There were approximately 181 thousand Pakistanis nationals residing in the United Kingdom in 2021, compared with the 189 thousand Pakistani nationals residing in the United Kingdom in 2008.

According to the 2021 Census, 81.7% of the population of England and Wales was white, 9.3% Asian, 4.0% black, 2.9% mixed and 2.1% from other ethnic groups.

In 2011, 87.2 percent of the total population of the United Kingdom were white British. A positive net migration in recent years combined with the resultant international relationships following the wide-reaching former British Empire has contributed to an increasingly diverse population.

Varied ethnic backgrounds

Black British citizens, with African and/or African-Caribbean ancestry, are the largest ethnic minority population, at three percent of the total population. Indian Britons are one of the largest overseas communities of the Indian diaspora and make up 2.3 percent of the total UK population. Pakistani British citizens, who make up almost two percent of the UK population, have one of the highest levels of home ownership in Britain.

Racism in the United Kingdom

Though it has decreased in comparison to the previous century, the UK has seen an increase in racial prejudice during the first decade and a half of this century. Racism and discrimination continues to be part of daily life for Britain’s ethnic minorities, especially in terms of work, housing, and health issues. Moreover, the number of hate crimes motivated by race reported since 2012 has increased, and in 2017/18, there were 3,368 recorded offenses of racially or religiously aggravated assault with injury, almost a thousand more than in 2013/14.

In 1800, the population of the area of modern-day Pakistan was estimated to be just over 13 million. Population growth in the 19th century would be gradual in the region, rising to just 19 million at the turn of the century. In the early 1800s, the British Empire slowly consolidated power in the region, eventually controlling the region of Pakistan from the mid-19th century onwards, as part of the British Raj. From the 1930s on, the population's growth rate would increase as improvements in healthcare (particularly vaccination) and sanitation would lead to lower infant mortality rates and higher life expectancy. Independence In 1947, the Muslim-majority country of Pakistan gained independence from Britain, and split from the Hindu-majority country of India. In the next few years, upwards of ten million people migrated between the two nations, during a period that was blemished by widespread atrocities on both sides. Throughout this time, the region of Bangladesh was also a part Pakistan (as it also had a Muslim majority), known as East Pakistan; internal disputes between the two regions were persistent for over two decades, until 1971, when a short but bloody civil war resulted in Bangladesh's independence. Political disputes between Pakistan and India also created tension in the first few decades of independence, even boiling over into some relatively small-scale conflicts, although there was some economic progress and improvements in quality of life for Pakistan's citizens. The late 20th century was also characterized by several attempts to become democratic, but with intermittent periods of military rule. Between independence and the end of the century, Pakistan's population had grown more than four times in total. Pakistan today Since 2008, Pakistan has been a functioning democracy, with an emerging economy and increasing international prominence. Despite the emergence of a successful middle-class, this is prosperity is not reflected in all areas of the population as almost a quarter still live in poverty, and Pakistan ranks in the bottom 20% of countries according to the Human Development Index. In 2020, Pakistan is thought to have a total population of over 220 million people, making it the fifth-most populous country in the world.

According to the 2021 Census, London was the most ethnically diverse region in England and Wales – 63.2% of residents identified with an ethnic minority group.

DATASET: Alpha version 2010 and 2015 estimates of numbers of people per grid square, with national totals adjusted to match UN population division estimates (http://esa.un.org/wpp/) and remaining unadjusted. REGION: Asia SPATIAL RESOLUTION: 0.000833333 decimal degrees (approx 100m at the equator) PROJECTION: Geographic, WGS84 UNITS: Estimated persons per grid square MAPPING APPROACH: Land cover based, as described in: Gaughan AE, Stevens FR, Linard C, Jia P and Tatem AJ, 2013, High resolution population distribution maps for Southeast Asia in 2010 and 2015, PLoS ONE, 8(2): e55882 FORMAT: Geotiff (zipped using 7-zip (open access tool): www.7-zip.org) FILENAMES: Example - VNM_popmap10adj_v2.tif = Vietnam (VNM) population count map for 2010 (popmap10) adjusted to match UN national estimates (adj), version 2 (v2). DATE OF PRODUCTION: January 2013

In 2020/21 there were approximately 696,000 Polish nationals living in the United Kingdom, the highest non-British population at this time. Indian and Irish were the joint second-largest nationalities at approximately 370,000 people.

Pakistan Multidimensional Poverty Headcount Ratio: UNDP: % of total population data was reported at 38.300 % in 2017. Pakistan Multidimensional Poverty Headcount Ratio: UNDP: % of total population data is updated yearly, averaging 38.300 % from Dec 2017 (Median) to 2017, with 1 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 38.300 % in 2017 and a record low of 38.300 % in 2017. Pakistan Multidimensional Poverty Headcount Ratio: UNDP: % of total population data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Pakistan – Table PK.World Bank.WDI: Social: Poverty and Inequality. The multidimensional poverty headcount ratio (UNDP) is the percentage of a population living in poverty according to UNDPs multidimensional poverty index. The index includes three dimensions -- health, education, and living standards.;Alkire, S., Kanagaratnam, U., and Suppa, N. (2023). ‘The global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2023 country results and methodological note’, OPHI MPI Methodological Note 55, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), University of Oxford. (https://ophi.org.uk/mpi-methodological-note-55-2/);;

In 2022, the highest and lowest rates of economic inactivity were in the combined Pakistani and Bangladeshi (33%) and white 'other’ (15%) ethnic groups.

In 2025, roughly *** thousand doctors were registered in the United Kingdom (UK). Of these, around *** thousand were white, while the largest ethnicity of UK doctors other than white was Asian or Asian British. Some *** thousand doctors reported so. This is unsurprising considering the most common foreign country of medical qualification is India, followed by Pakistan. As of 2024, there were more doctors of ethnic minorities than white doctors in the UK.

All the data for this dataset is provided from CARMA: Data from CARMA (www.carma.org) This dataset provides information about Power Plant emissions in Pakistan. Power Plant emissions from all power plants in Pakistan were obtained by CARMA for the past (2000 Annual Report), the present (2007 data), and the future. CARMA determine data presented for the future to reflect planned plant construction, expansion, and retirement. The dataset provides the name, company, parent company, city, state, zip, county, metro area, lat/lon, and plant id for each individual power plant. The dataset reports for the three time periods: Intensity: Pounds of CO2 emitted per megawatt-hour of electricity produced. Energy: Annual megawatt-hours of electricity produced. Carbon: Annual carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The units are short or U.S. tons. Multiply by 0.907 to get metric tons. Carbon Monitoring for Action (CARMA) is a massive database containing information on the carbon emissions of over 50,000 power plants and 4,000 power companies worldwide. Power generation accounts for 40% of all carbon emissions in the United States and about one-quarter of global emissions. CARMA is the first global inventory of a major, sector of the economy. The objective of CARMA.org is to equip individuals with the information they need to forge a cleaner, low-carbon future. By providing complete information for both clean and dirty power producers, CARMA hopes to influence the opinions and decisions of consumers, investors, shareholders, managers, workers, activists, and policymakers. CARMA builds on experience with public information disclosure techniques that have proven successful in reducing traditional pollutants. Please see carma.org for more information

39.8% of workers from the Indian ethnic group were in 'professional' jobs in 2021 – the highest percentage out of all ethnic groups in this role.

Between April 2008 and March 2024, households from the Pakistani and Bangladeshi ethnic groups were the most likely to live in low income out of all ethnic groups, before and after housing costs.

In the combined Pakistani and Bangladeshi ethnic group in 2021, 16.2% of workers were self-employed, which is the highest percentage out of all ethnic groups.

From Source: Food budget shares and income and price elasticities are estimated, using 1996 data, for nine major consumption groups and eight food subgroups across 114 countries. The broad groups include food, beverage, and tobacco; clothing and footwear; education; gross rent, fuel, and power; house furnishings and operations; medical care; recreation; transport and communications; and other items. Food subgroups include bread and cereals, meat, fish, dairy products, fats and oils, fruit and vegetables, beverages and tobacco, and other food products. The depth and breath of these data provide an opportunity to incorporate the elasticities into research on changing food demand patterns. Albania Antigua & Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bolivia Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Cameroon Canada Chile Congo Cote d'Ivoire Czech Republic Denmark Dominica Ecuador Egypt Estonia Fiji Finland France Gabon Georgia Germany Greece Grenada Guinea Hong Kong Hungary Iceland Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lebanon Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Morocco Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russia Senegal Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sri Lanka St. Kitts & Nevis St. Lucia St.Vincent & Grenadines Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Trinidad & Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Ukraine United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe

In the 3 years to March 2021, black households were most likely out of all ethnic groups to have a weekly income of under £600.

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Wheat Market Size 2025-2029

The wheat market size is valued to increase USD 87.6 billion, at a CAGR of 4.6% from 2024 to 2029. Growing vegan population will drive the wheat market.

Major Market Trends & Insights

APAC dominated the market and accounted for a 49% growth during the forecast period.
By Application - Human segment was valued at USD 250.00 billion in 2023
By Type - Hard red winter segment accounted for the largest market revenue share in 2023

Market Size & Forecast

Market Opportunities: USD 41.69 billion
Market Future Opportunities: USD 87.60 billion
CAGR from 2024 to 2029 : 4.6%

Market Summary

The market encompasses the production, processing, and distribution of this essential agricultural commodity. Key technologies and applications, such as genetically modified wheat and biofortified wheat, are driving innovation in the sector. The retail sector is witnessing significant growth, with an increasing number of stores offering organic wheat-based supplements catering to health-conscious consumers. Regulatory frameworks, including the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy, play a crucial role in shaping market dynamics. Climate change and unpredictable weather patterns pose challenges, with the United Nations estimating that 10% of global wheat production is at risk due to extreme weather events.
Despite these challenges, the market continues to evolve, with the growing vegan population presenting a significant opportunity for plant-based food and beverage manufacturers. According to a recent report, the organic market is projected to grow at a steady rate, reaching a 5% market share by 2026.

What will be the Size of the Wheat Market during the forecast period?

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How is the Wheat Market Segmented?

The wheat industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Application

  Human
  Feed


Type

  Hard red winter
  Hard red spring
  Soft red winter
  Others


Distribution Channel

  Direct sales (B2B)
  Retail stores
  Online platforms


Geography

  North America

    US


  Europe

    France
    Germany
    Russia
    UK


  APAC

    China
    India
    Indonesia
    Pakistan
    South Korea


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Application Insights

The human segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

Wheat, a vital cereal grain, is a significant source of carbohydrates, primarily in the form of starch, for both human consumption and industrial applications. Beyond its carbohydrate content, wheat offers essential nutrients such as protein, vitamins, soluble fiber, and phytochemicals. Consequently, wheat-based foods are widely consumed in various countries and used in industries to produce refined wheat flour, pasta, noodles, beverages, and more. In the agricultural sector, ongoing research focuses on enhancing wheat production through various methods. For instance, plant biomass accumulation is optimized through efficient nitrogen fixation and phosphorus uptake. Fungal biocontrol agents and bacterial biofertilizers are employed to promote soil health and nutrient cycling.

Precision Farming techniques, such as root system architecture analysis and potassium availability monitoring, contribute to crop yield optimization. Additionally, researchers explore the potential of plant growth regulators, microbial inoculants, humic acid fertilizer, and other sustainable agriculture practices to improve yield and grain quality parameters. Disease resistance mechanisms, photosynthetic efficiency, and abiotic stress mitigation strategies are also crucial areas of research to ensure consistent production and maintain high-quality grains. The market is experiencing dynamic growth, with spike density increasing by 15% in recent years. The industry anticipates further expansion, with a projected 20% rise in demand for wheat-based products due to population growth and changing consumer preferences.

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The Human segment was valued at USD 250.00 billion in 2019 and showed a gradual increase during the forecast period.

Moreover, advancements in technology, such as herbicide tolerance levels and tillering capacity, are driving innovation and improving crop stress tolerance. The ongoing research and development efforts aim to address challenges such as biotic stress management, nutrient use efficiency, and grain filling duration. By focusing on these areas, the industry is working to enhance the harvest index, improve yield, and ensure a sustainable and efficient wheat production process.

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Regional Analysis

APAC is estimated to contribute 49% to the growth of the global mark

75% of households from the Bangladeshi ethnic group were in the 2 lowest income quintiles (after housing costs were deducted) between April 2021 and March 2024.

As of the second quarter of 2025, the unemployment rate for people of white ethnicity in the United Kingdom was 3.8 percent, the lowest of the provided ethnic groups in this quarter. By contrast, the unemployment rate for people in the Pakistani ethnic group was 12.7 percent.

In 1800, the population of the area of modern-day Bangladesh was estimated to be just over 19 million, a figure which would rise steadily throughout the 19th century, reaching over 26 million by 1900. At the time, Bangladesh was the eastern part of the Bengal region in the British Raj, and had the most-concentrated Muslim population in the subcontinent's east. At the turn of the 20th century, the British colonial administration believed that east Bengal was economically lagging behind the west, and Bengal was partitioned in 1905 as a means of improving the region's development. East Bengal then became the only Muslim-majority state in the eastern Raj, which led to socioeconomic tensions between the Hindu upper classes and the general population. Bengal Famine During the Second World War, over 2.5 million men from across the British Raj enlisted in the British Army and their involvement was fundamental to the war effort. The war, however, had devastating consequences for the Bengal region, as the famine of 1943-1944 resulted in the deaths of up to three million people (with over two thirds thought to have been in the east) due to starvation and malnutrition-related disease. As the population boomed in the 1930s, East Bengal's mismanaged and underdeveloped agricultural sector could not sustain this growth; by 1942, food shortages spread across the region, millions began migrating in search of food and work, and colonial mismanagement exacerbated this further. On the brink of famine in early-1943, authorities in India called for aid and permission to redirect their own resources from the war effort to combat the famine, however these were mostly rejected by authorities in London. While the exact extent of each of these factors on causing the famine remains a topic of debate, the general consensus is that the British War Cabinet's refusal to send food or aid was the most decisive. Food shortages did not dissipate until late 1943, however famine deaths persisted for another year. Partition to independence Following the war, the movement for Indian independence reached its final stages as the process of British decolonization began. Unrest between the Raj's Muslim and Hindu populations led to the creation of two separate states in1947; the Muslim-majority regions became East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and West Pakistan (now Pakistan), separated by the Hindu-majority India. Although East Pakistan's population was larger, power lay with the military in the west, and authorities grew increasingly suppressive and neglectful of the eastern province in the following years. This reached a tipping point when authorities failed to respond adequately to the Bhola cyclone in 1970, which claimed over half a million lives in the Bengal region, and again when they failed to respect the results of the 1970 election, in which the Bengal party Awami League won the majority of seats. Bangladeshi independence was claimed the following March, leading to a brutal war between East and West Pakistan that claimed between 1.5 and three million deaths in just nine months. The war also saw over half of the country displaced, widespread atrocities, and the systematic rape of hundreds of thousands of women. As the war spilled over into India, their forces joined on the side of Bangladesh, and Pakistan was defeated two weeks later. An additional famine in 1974 claimed the lives of several hundred thousand people, meaning that the early 1970s was one of the most devastating periods in the country's history. Independent Bangladesh In the first decades of independence, Bangladesh's political hierarchy was particularly unstable and two of its presidents were assassinated in military coups. Since transitioning to parliamentary democracy in the 1990s, things have become comparatively stable, although political turmoil, violence, and corruption are persistent challenges. As Bangladesh continues to modernize and industrialize, living standards have increased and individual wealth has risen. Service industries have emerged to facilitate the demands of Bangladesh's developing economy, while manufacturing industries, particularly textiles, remain strong. Declining fertility rates have seen natural population growth fall in recent years, although the influx of Myanmar's Rohingya population due to the displacement crisis has seen upwards of one million refugees arrive in the country since 2017. In 2020, it is estimated that Bangladesh has a population of approximately 165 million people.