In 2023, over ** percent of Indonesians declared themselves to be Muslim, followed by *** percent who were Christians. Indonesia has the largest Islamic population in the world and for this reason is often recognized as a Muslim nation. However, Indonesia is not a Muslim nation according to its constitution. The archipelago is a multifaith country and officially recognizes six religions – Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Confucianism. Not all provinces in Indonesia are Muslim majority The spread of Islam in Indonesia began on the west side of the archipelago, where the main maritime trade routes were located. Until today, most of the Indonesian Muslim population are residing in Western and Central Indonesia, while the majority religion of several provinces in Eastern Indonesia, such as East Nusa Tenggara and Bali, is Christian and Hindu, respectively. Discrimination towards other beliefs in Indonesia The Indonesian constitution provides for freedom of religion. However, the Government Restrictions Index Score on religion in Indonesia is relatively high. Indonesians who practice unrecognized religions, including Indonesia’s indigenous or traditional belief systems, such as animism, dynamism, and totemism, face legal restrictions and discrimination. Indonesian law requires its citizens to put one of the recognized religions on their national identity cards, with some exceptions for indigenous religions. Although legally citizens may leave the section blank, atheism or agnosticism is considered uncommon in Indonesia.

In 2023, approximately ***** million people in Indonesia identified as Muslims. Indonesia has the largest Islamic population in the world. However, it is a multi-faith country and officially recognizes six religions: Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Confucianism.

As of 2021, approximately **** percent of the population in Aceh, Indonesia were Muslims. Despite being the largest Muslim-majority country, Indonesia is a multi-faith country by the constitution and officially recognizes *** religions – Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Confucianism.

In 2021, around **** percent of the population in Bali were Hindus. Indonesia has the largest Islamic population in the world and therefore the largest Muslim nation. However, Indonesia is not a Muslim nation by constitution. The archipelago has *** official religions – Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Confucianism.

According to the population census data in 2010, ***** percent of Buddhist population in Indonesia resided in Jakarta, making it the province where the largest Buddhist population in Indonesia lived. Indonesia has the largest Islamic population in the world and therefore the largest Muslim nation. However, Indonesia is not a Muslim nation by constitution. The archipelago has six official religions – Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Confucianism.

In 2023, it was estimated that approximately ** percent of the Indonesian population were Muslim, accounting for the highest share of Muslims in any Southeast Asian country. Indonesia also has the world's largest Muslim population, with an estimated *** million Muslims. Demographics of Indonesia The total population of Indonesia was estimated to reach around *** million in 2028. The median age of the population in the country was at an all-time high in 2020 and was projected to increase continuously until the end of the century. In 2020, the population density in Indonesia reached its highest value recorded at about ***** people per square kilometer. Shopping behavior during Ramadan in Indonesia Nearly all Muslims in Indonesia celebrated Ramadan in 2022. During the month of Ramadan, ** percent of Indonesian users utilized online applications to order food. Many Indonesians planned to shop online or offline during Ramadan, with around ** percent of online users planning to purchase fashion wear and accessories. Shopee was the most used app for shopping purposes during that period.

Recent issues on politics have been dominant in Indonesia that people are divided and become more intolerant of each other. Indonesia has the biggest Muslim population in the world and the role of Islam in Indonesian politics is significant. The current Indonesian government claim that moderate Muslims are loyal to the present political system while the opposing rivals who are often labelled’intolerant and radical Muslims’ by Indonesian mass media often disagree with the central interpretation of democracy in Indonesia. Studies on contributing factors and discourse strategies used in news and articles in secular and Islamic mass media which play a vital role in the construction of Muslim and Islamic identities in Indonesia are, therefore, recommended.

Pew Research Center surveyed 13,122 adults across six countries in Asia about religious identity, beliefs, and practices, using nationally representative methods. Interviews were conducted face-to-face in Cambodia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. They were conducted on mobile phones in Malaysia and Singapore. Local interviewers administered the survey from June to September 2022, in eight languages.

This survey is part of the Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures project, a broader effort by Pew Research Center to study religious change and its impact on societies around the world. The Center previously has conducted religion-focused surveys across sub-Saharan Africa; the Middle East-North Africa region and many countries with large Muslim populations; Latin America; Israel; Central and Eastern Europe; Western Europe; India; and the United States.

This survey includes three countries in which Buddhists make up a majority of the population (Cambodia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand); two countries with Muslim majorities (Malaysia and Indonesia); and one country that is religiously diverse, with no single group forming a majority (Singapore). We also are surveying five additional countries and territories in Asia, to be covered in a future report.

Pew Research Center has produced a supplemental syntax file containing SPSS code to generate common analytic variables in the survey's corresponding report and toplines. The ARDA has provided this syntax in a copyable PDF document as an additional download.

The 2010 census recorded that there were approximately ***** million Muslims in urban areas in Indonesia. Meanwhile, the Muslim population in rural areas was lower, at around ****** million. Indonesia conducts its census every ten years. Detailed demographic breakdowns by religion from the 2020 census are not yet publicly available.

Abstract

A Population Census encompasses the entire process of collecting, processing, compiling, and publishing demographic, economic and social data pertaining to all residents in a country or a region at a specified time. A Population Census in Indonesia is usually referred to as population enumeration, that is, the collecting of data/information for all residents who live in the territorial area of Indonesia. Data collected, among others, are: name, age, sex, education, religion, citizenship, occupation, and birth place. The result is the total number of residents with their characteristics, which are very useful in planning, monitoring, and assessing the development programs. The 2010PC will provide information on the actual conditions of the population, their housing conditions, education and details of the labor force at the lowest administrative level.

Since Indonesia's independence, five population censuses have been conducted, that is, in 1961, 1971, 1980, 1990, and 2000. The 2010 Population Census (SP2010) will be the sixth population census. SP2010 is an enormous activity that consists of interrelated stages of activities beginning with planning, preparation, data collection, data processing and dissemination, and data analysis. Activities for SP2010 began in 2007 and should be completed by 2013. The series of SP2010 activities began with the collection of village potential data (PODES), followed by the mapping of administrative areas and census blocks, a census test and other activities related to the preparation of SP2010. A pilot census was conducted in 2009 to test the quality, validity, and ease of use of all instruments, procedures and systems that will be used in SP2010. The peak of activity for SP2010 will be in May 2010 when the building and household registration will be implemented and the household and complete enumeration of all residents will take place.

Geographic coverage

Throughout Indonesia, including: * Number of provinces: 33 provinces * Number of districts / municipalities: 497 regencies / municipalities * Number of districts: 6651 district * Number of villages / urban: 77126 villages / wards.

Analysis unit

Individual or population

Universe

The Population Census (SP 2010 / PHC 2010) covers all Indonesian (WNI) as well as foreign (WNA) population who reside in the territorial area of Indonesia, regardless of whether the person has permanent residence or not; those who do not have a permanent residence include homeless, refugees, crews of Indonesian ships, those living in inaccessible areas, and those living on boats or houseboats. Members of the diplomatic corps of other countries and their families will not be covered in SP2010 even though they reside in the territorial area of Indonesia. On the other hand, members of the diplomatic corps of Indonesia and their families who reside abroad will be covered in SP 2010.

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The 2010 Population Census questionnaire consists of 4 sections. The sections are i) Identification, ii) Individual Characteristics, iii) Mortality, and iv) Housing Unit Characteristics.

“Interreligious Conflicts in Indonesia 2017” provides documentation of a cross-religious dataset among the general population in six potential conflict regions in Indonesia. The Dans Data Guide 15 (meta-data) contains the research topic, theoretical framework, relevant concepts and measurements, the purposive sampling of locations, data collection procedures, the random selection of respondents and the response rates. The data were collected to investigate the relationship of ethno-religious identification with support for interreligious violence among the general population in carefully selected areas of latent and manifest conflict in Indonesia: Bekasi, South Lampung, Singkil-Aceh, Poso, Kupang, and Sampang-Madura. This research applies and further develops an integrated theory of intergroup conflict, in formulating and empirically testing hypotheses on cross-cultural and inter-individual differences of latent conflict, more specifically inter-group contact avoidance and support of interreligious protests and interreligious violence. The research is funded by the Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP). Valid: 2017-11-10

This study explores the nature and conceptualisation of mental health and well-being among Indonesians living in an urban environment. Little is known about the nature of mental health and well-being in the everyday living context in developing countries. In Indonesia, as one of the most populous countries and the largest Muslim population in the world, the incidence of mental health problems has increased immensely in the last decade. However, there is a very limited number of studies that incorporate relevant cultural contexts into the understanding of mental health and well-being in Indonesia. This study aims to elucidate the relationship of specific psychosocial factors, as protective and risk factors, to mental health and well-being in the everyday urban living contexts experienced by a growing middle class in Indonesia in the perspective of Keyes' model of mental well-being. The data for this study were collected through semi-structured interviews and were analysed using Giorgi’s descriptive phenomenological approach.

In 2022, there were ******* Buddhists in Jakarta, making it the province with the largest Buddhist population in Indonesia. It was followed by North Sumatra, where the Buddhist population reached nearly *******.

Breathable Base Coat Halal Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the Global Breathable Base Coat Halal Market size was valued at $412 million in 2024 and is projected to reach $1.12 billion by 2033, expanding at a robust CAGR of 11.7% during 2024–2033. This remarkable growth trajectory is primarily driven by the increasing consumer demand for ethically produced, health-conscious beauty products that align with religious and cultural values, particularly in regions with significant Muslim populations. The surge in awareness around halal-certified cosmetics, coupled with growing health and wellness trends, has positioned breathable base coat halal products as a preferred choice among a diverse group of end-users. Additionally, the rising penetration of e-commerce and specialty beauty retailers has further fueled market accessibility and adoption on a global scale.

Regional Outlook

North America currently holds the largest share in the breathable base coat halal market, accounting for approximately 35% of the global revenue in 2024. The region’s dominance is underpinned by a mature beauty and personal care industry, high consumer awareness regarding product ingredients, and a strong presence of both established and emerging halal cosmetic brands. Regulatory agencies in the United States and Canada have also enhanced transparency in cosmetic labeling, fostering greater trust in halal-certified products. The proliferation of specialty stores and robust online retail infrastructure further supports market expansion. In addition, the multicultural demographic, particularly the growing Muslim population, continues to drive demand for halal-certified and breathable nail care solutions.

The Asia Pacific region is poised to be the fastest-growing market, with an impressive projected CAGR of 14.2% from 2024 to 2033. This rapid growth is attributed to increasing disposable incomes, urbanization, and a burgeoning youth population in countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, India, and Pakistan. Government initiatives and supportive policies promoting halal certification in cosmetics, along with aggressive marketing strategies by local and international brands, are accelerating product adoption. The expansion of organized retail and digital platforms has made halal beauty products more accessible to a wider audience. Furthermore, the cultural significance of halal compliance in daily lifestyle choices is a major catalyst for market growth in this region.

Emerging economies in Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are witnessing a steady rise in the adoption of breathable base coat halal products, albeit from a lower base compared to North America and Asia Pacific. In these regions, the market faces challenges such as limited consumer awareness, infrastructural constraints, and the need for greater regulatory harmonization. However, localized marketing campaigns, collaborations with religious authorities, and the introduction of affordable product lines are gradually overcoming these barriers. The increasing influence of social media and beauty influencers is also playing a pivotal role in educating consumers and driving demand for halal-certified nail care products.

Report Scope

In 2022, there were ****** Confucians in Bangka Belitung Islands, making it the province with the largest Confucian population in Indonesia. It was followed by South Kalimantan, where the Confucian population reached ******.

The 2010 census recorded that there were approximately *** million Protestants aged five to nine years in Indonesia, making it the largest age group among the country's Protestant population. Indonesia conducts its census every ten years. Detailed demographic breakdowns by religion from the 2020 census are not yet publicly available.

Hijab Fashion Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the Global Hijab Fashion market size was valued at $8.5 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach $18.2 billion by 2033, expanding at a CAGR of 8.7% during 2024–2033. The primary driver of this robust growth is the increasing embrace of modest fashion trends not only among Muslim consumers but also among non-Muslim populations seeking versatile, elegant, and culturally inspired apparel. This mainstreaming of modest fashion is further fueled by social media influence, celebrity endorsements, and global fashion houses launching dedicated hijab collections. As the hijab transitions from a purely religious symbol to a fashion statement, brands are investing in innovative designs, premium materials, and digital marketing strategies to capture a broader audience and meet evolving consumer preferences worldwide.

Regional Outlook

The Middle East & Africa region accounts for the largest share of the global hijab fashion market, holding approximately 36% of total market value in 2024. This dominance is rooted in the deeply entrenched cultural and religious practices that prioritize modest dressing, alongside a mature retail infrastructure and a burgeoning luxury fashion sector. Governments in these regions have also been supportive of local textile and fashion industries, offering incentives and fostering collaborations with international designers. The region’s affluent consumer base, particularly in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, is driving demand for high-end, designer hijabs crafted from premium materials such as silk and chiffon. Additionally, the rise of fashion weeks and exhibitions dedicated to modest wear in Dubai, Riyadh, and other key cities has cemented the region’s status as a global hub for hijab fashion innovation and consumption.

The Asia Pacific region is the fastest-growing market, forecasted to expand at a CAGR of 10.2% from 2024 to 2033. This growth is propelled by the substantial Muslim population in countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, and Pakistan, where hijab-wearing is both a cultural norm and a fashion statement. Increasing urbanization, rising disposable incomes, and a young, fashion-conscious demographic are driving the adoption of diverse hijab styles and materials. Investment in digital retail infrastructure, particularly mobile commerce, has made hijab fashion more accessible to consumers in both urban and rural areas. The proliferation of local and international brands, coupled with aggressive marketing campaigns and influencer partnerships, is accelerating market penetration and shaping new fashion trends in the region.

Emerging economies in Latin America and select parts of Europe are witnessing a gradual uptick in hijab fashion adoption, albeit from a lower base. In these regions, the market is characterized by localized demand, with brands tailoring products to suit diverse cultural and climatic needs. However, challenges such as limited awareness, sporadic supply chain issues, and regulatory ambiguities regarding religious attire in public spaces can hinder market expansion. Nonetheless, the growing visibility of Muslim communities, combined with increasing cross-cultural exchanges and the entry of global e-commerce platforms, is slowly bridging the adoption gap. Policy reforms supporting multiculturalism and anti-discrimination are also playing a role in fostering a more inclusive environment for hijab fashion to thrive.

Report Scope

Halal Supplement Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the Global Halal Supplement market size was valued at $4.2 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach $10.7 billion by 2033, expanding at a CAGR of 10.8% during 2024–2033. The primary driver behind this robust growth is the increasing global Muslim population coupled with rising consumer awareness regarding health and wellness, which is prompting a surge in demand for dietary supplements that are not only effective but also compliant with halal standards. As more consumers seek products that align with their ethical, religious, and lifestyle values, the halal supplement market is experiencing significant traction across both Muslim-majority and non-Muslim-majority countries. The market is also benefiting from the growing trend of clean-label and transparent ingredient sourcing, which further amplifies the appeal of halal-certified supplements among a wider demographic.

Regional Outlook

The Asia Pacific region holds the largest share of the global halal supplement market, accounting for approximately 38% of the total market value in 2024. This dominance is primarily attributed to the region's substantial Muslim population, especially in countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, and Pakistan, where halal compliance is not only a religious requirement but also a cultural norm. Governmental policies in these countries actively support the development of halal industries, including supplements, through robust certification processes and incentives for local manufacturers. Furthermore, mature distribution networks and increasing urbanization have facilitated widespread access to halal supplements, making them a staple in the daily routines of health-conscious consumers. The presence of established local and international brands has also contributed to the region’s mature market landscape.

The Middle East & Africa region is projected to be the fastest-growing market, with a forecasted CAGR of 12.4% between 2024 and 2033. This rapid growth is driven by increasing health awareness, higher disposable incomes, and a surge in government-led initiatives to promote halal industries as part of broader economic diversification strategies. The United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia are leading the charge, attracting significant investments in both production and distribution infrastructure for halal supplements. Additionally, the region’s younger demographic is more receptive to adopting dietary supplements as part of preventive healthcare, further accelerating market expansion. International companies are also entering the market through joint ventures and partnerships, leveraging local expertise to tap into this burgeoning segment.

Emerging economies in Latin America and certain parts of Europe are also witnessing a gradual increase in the adoption of halal supplements, albeit at a slower pace. Challenges such as limited consumer awareness, inadequate certification infrastructure, and the dominance of conventional supplements pose barriers to widespread adoption. However, localized demand is rising, especially among expatriate Muslim communities and health-conscious non-Muslim consumers seeking clean-label products. In these regions, policy reforms and the introduction of halal certification standards are expected to play a pivotal role in shaping the market landscape over the next decade, as governments and industry bodies work to harmonize regulations and foster greater consumer trust in halal-certified products.

Report Scope

The 2010 census recorded that there were approximately ******* Catholics aged five to nine years in Indonesia, making it the largest age group among the country's Catholic population. Indonesia conducts its census every ten years. Detailed demographic breakdowns by religion from the 2020 census are not yet publicly available.

The 2010 census recorded that there were approximately ******* Buddhists aged 25 to 29 years in Indonesia, making it the largest age group among the country's Buddhist population. Indonesia conducts its census every ten years. Detailed demographic breakdowns by religion from the 2020 census are not yet publicly available.