Abstract

The Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement (PSLM) Survey is one of the main mechanisms for monitoring the implementation of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP). It provides a set of representative, population-based estimates of social indicators and their progress under the PRSP. These include intermediate as well as 'output' measures, which assess what is being provided by the social sectors - enrolment rates in education, for example. They include a range of 'outcome' measures, which assess the welfare of the population - Immunisation Rate, for example.

An important objective of the PSLM Survey is to try to establish what the distributional impact of PRSP has been. Policymakers need to know, for example, whether the poor have benefited from the programme or whether increased government expenditure on the social sectors has been captured by the better off.

Geographic coverage

National, excluding military restricted areas.

Analysis unit

• Individual
• Household

Universe

The universe of this survey consists of all urban and rural areas of the four provinces and Islamabad excluding military restricted areas.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sampling Frame: Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS) has developed its own area sampling frame for both Urban and Rural domains. Each city/town is divided into enumeration blocks. Each enumeration block is comprised of 200 to 250 households on the average with well-defined boundaries and maps. The list of enumeration blocks are updated from field on the prescribed proforma by Quick Count technique for urban domain in 2013 and the updated list of villages/mouzas/dehs or its part (block), based on House Listing 2011 for conduct of Population Census are taken as sampling frames. Enumeration blocks are considered as Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) for urban and rural domains respectively.

Stratification Plan Urban Domain: Large cities Karachi, Lahore, Gujranwala, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Multan, Sialkot, Sargodha, Bahawalpur, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Peshawar, Quetta and Islamabad are considered as large cities. Each of these cities constitutes a separate stratum, further substratified according to low, middle and high income groups based on the information collected in respect of each enumeration block at the time of demarcation/ updating of urban area sampling frame. Remaining Urban Areas: In all the four provinces after excluding the population of large cities from the population of an administrative division, the remaining urban population is grouped together to form a stratum. Rural Domain: Each administrative district for all four provinces namely Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and Balochistan is considered as an independent stratum.

Selection of primary sampling units (PSUs): Enumeration blocks in both Urban and rural domains are taken as Primary Sampling Units (PSUs). Sample PSUs from each ultimate stratum/sub-stratum are selected with probability proportional to size (PPS) method of sampling scheme. In both Urban and Rural domains, the number of households in an enumeration block is considered as measure of size.

Selection of secondary sampling units (SSUs): The listed households of sample PSUs are taken as Secondary Sampling Units (SSUs). A specified number of households i.e. 12 from each urban sample PSU and 16 from rural sample PSU are selected with equal probability using systematic sampling technique with a random start.

Sample Size and its Allocation: Keeping in view the objectives of the survey, the sample size for the four provinces has been fixed at 5428 sample blocks (PSU’s) comprising 81,992 households (SSU’s), which is expected to produce reliable results at the district level.

Detailed sampling plan is attached as Appendix A of the survey report.

Sampling deviation

It is worth mentioning here that Panjgur district of Balochistan was dropped from the scope of the survey at the allocation stage due to prevailing situation in Panjgur district. While 7 PSUs from Sindh, 13 PSUs from KP and 82 PSUs from Balochistan province ( including Kech district) were dropped from the scope of the survey during execution of the survey due to law and order situation.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

At both individual and household level, the PSLM Survey collects information on a wide range of topics using an integrated questionnaire. The questionnaire comprises a number of different sections, each of which looks at a particular aspect of household behavior or welfare. Data collected under Round X includes Education, Health, Water & Sanitation and Household Economic Situation & Satisfaction by facilities and services use.

Cleaning operations

Data quality in PSLM Survey has been ensured through built in system of checking of fieldwork by the supervisors in the field as well as teams from the headquarters. Regional/ Field offices ensured the data quality through preliminary editing at their office level. The entire data entry was carried out at the PBS headquarter Islamabad and the data entry programme used had a number of in built consistency checks.

Major landuse land cover (LULC) classes in the Islamabad-Rawalpindi from 1999 to 2019.

Migration trends in the metropolitan conurbation of Rawalpindi-Islamabad (% age).

Change in landuse land cover (LULC) Classes in Islamabad-Rawalpindi City (1999–2019).

Existing water supply scheme in the twin cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi.