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents included in the study.